Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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The Messenger:
Editors: Gaitee A. J. Hussain,
Anna Miotello; Layout, Typesetting:
Jutta B
oxheimer, Mafalda Martins,
Lorenzo Benassi; Graphics:
Lorenzo Benassi, Cristina Martins;
Design, P roduction: Jutta Boxheimer;
Proofreading: Peter Grimley,
w ww.eso.org/messenger/
© ESO 2019
ISSN 0722-6691
Front cover: The Milky Way stretches
over one of the Auxiliary Telescopes
of the VLTI. Credit: Y. Beletsky/ESO
Astronomy in Ireland
Tom Ray 1
Ken Williams
Paul Callanan 2
Masha Chernyakova 3
Brian Espey 4
Lorraine Hanlon 5
Creidhe O’Sullivan 6
Matt Redman 7
Niall Smith 8
1
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
(DIAS), Ireland
2
University College Cork, Ireland
3
Dublin City University, Ireland
4
Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland
5
University College Dublin, Ireland
6
Maynooth University, Ireland
7
National University of Ireland Galway,
Ireland
8
Blackrock Castle Observatory, Cork,
Ireland
only the site of what was the largest initiative from Eric Lindsay, then Director
telescope in the world for many years,
the Leviathan, but also the location of of Armagh, Ireland initially had access
Ireland’s LOFAR station (I-LOFAR) to astronomical facilities at Bloemfontein
which operates as part of the interna- (South Africa) through an international
tional LOFAR facility. I-LOFAR is man- treaty involving Armagh, Dunsink and
aged by a consortium of Irish research
institutes led by TCD and DIAS. Harvard (USA). Eventually this was
replaced by the use of the telescopes at
the La Palma Observatory (Spain) under
an agreement between the Irish National
Board of Science and Technology and
the then Particle Physics and Astronomy
Research Council in the UK.
In more modern times, Ireland was, for William Rowan Hamilton. Work at the
a brief period during the Victorian era, observatory centred on using stars to Today, Physics with Astronomy is
home to not only the largest reflector in measure time but it was also the site offered as a degree course at several
the world, the so-called Leviathan at Birr of some of the earliest attempts at Irish universities. High-tech industry is a
Castle in County Offaly, but also the larg- determining stellar parallaxes. very important component of the modern
est refractor at Markree Castle, County Irish economy and the role of astronomy
Sligo. The Leviathan, with its six-foot The modern astronomical era in Ireland in promoting STEM (science, technology,
(1.83-metre) mirror, is no doubt the better can be said to have begun in 1947 with engineering and maths) as a career
known instrument — Lord Rosse used it the acquisition by the Irish State of choice is increasingly acknowledged.
to discover and subsequently name such Dunsink Observatory as part of the fledg-
famous objects as the Crab and ling Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies Ireland was a founding member of the
Whirlpool nebulae. This interest in astron- — at that time headed by the well-known European Space Agency and this has led
omy in Ireland during the 19th century physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The impor- to its involvement in many well-known
also gave rise to a major industry: tele- tance of accessibility to remote sites to science missions, such as the ESA
scope making. Founded in Dublin by carry out serious astronomical research INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics
Thomas Grubb, and subsequently man-
aged by his son Howard, the firm of
Grubb manufactured some of the largest
Antonio Martin-Carrillo
telescopes in the world, such as the
Great Refractor of the Vienna Observa-
tory and the Great Melbourne Telescope.
Howard Grubb also made eclipse instru-
ments which proved crucial in testing
Einstein’s general theory of relativity,
100 years ago.
Dan O’Regan
Figure 6. Blackrock
Observatory in County
Cork. This is largely
used as an outreach
facility to promote
astronomy to a broad
audience.
Maria-Rosa L. Cioni 1
1
eibniz Institute for Astrophysics
L
Potsdam, Germany
commissioned, but a close collaboration What has changed? scientists, the ticketing process, the qual-
with the community has rendered it ity of data products, the feedback on
smoother and faster. The large number of Nominations for the Observing observing proposals, and the archive
ESO instruments and observing modes, Programme Committee (OPC) interface are among aspects that are reg-
however, makes it difficult to maintain One recently acquired task of the UC is ularly addressed at UC meetings similarly
pipelines across platforms and include to provide nominations of astronomers to those from La Silla Paranal facilities.
external software (for example, the willing to serve on the OPC. On the one
astronomical software collection Scisoft), hand, this process has become more Public surveys
especially when resources are shared transparent to the users, who are con- Different types of ESO programmes and
with other tasks. There is also a strong tacted directly by their country represent- public surveys gained momentum from
bimodality between the needs of expert ative, and on the other hand, this is the development of the Visible and
and novice users. The UC has supported more efficient for ESO because it has Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy
data reduction workshops and interfer- resulted in a significant decrease in the (VISTA), following the UK’s joining ESO,
ometry schools to engage the community rejection rate during recruitment. UC rep- and of the Very Large Telescope (VLT)
with the new facilities. The Very Large resentatives either scout within their survey telescope. To carry out these pro-
Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) Expertise community for suitable astronomers or grammes ESO users have formed large
Centres were established last year to are approached by astronomers them- collaborations, obtained large fractions of
assist new users with preparing VLTI pro- selves who wish to serve on the OPC. It telescope time, and are committed to
posals, and to provide advanced support is also possible to indicate an interest in making reduced data products publicly
for VLTI data reduction and interpretation. serving on the OPC via the UC poll. The available. On the ESO side, new proce-
UC members subsequently populate a dures to prepare the observations and
Communication database of users from which ESO to ingest the data into the archive were
The ESO ScienceNewsletter has increas- replenishes the OPC on a regular (cur- also established. Feedback from ESO
ingly become the main source of informa- rently biannually) basis. Since the UC was users involved in public surveys or using
tion for users. This is where Calls for entrusted with this task in 2016, the OPC data generated from public surveys has
Proposals, data releases, upgrades and composition better reflects ESO users been collected and discussed at UC
major changes to ESO tools, as well with respect to gender, seniority and meetings on many occasions, resulting in
as workshops, are announced. Together nationality whilst ensuring the broad sci- recommendations, for example to
with The Messenger they are used to entific expertise required to judge observ- improve the data flow and the associated
increase transparency regarding ESO ing proposals. Recent regulations on data documentation.
