- Is a systematic investigation into and the best one will give survey. study of materials and sources in order 3. Explanatory Sequential – survey the to established facts and reach interview. conclusions. - Coined from the word CERHIER QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE - Looking for something or facts PROCESS - CERHIER means to seek, find, search, DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE look - RE means to repeat APPROACH BIAS BASED ON THE 1. To become a Research Literate FEELINGS, OPINIONS 2. To develop critical thinking RESEARCH GOALS 3. To generate knowledge TO DESCRIBE, TO EXPLORE, 4. To come up solutions EXPLAIN, OR PREDICT DISCOVER FOCUS 4 PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS NARROW WIDE AND DEEP Post Positivist – everything can be quantified; METHOD Quantitative Approach SURVEY INTERVIEW AND Constructivist – experience through words; QUESTIONNAIRES OBSERVATIONS Qualitative Approach RESEARCHER’S ROLE Transformative – either; increase quality of life and betterment of the society. DETACHED AND INVOLVED, PARTIAL IMPARTIAL Pragmatic – Mixed Approach; numbers and NATURE OF DATA words. NUMBER WORDS 3 Approach DATA AND ANALYSIS Qualitative Approach – exploring, STATISTICAL LOOKING FOR understanding individuals or groups ascribe to TREATMENT PATTERNS AND a social or human problem. THEMES KINDS OF QUALITATIVE PRESENTATION 1. Phenomenological – lived experiences GRAPHS AND CHARTS NARRATIVE FORM 2. Case Study – in depth analysis RESULTS 3. Narrative – has a story GENERALIZED SPECIFIC FINDINGS 4. Grounded Theory – has a theory FINDING 5. Ethnographic – culture 6. Historical – history Quantitative Research - the systematic Mixed Approach – inquiry involving collecting empirical investigation of observable both qualitative and quantitative then phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or integrating the two. computational techniques. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE KINDS OF MIXED APPROACH 1. Objective 1. Convergent Parallel – altogether; 2. Clearly defined research questions simultaneous interview and survey (sabay) 3. Structured research instruments 4. Numerical Data 5. Large Sample sizes 2. Longitudinal – information is collected from 6. Replication the same subjects over a period of time, 7. Future Outcomes sometimes lasting many years. WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE 1. It requires a large number of respondents. 5. Casual-Comparative Research – also know as 2. Costly ex post facto; this research derives 3. Information are difficult to gather using conclusions from observations and structured research instruments. manifestations that already occurred in the 4. If not done seriously and correctly, data past and now compared to some dependent from questionnaires may be incomplete and variables. inaccurate. Example: How weight influences stress-coping level of adults (This is an ex post facto design KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE because a pre-existing characteristic – weight 1. Descriptive Research – concerned with was used to form groups.) describing the nature, characteristics and 6. Experimental Research – utilizes scientific components of the population or a method to test cause and effect relationships phenomenon. under conditions controlled by the researcher. - no manipulation of variables or search for Example: A teacher wants to know if a new cause and effect related to the phenomenon. teaching strategy is effective or not. (The Example: Descriptive research is used if you teacher then will teach one sections with the want to know how many hours SHS students aid of the NEW teaching strategy and will spend in social media. teach another without the new strategy. 2. Correlational Research – systematic Achievement test will be given to both investigation of the nature of relationships or sections to compare results. associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating into casual What are variables? reasons underlying them. - building blocks of quantitative Example: If you want to know if methods; central concept in research comprehensive examination results can be - concepts that can be measured by used to predict performance in board indicators. examination, then the higher pre-board grade, - Indicators can be numerical values or the higher most likely passed in the board categories can be unidimensional (e.g. age), multidimensional (e.g. examination. intelligence) or dichotomous (e.g. 3. Evaluation Research – aims to asses the gender). effects, impacts, or outcomes of practices, Ex. Topic: policies or programs. -”Emotional Quotient as predictor of the Example: Determining the impact of K-12 Academic Excellence of SHS Students” program to the learning competencies of the Variables: EQ and Academic Excellence. students. 4. Survey Research – used to gather information from groups of people by DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT selecting and studying samples chosen from a VARIABLE population. Dependent Variable (DV) – variable being 2 KINDS OF SURVEY RESEARCH tested and measured in a scientific 1. Cross Sectional – information is collected experiment. from a sample in just single point in time. Independent Variable (IV) – variable that is • Interval variable – a measurement changed or controlled in a scientific where the difference between the two experiment to test the effects on the DV. values have meaning (temperature) Ex: • Ratio variable – has the property of -”Effects of Playing Computer Games to the interval variable and has a clear Academic Excellence of SHS Students” definition of zero indicating that there DV: Academic Excellence is none of that variable (height, IV: Playing of computer game weight) The Effects of Memory Retention Through a variable that has a limited number of the Aid of Auditory Stimulation to the distinct values. Learning Process of OLFU Students Discrete Variable – also known as categorical DV: Learning process of OLFU Students or classificatory variable; a variable that has a IV: Memory Retention through the aid of limited number of distinct values. auditory stimulation EX: gender, blood group, number of children MEDIATING AND MODERATOR in the family VARIABLE ----can be categorized as either nominal or - can be mediating or intervening or go- ordinal variables. between variable which affects the test • Nominal variable – variable with no result of the dependent variable quantitative value, used for labeling Ex. Amount of studying (IV) leads to input of (gender, religion) knowledge in long-term memory (mediating • Ordinal variable – variable that has 2 variable), which affects test results (DV) or more categories that can be ranked - can be moderator variable that affects (winners in a contest) the relationships between DV and IV at different levels Ex. The relationship between the amount of studying (IV) and test results (DV) changes at different levels with the use of memory- enhancing drug (moderator) EXTRANEOUS AND CONFOUNDING VARIABLE Extraneous Variable – any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your research; also referred as undesirable variable. - can be confounding variable if the extraneous variable is really proven as the cause of the outcome. CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE VARIABLES Continuous Variable – a variable that can take the infinite number on the value that can occur within a population. EX: age, height, temperature --can be categorized as either interval or ratio variables.