operations, as requested by the UC and protection are likely to modify this process
the Visiting Committee. For example, and allow the users to enter their personal Working groups, boards and reviews
several articles resulted from discussions data directly into an OPC candidate data- UC members have been involved in spe-
about whether to change the time alloca- base while the UC members will remain cific ESO working groups. For example,
tion owing to its possible effects on effi- their primary point of contact. the ESO Science Data Management
ciency in run completion and therefore Working Group and the Time Allocation
on the resulting publications (Primas et ALMA users Working Group (see Patat et al., 2018)
al., 2014; Sterzik et al., 2015 and 2016); ALMA is a partnership of ESO, East Asia were established as a result of the ESO
others refer to encouraging observations and North America, in cooperation 2020 analysis to review the processes
in visitor mode (Rejkuba et al., 2018). with the Republic of Chile. During the involved and to provide suggestions for
last decade, ESO has acquired an future implementations. Feedback from
Software increasing fraction of ALMA users beyond both the STC and the UC on the resulting
The UC has played a major role in prior- the traditional ESO user community. reports was important in planning for
itising the development of ESO software The procedures to obtain and analyse changes. The UC agreed with reducing
for Mac OS X, for example, to prepare ALMA data have been integrated into the the frequency of calls for proposals to
observations and reduce data. We are general ESO operations, after an initial annual calls, coupled with the possibility
also witnessing an increasing usage of period of dedicated activities. The UC has of a fast-track channel for proposals of
the Python coding language. Science endorsed this transition and has contrib- limited scope. It also supported the intro-
pipelines for new ESO instruments are uted to unifying the users under one duction of a filler programme and of a
written in Python by instrument consortia ESO umbrella. UC members are chosen special channel for combined ESO–
and have been developed in parallel at to cover the wide expertise of ESO users. ALMA programmes. Furthermore, the UC
ESO, using ESO tools for quality control Members with millimetre/submillimetre favoured the development of tools for
purposes. The software language and competence were retained within the UC data processing, data mining, data analy-
the possible interface between any two for more than the standard three-year sis, and data publication to support
given pipelines for the same application period to deal with specific ALMA results obtained from Principal Investiga-
keep the community divided and this aspects and to make sure that the needs tors as well as archive science.
remains one of the most highly debated of the new community (like that of ALMA
topics at the UC meetings. within ESO) were properly addressed. The original reports and the UC feedback
The support from ALMA Regional Centre are publicly available and were also
G. Hüdepohl (atacamaphoto.com)/ESO
Marc Cayrel 1
Michele Cirasuolo 1
Roberto Tamai 1
Christoph Haupt 1
Omar Sqalli 1
Michael Muller 1
Philippe Dierickx 1
Bertrand Koehler 1
Fabio Biancat Marchet 1
Juan Carlos Gonzalez 1
Mauro Tuti 1
& the ELT Team
1
ESO
Bruno Leibundgut 1 meeting on 20 June, 16 projects were tial data. Two additional programmes
Roland Bacon 2 selected for a total of 43.5 hours of exe- were attempted but could not be
Fuyan Bian 1 cution time. observed owing to the absence of ade-
Darshan Kakkad 1 quate natural guide stars (either they
Harald Kuntschner 1 The proposers were informed about the were too extended or the on-axis tip-tilt
Fernando Selman 1 outcome of the selection on 26 June reference star turned out to be a double
Elena Valenti 1 2018. The Phase 2 deadline was 20 July star) and two programmes were not
Joël Vernet ¹ 2018. During Phase 2 preparations one started at all. All proposers were informed
Frédéric Vogt 1 of the top-ranked projects had to be about the outcome of their observations
Dominika Wylezalek 1 discarded as no reference guide star was on 19 September 2018.
available in the field, reducing the allo-
cated time for science verification obser-
¹ ESO vations to 35 hours. Archive and data processing
2
CRAL, Observatoire de Lyon,
Saint-Genis Laval, France A wide range of science targets were All raw science verification data are pub-
allocated time. They include: discs in licly available through the ESO science
T Tauri stars; Jovian moons; a circum archive. The MUSE NFM AO science
The Narrow-Field Mode (NFM) on the binary exoplanet; globular clusters; verification webpage contains direct links
Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer a black hole in a stellar cluster; ultra- to the raw data in the archive 4. The sci-
(MUSE) uses laser tomography to cor- compact H II regions; a nearby super- ence verification webpage also provides
rect for atmospheric turbulence at opti- nova; merging galaxies and luminous a link to the data reduction pipeline
cal wavelengths. Science verification infrared galaxies; binary supermassive together with detailed instructions on its
of this new mode of the MUSE instru- black holes; candidate gravitational installation. The new pipeline includes the
ment took place in September 2018. lenses from Gaia; and strongly lensed OCA rules a specific to the NFM and the
The science verification observations quasars. pipeline can be run within the ESO Reflex
were obtained in service mode. Out workflow (Freudling et al., 2013).
of 37 submitted proposals, 16 observ-
ing programmes were scheduled for Observations
a total of 43.5 hours of observations. First science results
The allocation assumed a seeing better The MUSE NFM science verification
than 0.8 arcseconds, i.e., the required nights were scheduled from 7 to We present a few science results that
atmospheric conditions to achieve 11 August 2018. However, the observa- have been achieved with science
effective adaptive optics correction. tions could not take place as planned verification data and demonstrate the
Some of the top priority programmes because of the failure of one of the lasers capabilities offered by this new mode.
could not be executed because the in the 4 Laser Guide Star Facility and
reference stars were too faint to provide the run had to be postponed until early
sufficient low-order adaptive optics September 2018. Paranal science opera- Circumbinary planet/brown dwarf
corrections. As shown by the first tions accommodated extra time in
results presented here, the NFM will service mode and the rescheduled sci- The recently discovered circumbinary
enable advances across a range of ence verification observations took object 2M0103 b has a mass that lies
scientific areas, for example, character- place between 5 and 18 September 2018 at the planet/brown dwarf boundary
ising substellar/planetary mass objects, (mostly during half-nights). (Delorme et al., 2013; Janson et al., 2017).
globular clusters, and active galactic The MUSE NFM imaging quality is
nuclei. A strong constraint for MUSE NFM demonstrated by the clear separation of
observations is good seeing conditions, the central components of the binary A
so any time with seeing > 0.8 arcseconds and B at < 200 milliarcseconds. The
Proposal solicitation and submission would have resulted in inadequate cor- observations were taken in good condi-
rections and was returned to regular ser- tions (outside seeing ~ 0.6 arcseconds
The call for science verification proposals vice observing. It was agreed that the and a coherence time t0 ~ 4 ms and the
using MUSE NFM adaptive optics (AO) total allocated time for science verification source as reference star with H = 9.6).
was issued on 30 April 2018 1. It was on MUSE NFM should be a maximum of The two stars are fully resolved. The faint
published in the ESO Science Newslet- 30 hours given the fact that the science low-mass companion can be easily dis-
ter 2 on that day, as was the correspond- verification observations would use the tinguished from the residual point spread
ing science verification webpage 3. By best seeing conditions. In the end a total function halo of the central pair, which
the deadline on 30 May 2018 37 propos- of 27 hours were used for science verifi- would not be possible without the high
als were received, requesting a total of cation observations. AO quality. The RGB image in Figure 1
97 hours. The science verification team has been generated from the MUSE data
ranked the proposals according to scien- Of the 15 scheduled programmes, five cube. This emphasises the extreme red-
tific relevance and at the final selection could be completed and six received par- ness of the cold substellar companion
Markus Janson
a circumbinary low-
full analysis of the spectra and astrometry
mass object, either an
of both the central binary and the sub- exoplanet or brown
stellar companion is in preparation. dwarf. The central parts
of the image have been
scaled down in flux by
a factor of 200 relative
Globular Cluster to the outer parts in
order to display all com-
NGC 6440 is a massive (M = 4 × 10 5 M⊙ ) ponents of the system
simultaneously.
Galactic globular cluster located at
8.5 kpc in the direction of the Milky Way
bulge. The extremely large stellar density
in the core (log r 0 = 10 6 M⊙ pc –3 ) pre-
vented an appropriate exploration of its
innermost kinematics so far. The unprec-
edented characteristics of MUSE NFM
have been exploited to finally probe the
internal kinematics of NGC 6440.
N
Figure 2 illustrates the potential of MUSE
NFM observations. The ground-based
data achieved an angular resolution com- 1″ = 47 AU
E
parable to that of the Hubble Space Tele-
scope. From these observations, spectra
of more than 1500 resolved stars could
be extracted and more than 900 stars extracted from the NFM data. Within the Host galaxy of superluminous
have been measured in the innermost inner 3 arcseconds (corresponding to supernova
4 arcseconds from the cluster centre (see about 0.4 pc) over 200 stars can be used
example spectra in Figure 3). for this analysis. Discrete Jeans modelling Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe)
of M54 will be performed with the three are among the most luminous stellar
This demonstrates that with MUSE the MUSE datasets. Already, three different explosions. Most SLSNe have been
radial velocity of hundreds of individual sub-populations of this nuclear star detected in star-forming dwarf galaxies.
stars can be measured in the innermost cluster can be distinguished well into the The environment of the hydrogen-rich
core regions of high-density systems central regions. The search for the inter- SLSN PTF10tpz is remarkable in that
at sub-arcsecond scales, opening the mediate-mass black hole continues using
possibility of properly exploring the inter- these data.
Figure 2. Comparison between a mosaic of two
nal kinematics of Galactic globular clus- reconstructed MUSE NFM images (left) and an
ters where a variety of complex dynami- HST/WFC3 image (right) of the innermost region of
cal phenomena are expected to occur. the massive globular cluster NGC 6440.
Francesco Ferraro
Mayte Alfaro
I = 14.8
Normalised flux
I = 17.2
I = 19.7
Figure 4. MUSE WFM AO and NFM observations of an enhanced velocity dispersion and
M54. The WFM image covers 1 × 1 arcminutes and
Figure 3. Examples of MUSE NFM spectra in the non-circular gas velocities (see Figure 6).
calcium triplet region for three stars with different the red box has dimensions of 7.5 × 7.5 arcseconds.
It is roughly perpendicular to the plane
luminosities: a main-sequence-turnoff star (blue), a
red giant at the level of the horizontal branch (black) of the host galaxy disc. This analysis
and a very bright giant in the region of the red giant Starburst–AGN connection used only the best observations (with
tip (red). These lines are perfectly suited to measur- seeing < 0.6 arcseconds and t0 > 6 ms).
ing stellar radial velocities, from which the velocity
The influence of a supermassive black
dispersion profile and, potentially, the rotation curve
of the cluster can be determined. hole on its surroundings can be dramatic.
It can trigger nuclear star formation and Summary
also influence the galaxy as a whole.
respect; not only is the host an At the same time, the exact process fuel- Unsurprisingly, the AO corrections vary
Sa/S0-type galaxy, but AO imaging with ling the black hole is unclear and more critically depending on the atmospheric
the Keck telescope revealed that the detailed observations are needed to conditions and the brightness of the
transient is only 250 pc (0.3 arcseconds) explore these connections. NGC 7130 is natural reference star. Users need to be
from the galaxy nucleus. This raises the a luminous infrared galaxy that displays aware that they need good conditions
question of how massive stars, which signatures of an AGN as well as nuclear (seeing better than 0.8 arcseconds) to
are thought to be progenitors of SLSNe, starburst activity. achieve a decent AO correction. The cur-
can be formed so close to galaxy nuclei. rent limit of the reference tip-tilt star is
Is star formation enhanced because of The MUSE NFM observations (Knapen, 14 magnitude in H in regular conditions,
active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, Comerón & Seidel, 2019) have now or 14 < H < 15 under very good condi-
or are these star-forming regions clumps revealed a small kinematically decoupled tions (i.e. 0.6-arcsecond seeing as speci-
formed inside the AGN outflow? core with a radius of 0.2 arcseconds; fied at Phase 1) and represents a signifi-
this could be a very small nuclear disc. In cant restriction on the available science.
The MUSE data of the host of PTF10tpz addition, an outflow can be seen towards Several of the highest-ranked projects
show a ring-like structure rotating around the north-west, possibly a jet emanat- could not be executed because of inade-
the galaxy centre. Emission-line regions ing from the AGN. The outflow shows quate AO correction caused by the faint-
are detected throughout this structure. emission line ratios characteristic of AGN, ness of the natural reference star. A pro-
Assuming that this emission is connected
with star formation, Figure 5 shows a Star formation rate distribution Figure 5. Star formation rate map of
2.0e-5
two-dimensional map of the star forma- the inner region of the host galaxy of
Steve Schulze
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
2 2 0.5 2
0 0 0.0 0
–4 –4 –4 0.0
– 1.0
– 0.5
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
ject to increase the limiting magnitude by References Figure 6. Comparison of the molecular gas (from
ALMA) and inner galaxy of NGC 7130 (HST image)
employing a different detector in
Delorme, P. et al. 2013, A&A, 553, L5 and the image produced from the collapsed MUSE
GALACSI, MUSE’s AO facility, has begun Freudling, W. et al. 2013, A&A, 559, A96 data cube (left panel). The middle panel shows
and will extend the brightness limit by Janson, M. et al. 2017, A&A, 599, 70 shock-dominated regions (in red) and star formation
about 2 magnitudes, enabling many more Knapen, J. H., Comerón, S. & Seidel, M. K. 2019, regions (in blue) derived from the [O III]/Hb and [N II]/
A&A, 621, L5 Ha line ratios. The velocity dispersion (right panel)
objects to be observed using MUSE NFM.
displays a kinematically decoupled region around
the core (inset) and potentially, an outflow (blue-
Links shifted material) towards the north-west. A kinemati-
Acknowledgements cally decoupled region around the core can be seen
1
all for MUSE NFM science verification proposals:
C in the inset of the right panel. This figure has been
We received excellent support at the telescope from http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/ adapted from Knapen, Comerón and Seidel (2019).
the Telescope and Instrument Operators. In particu- announcements/sciann17110.html Coordinate labels are in arcseconds. North is up
lar, they accommodated the science verification 2
ESO Science Newsletter from April 2018: and east is to the left.
observations flexibly when they had to be postponed http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/newsletter/
for technical reasons. We would like to thank the apr2018.html Notes
following Principal Investigators who kindly provided 3
MUSE NFM science verification webpage: http://
the preliminary science verification results presented www.eso.org/sci/activities/vltsv/musenfmsv.html a
CA stands for organisation, classification and
O
in this article: Markus Janson, Francesco Ferraro, 4
Access to science verification data: http://www. association, and refers to rules which allow: the
Mayte Alfaro, Steve Schulze and Marja Seidel. eso.org/sci/activities/vltsv/musenfmsv.html#data classification of raw data according to the contents
of the header keywords; their organisation into
appropriate groups for processing; and association
with the required calibration data for processing.
ESO/Daniele Gasparri (www.astroatacama.com)
Francisco Miguel Montenegro-Montes 1 During Science Verification of the new tral windows in which atmospheric trans-
Karl Torstensson 1 SEPIA660 facility receiver at APEX, mission is high (see Figure 1), allowing
Rodrigo Parra 1 we carried out a shallow line survey of the detection of molecular and atomic
Juan Pablo Pérez-Beaupuits 1 the archetypal Kleinmann-Low Nebula transitions to high redshifts, including
Lars-Åke Nyman 1 in the Orion star forming region (Orion- CO, HCN, HCO+, [C II], [O I]. It is particu-
Claudio Agurto 1 KL). These observations cover the larly challenging to detect interstellar
Francisco Azagra 1 tuning range towards the band edges, water, as extremely dry atmospheric
Mauricio Cárdenas 1 which has recently been extended conditions are required. Instrumentation
Edouard González 1 beyond ALMA Band 9 specifications. At groups therefore have to meet the chal-
Felipe MacAuliffe 1 these frequencies, atmospheric trans- lenge of producing sensitive detectors
Paulina Venegas 1 mission is very low but still sufficient to and spectrometers with large bandwidths
Carlos De Breuck 1 detect bright lines in Orion-KL. We in order to exploit premium weather
Per Bergman 2 present the collected spectra and com- conditions, thus facilitating the study of
Diah Setia Gunawan 3 pare with surveys from the literature, objects at these wavelengths.
Friedrich Wyrowski 4 demonstrating the capabilities of the
Thomas Stanke 1 instrument.
Victor Belitsky 2 New facility instrumentation at APEX
Mathias Fredrixon 2
Denis Meledin 2 High frequency submillimetre SEPIA is a multi-receiver instrument
Michael Olberg 2 observations (Belitsky et al., 2018) developed by the
Magnus Strandberg 2 Group for Advanced Receiver Develop-
Erik Sundin 2 Submillimetre radiation from space is ment (GARD) 2 at Chalmers University
Joost Adema 5 severely absorbed by water vapour mole- in Sweden. It comprises ALMA Bands 5,
Jan Barkhof 5 cules in the Earth’s atmosphere. This is 7 and 9 (see Figure 1 for their frequency
Andrey Baryshev 5 why ground-based submillimetre astron- coverage). The SEPIA180 dual-polarisa-
Ronald Hesper 5 omy is exclusively conducted at high tion receiver covers frequencies 159–211
Andrey Khudchenko 5 and extremely dry places in the world, GHz and was installed at APEX in 2015.
where the integrated column of precipita- This is an ESO-OSO Principal Investigator
ble water vapour (PWV) is itself submilli- receiver but is offered to APEX user com-
1
ESO metric. The Chajnantor plateau over the munities of all APEX partners, including
2
Chalmers University of Technology, Chilean Andes in Chile Is one of the most Chile. One of its main goals is to observe
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), outstanding sites available and is where the 183.3 GHz water transition and high
Sweden the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment redshift CO lines. The SEPIA345, also
3
IFA Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile (APEX) a,1 has been successfully operat-
4
Max-Planck-Institut für Radiastronomie ing for more than a decade, joined more
(MPIfR), Bonn, Germany recently by the Atacama Large Millimeter/ Figure 1. Atmospheric zenith transmission over
5
NOVA Submillimetre Instrumentation submillimeter Array (ALMA). Chajnantor by Pardo et al. (2001), between 150 and
Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, 950 GHz with different amounts of PWV. The
s pectral coverage of the ALMA bands is indicated
University of Groningen, the Nether- The state-of-the-art instrumentation at along the top axis, as well as the low-frequency
lands these observatories is designed to take and high-frequency ranges of the SEPIA660 band
advantage of several well-defined spec- covered in this survey.
! ! ! ! ! !
/65:LL<
+% '%
3Q@MRLHRRHNM
CH 3CN
CH 30H
CH 30H
H 2C0 2
atm- 0 3
S0
SEPIA660. The three upper panels correspond to
H 2C0
S0
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
the low-frequency coverage, and the lower ones to
CS
40
34
the high-frequency window. The most p rominent
T*A (K)
CH 30H
S0
S0 2
S0 2
40
34
34
H13CN
H 2C0
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0
S0
S0
40
from atmospheric emission. We switched
T*A (K)
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
HCNv2
H 2C0
HCN
H 2S
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0
40
The datasets were initially calibrated
T*A (K)
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
HCNv2
HC0+
H 2C0
S0
S0
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
S0 2
40
re-calibrated the data channel-wise
34
34
34
T*A (K)
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
H 2C0
S0 2
S0 2
S0
S0
40
34
Figure 3. A selected portion of the SEPIA660 spec- not subtracted any baseline to the spec- trum, resampled to 0.5 km s – 1 perfectly
trum and comparison with a similar dataset by CSO
tra shown in Figure 2. matches the 1 MHz resolution of the CSO
(Schilke et al., 2001). The temperature scale is arbi-
trary, and an offset between the spectra has been data. Since the CSO receiver had DSB
introduced to enable comparison. It is beyond the scope of this article to mixers, both sidebands are superposed
make a complete census and characteri- in the final spectrum. In order to separate
the overlap region to avoid the aliasing sation of molecular transitions; rather these, Schilke et al. (2001) had to observe
effects of the spectrometers. Spectra we show the most prominent transitions several spectra with different local oscilla-
have been resampled from their original from the species that are known to exist tor frequencies and then apply a maxi-
spectral resolution to 0.5 km s –1 which in this region, and compare these with mum entropy deconvolution algorithm.
corresponds to about 1 MHz. previous existing data in the literature. Because SEPIA660 is a 2SB receiver,
We have added labels in Figure 2 to the both sidebands are recorded separately,
strongest lines detected in our survey: and no extra deconvolution is needed.
Results and comparison with literature mostly vibrationally excited transitions In addition, the high sideband rejection
from methanol (CH3OH), methyl cyanide ratio ensures minimum contamination
Figure 2 shows the composite spectrum (CH3CN), formaldehyde (H2CO), sulphur from the signal (and noise) between side-
of the two spectral windows observed. oxides (SO, SO2, 34 SO), deuterated water bands. Even if the root-mean-square
In the low-frequency window (upper three (HDO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), isocya- noise per channel is comparable in both
panels), a gradual increase of noise nide (HNC) and formylium (HCO+). APEX and CSO spectra, Figure 3 shows
towards lower frequencies results from that the baseline of the APEX/SEPIA660
the increase in atmospheric opacity. In Figure 3, we compare a portion of our spectrum is much flatter and that weaker
For the same reason the higher signal-to- spectrum with the same frequency cover- lines are detected with higher signal-to-
noise corresponds to frequencies age published by Schilke et al. (2001), noise ratios.
between 700 and 710 GHz. More pre- taken with the 650-GHz facility dual-side-
cisely, the noise level is around 1 K root- band (DSB) receiver at the CSO. The The part of the spectrum between 725
mean-square in the range 580–585 GHz CSO observations cover the same region and 727 GHz that is not covered by the
and ten times lower at 702—704 GHz. as ours and use a similar beam size CSO observations from Schilke et al.
There is substantial continuum emission (~ 11 arcseconds) so this is an ideal data- (2001) is shown in red in Figure 4. This is
over the band and we have set for comparison. Our SEPIA660 spec- the last tuning in our frequency range
and has only half of the integration time
(60 seconds with no overlap). In addition,
35
This work (APEX/SEPIA660) atmospheric transmission is very low
30 HEX0S (Herschel/HIFI) (< 10%), but one can still clearly detect
more than 15 lines.
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 330H
0H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
CH 30H
25
T (K) (arbitrary scale)
H 2C0
HNC
CH
S0
20
15
While this portion of the spectrum is not The relatively short observations toward Hesper, R. et al. 2018, Proceedings of the 29th
Orion-KL presented here demonstrate International Symposium on Space THz Tech
covered by the CSO dataset, it can be
nology, Pasadena, March 2018
compared with the Herschel-HIFI obser- the capabilities of SEPIA660 in its Hirota, T., Kim, M. K. & Honma, M. 2016, ApJ, 817,
vations from the HEXOS Key Program b. extended tuning range, a range not avail- 168
To compare our data, we need to keep in able in the previous incarnation of the Kleinmann, D. E. & Low, F. J. 1967, ApJ, 149, L1
instrument, and somewhat beyond the Menten, K. M. et al. 2007, A&A, 474, 515
mind the different spatial resolutions of
Muench, A. A. et al. 2002, ApJ, 573, 366
Herschel and APEX. At this frequency the ALMA specifications. Even with the very Pardo, J. R. et al. 2001, IEEE Trans. Antennas and
Herschel beam size is ~ 30 arcseconds, low atmospheric transmission available in Propagation, 49/12, 1683
i.e., an area that is about 11 times bigger this frequency range, we can detect more Rodríguez, L. F. et al. 2017, ApJ, 834, 140
than 100 strong lines in this archetypical Schilke, P. et al. 2001, ApJSS, 132, 281
than the APEX beam. The Herschel spec-
Shuping, R. Y., Morris, M. & Bally, J. 2004, AJ, 128,
trum therefore contains emission from star-forming region. The good sideband 363
several distinct spatial and velocity com- rejection ratio ensures very little conta
ponentsc, namely the “hot core”, the mination between sidebands and makes
this instrument ideal for molecular line Links
“compact ridge”, the “plateau” and the
“extended ridge”; all with slightly different surveys and for studying the chemistry of 1
APEX webpage: http://www.apex-telescope.org
line widths and different velocities relative the interstellar medium in our Galaxy. 2
T he GARD team website: https://www.chalmers.
to the local standard of rest, vlsr. se/en/departments/see/research/OSO/gard
3
T he Call for SEPIA660 Science Verification: https://
Acknowledgements www.eso.org/sci/activities/apexsv/sepia/sepia-
The HIFI spectrum is also shown in band-9.html
Figure 4 (in black). The noise level is We thank P. Schilke for kindly providing the CSO
much smaller (~ 30 mK) in the Herschel spectrum displayed in Figure 4. This work was sup-
Notes
data, but with only 60 seconds integra- ported by the Chilean CONICYT astronomy pro-
gramme, ALMA-CONICYT funds, ALMA Support
tion and a very low atmospheric trans- a
PEX is a collaboration between the MPIfR, OSO,
A
Astronomer Position (Project No. 31AS002).
mission, SEPIA660 can detect the most and ESO, with Chile as the host country.
prominent features. Long vertical lines b
T he HEXOS Orion-KL spectrum was obtained
through the NASA Infrared Processing and Analy-
mark the peak intensities of three References
sis Center (IPAC) Infrared Science Archive, which
selected line profiles (HNC, H2CO and is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Becklin, E. E. & Neugebauer, G. 1967, ApJ, 147, 799
(CH3OH) and different velocity offsets are Belitsky, V. et al. 2018, A&A, 612, A23 California Institute of Technology, under contract
visible between the two spectra at these Crockett, N. R. et al. 2014, ApJ, 787, 112 with NASA.
c
See Crockett et al. (2014) for a detailed description
transitions, each of them tracing different Getman, K. V. et al. 2005, ApJS, 160, 353
Forbrich, J. et al. 2016, ApJ, 822, 93 of the different Orion-KL components.
gas components.
Hesper, R. et al. 2017, IEEE Transactions on
Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 6,
686
ESO/M. Alexander
Figure 2. SPHERE-IRDIS APLC coronagraphic setup by placing an opaque mask in the focal (Soummer et al., 2005). As a result, under
used to produce the simulations. Phase and ampli-
plane before re-imaging the star very good conditions SPHERE can
tude are shown in the pupil planes (blue) and inten-
sity in the detector plane (red). (Figure 3b). The very central part of the reach a contrast of up to 10 – 4 at 250 milli-
image shows a bright spot where one arcseconds in the raw coronagraphic
images are cropped to 200 × 200 pixels might naïvely expect a dark spot; this is image with a 50% transmission at
(about 2.5 arcseconds). the so-called Poisson or Arago spot, 100 milliarcseconds in the H-band 4.
which is due to diffraction by the corona-
graphic focal plane mask. Effect of the VLT pupil on the corona-
Dissection of a SPHERE image graph signature (Figure 4)
To remove the diffraction pattern due to The coronagraph design, its resulting
The coronagraph is essential to reaching the telescope aperture, a Lyot stop is performance, and the central image pat-
high contrast at close separation from placed in the following pupil plane, con- tern are all driven by the shape of the
the star. Its role is to suppress as much sisting of a wider central obstruction, telescope pupil. From a circular pupil
diffracted light from the star as possible wider spiders and smaller outer diameter (Figure 4a) to a centrally obscured pupil
while preserving any other astrophysical (Figure 3c). In order to smooth the sharp (Figure 4b), a brighter ring appears close
signal present in the field of view. edges of the VLT pupil and thus avoid to the star. When the spiders are added
strong diffraction effects (ripples in the
Effect of the coronagraph (Figure 3) focal plane, as in the Gibbs effect), a
Without a coronagraph, the diffracted pupil apodiser is placed upstream of the Figure 3. Illustration of the APLC coronagraph effect
light of the central star, i.e., the point coronagraph focal plane mask (Figure (H2-band): (a) non-coronagraphic image, (b) corona-
graphic image with only the focal plane mask,
spread function (PSF), hides its environ- 3d). Its transmission function has been (c) adding the Lyot stop downstream of the focal
ment (Figure 3a). It is possible to block optimised to avoid these ripples while plane mask, (d) adding the SPHERE pupil apodiser
the light of the inner core of the PSF keeping a high throughput and resolution upstream of the focal plane mask.
this bright secondary ring is broken into 2014) wavefront sensor (WFS) to sense Figure 4. Illustration of the VLT pupil effect on the
APLC coronagraphic images (Y2-band): (a) full circu-
four petals (Figures 4c and d). These pat- the phase of the incoming wavefront at
lar aperture, (b) pupil with central obstruction, (c) VLT
terns are strongly dependent upon 1380 Hz; and (c) a real time computer to pupil including spiders and central obstruction and
the observing wavelength as the size of analyse the wavefront and compute the (d) corresponding on-sky SPHERE-IRDIS image.
the focal plane mask is fixed — Figure 4 correction command to be sent to the
shows the specific case of Y-band deformable mirrors (DMs) in real time. (Figure 5b). The seeing-limited region lies
images at 1.02 µm to highlight this effect. When the target is faint, the main error outside of this corrected area, where
comes from the measurement noise. In the contrast reached is primarily limited
A second type of feature apparent on the following, the target star is consid- by the seeing conditions.
the images originates from the SAXO sys- ered bright enough (less than 8 magni-
tem. SAXO is composed of three main tudes in the V-band) to ignore this error. In SPHERE images, the correction ring
elements: (a) a piezo stack high-order shows two bright patterns in the horizon-
deformable mirror (HODM) with 41 actua- The fitting error (Figure 5) tal direction (Figure 1, dark blue) which
tors across the pupil and a tip-tilt As the number of HODM actuators is are due to the imprint of the HODM actu-
deformable mirror (TTDM) to modulate finite, only the low frequencies up to the ator grid. The HODM is made up of linear
the incoming phase distorted by the cut-off frequency, defined by the HODM arrays of 22 piezostack actuators joined
atmospheric turbulence; (b) a inter-actuator pitch, can be corrected. in the middle. We can visualise this
Shack-Hartman (SH; Sauvage et al., The simulated AO residual phase includ- HODM grid by using the Zernike sensor
ing only the fitting error (Figure 5a) shows for Extremely accurate measurements of
Figure 5. Illustration of the correction radius due to residuals with a typical size equal to the Low-level Differential Aberrations
the fitting error (H2-band): (a) AO residual phase with inter-actuator spacing and smaller. In (ZELDA; N’ Diaye et al., 2013) that is a
only the fitting error, (b) corresponding ideal corona-
graphic image showing a perfect dark hole, (c) the
the focal plane image it creates a central phase mask placed at the location of the
real HODM physical shape is not homogeneous and circular dark zone, called the corrected coronagraph FPM converting upstream
(d) this results in additional patterns in the image. area, delimited by the correction ring phase errors into intensity. An example
(a) (c)
(b) 10 λ/D (d) 10 λ/D
(a)
(b) 10 λ/D (c) 10 λ/D (d) 10 λ/D
ZELDA image taken on internal source is typical cross shape along this preferential Figure 6. Illustration of the folded light in the cor-
rected zone due to the aliasing error (H2-band):
shown in F igure 5c (Vigan et al., 2018). direction. Moreover the aliasing effect
(a) AO residual phase showing lower spatial
When propagating this phase, the result- involves spatial frequencies close to the f requencies, (b) simulated ideal coronagraphic
ing image shows these patterns (Figure HODM cut-off frequency and therefore image, (c) simulated APLC coronagraphic image and
5d). In order to avoid the light diffracted the aliasing effect is more intense close (d) on-sky image where aliasing dominates.
by defective actuators of the HODM to the corrected radius. To bypass this
reaching the image, the coronagraph Lyot aliasing effect, a field stop (a square hole
stop was remanufactured with 6 patches of variable size) is placed upstream of
to hide dead actuators (Figure 2). the SH-WFS to filter out the high frequen-
cies that can neither be analysed nor cor- spots in the image, which are usually too
The aliasing error (Figure 6) rected (Poyneer et al., 2004; Fusco et al., faint to be observed in SPHERE images.
The WFS has limited spatial sampling of 2014). Depending on the seeing condi- In addition, owing to the finite spectral
the incoming phase and, as a result, tions, different filter sizes can be used to bandwidth of SPHERE, the satellite spots
the uncorrected high spatial frequencies minimise aliasing; the smallest filter size are always slightly radially elongated
of the atmospheric turbulence may be can be used under very good observing (Figure 7b).
seen by the WFS as low spatial frequen- conditions as this effect increases with
cies (Figure 6a). The HODM then corrects the seeing. This waffle mode is commonly applied at
these frequencies, but since they are not the beginning of the observing sequence
real some light is instead scattered into The satellite spots (Figure 7) to estimate the location of the centre
the corrected area (Figures 6b-d). This Sometimes two perpendicular sine waves of the star behind the coronagraph signa-
aliasing effect is amplified along the WFS are applied to the HODM (the so-called ture in the final image, which is precisely
sub-aperture directions, giving rise to a “waffle mode”, Figure 7a). This pattern located at the intersection of the four
creates four satellite spots in the focal satellite spots. Note that as a result of its
plane image. Each spot is a pure copy of manufacturing process, the grid of the
Figure 7. Illustration of the satellite spots (H2-band):
the star image and hence shows the HODM creates a similar pattern, provok-
(a) waffle pattern applied on the HODM with a fre- same aberrations (Figures 7b and c). The ing the presence of bright spots along
quency of 14 cycles per pupil diameter, (b) simulated intensity of the satellite spots is given by the HODM grid direction (horizontally
ideal coronagraphic image obtained with the waffle the sine wave amplitude, their position by and vertically) located at 40 l/D in the
pattern added to the AO residual phase resulting
in four satellite spots located at 14 l/D, (c) simulated
the sine wave frequency; their direction is SPHERE images (l being the observation
APLC coronagraphic image and (d) on-sky image perpendicular to the sine wave direction. wavelength and D the effective telescope
taken with the waffle mode. Secondary orders create multiple satellite diameter).
(a)
(b) 10 λ/D (c) 10 λ/D (d) 10 λ/D
Figure 8. Illustration of the non-common path for in the AO arm, but that are not pres- speeds move the upper level atmos-
aberrations (H2-band): (a) non-common path aberra-
ent in the light path of the scientific sub- pheric turbulence across the pupil con-
tions phase map upstream of the coronagraph focal
plane mask estimated using the ZELDA mask, (b) systems and vice-versa. Like the AO siderably faster than the AO loop can
simulated APLC coronagraphic image using this residuals, they distort the wavefront so correct for. The AO residual phase shows
estimated ZELDA phase map, (c) internal source that each incoming light ray interferes strong atmospheric residuals with a
image and (d) on-sky image where the non-common
with the others in the focal plane to form clear directional pattern along the wind
path aberrations are dominant.
the “speckle field” (Figure 8b). The size direction (Figure 9a). When propagat-
of each speckle is typically that of one ing this phase, it produces a typical but-
The contrast killers resolution element (1 l/D), as for plane- terfly-shaped structure in the focal
tary signals, and their typical contrast plane image, along the wind direction
In the context of high-contrast imaging can go up to 10 – 4, whereas that of the (Figures 9b–d). This temporal error signifi-
with instruments such as SPHERE, sought planetary signals is less than 10 – 6. cantly affects the contrast reached by
two major aspects greatly affect the final the instrument (Mouillet et al., 2018).
contrast performance: (i) the errors that Advanced post-processing techniques Recent studies have shown that the fast,
provoke starlight leakage out of the are then necessary to detect exoplanet high-altitude jet stream atmospheric
coronagraph; and (ii) the errors that are signals. NCPA that are located upstream layer (typically located at about 12 km
not temporally stable, or more generally of the coronagraph focal plane mask above Cerro Paranal), whose wind speed
not deterministic, and hence cannot be have been recently measured thanks to can reach 50 m s – 1, is the main cause
removed by any current post-processing the ZELDA mask on the SPHERE internal of the wind-driven halo (for example,
techniques. In the following we focus on source (Figure 8a, Vigan et al., 2018). Madurowicz et al., 2018). Moreover, this
the errors affecting the corrected area in When comparing the image simulated halo shows an unexpected asymmetry
the images, that is to say low-order resid- using this NCPA measurement (Figure 8b) caused by interference between this tem-
ual aberrations. to the internal source image (Figure 8c), poral lag error and scintillation errors
a similar speckle field is observed. Under
The non-common path aberrations good observing conditions, such a Figure 9. Illustration of the wind-driven halo due to
(Figure 8) speckle field is indeed limiting the con- the Jetstream layer (IFS, Y-band): (a) AO residual
Under very good conditions, current trast reached in the AO-corrected zone phase map showing large atmospheric residuals as
high-contrast images are limited by (Figure 8d). ripples perpendicular to the wind direction,
(b) simulated ideal coronagraphic image using only
speckles originating from non-common this phase map, (c) simulated APLC coronagraphic
path aberrations (NCPA). These are aber- The wind-driven halo (Figure 9) image and (d) on-sky image where the wind-driven
rations that are sensed and corrected This halo appears when high wind halo dominates.
(a)
(b) 10 λ/D (c) 10 λ/D (d) 10 λ/D
(a)
(b) 10 λ/D (c) 10 λ/D (d) 10 λ/D
Figure 10. Illustration of the low order residuals before the coronagraph focal plane phase error (Figure 11a). The correspond-
(K1-band): (a) Tilt phase map added to the AO resid-
mask, to estimate the position of the PSF ing PSF shape is modified, often appear-
ual phase, (b) simulated ideal coronagraphic image
with only tilt error added to the AO residuals, core every second; that is then centred ing with two bright side lobes surround-
(c) simulated APLC coronagraphic image and by the tip-tilt mirror of SPHERE. When the ing the central PSF core, and hence this
(d) on-sky image where LORs dominate. target star is faint (around 8 magnitudes is unofficially referred to as the “Mickey
in H-band) the integration time on the Mouse effect“. Since the starlight is
differential tip-tilt sensor is longer, which no longer concentrated in the central
whose effect is also stronger with higher- potentially causes stronger low-order core (Figures 11b and 11c), this results in
altitude turbulence (Cantalloube et al., residuals. Also, as the size of the focal strong starlight leakage off the corona-
2018). plane mask is fixed, the effect of the graph focal plane mask (Figure 11d). This
low-order residuals in the final image is effect is always present to some degree
Low-order residuals (Figure 10) stronger when the observing wavelength and becomes dominant when the wind
Tip-tilt errors (Figure 10a) create image jit- increases (Figure 10d). speed is too slow to reduce the tempera-
ter. Consequently, the PSF core is not ture difference between the spiders and
correctly centred behind the coronagraph The low wind effect (Figure 11) the ambient air (Figure 11e).
focal plane mask. In addition, the diffrac- During the night, the M2 spiders can cool
tion patterns from the pupil and the below the ambient air temperature by To mitigate the low wind effect at the VLT,
spiders are not entirely hidden by the radiative losses as their emissivity is sig- the M2 spiders were covered with a low-
Lyot stop (Figures 10b and 10c). Fast low- nificantly higher than that of air. As a con- emissivity coating, thus preventing strong
order residuals may arise from residual sequence, under low wind conditions, a radiative cooling. This solution has proven
atmospheric turbulence and telescope layer of colder air — which therefore has effective, reducing the occurrence of this
vibrations, while atmospheric disper- higher refractive index — forms around effect from 18% to 3% (Milli et al., 2018).
sion residuals and differential thermo- the spider (Sauvage et al., 2015). When
mechanical effects cause slow low-order the windspeed is high, the dense air
residuals. is blown away, but when the wind is slow, Figure 11. Illustration of the low wind effect
an abrupt change of air index is seen (H2-band): (a) Differential tip-tilt phase map due to
In SPHERE, these slow residuals are min- from one side of the spider to the other. low wind effect, (b) simulated non-coronagraphic
imised by a differential tip-tilt sensor As a result, and since the SH-WFS is PSF, (c) corresponding on-sky image of the
non-coronagraphic PSF, (d) simulated APLC corona-
(Baudoz et al., 2010). This differential tip- insensitive to such a phase step, each graphic image including the differential tip-tilt phase
tilt sensor uses 2% of the infrared light at quarter (or fragment) of the pupil shows a map and (e) on-sky image where the low wind effect
the observing wavelength, picked-off just different piston, and sometimes tip-tilt dominates.
(b) 1 λ/D
(a)
(c) 1 λ/D
(d) 10 λ/D (e) 10 λ/D
EHT Collaboration
Adriano Fontana1 The bulk of this process occurred at red- spectroscopic observations, providing
Charlotte A. Mason2,3 shifts z > 7, and coverage of this parame- validation and cross-calibration of HST
Marianne Girard4 ter space by spectroscopic surveys is still results and enabling us to constrain the
Tommaso Treu2 sparse and incomplete. timeline of reionisation.
Tucker Jones 5 2. T
o probe the internal kinematics of gal-
Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky4 At lower redshifts (0.5 < z < 2), low-mass axies at z ~ 1−3 with superior spatial
Takahiro Morishita 6 galaxies played a significant role in the resolution compared to surveys in
Laura Pentericci1 evolution of the global star formation rate blank fields.
Kasper Schmidt7 density, and they eventually contributed
Xin Wang 2 to the growth of more massive galaxies KLASS observations were carried out by
by merging processes. Feedback KMOS in the YJ bands (1−1.35 μm). The
processes are much more effective in spectral resolution R ~ 3400 is sufficient
1
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico low-mass galaxies, as the energy release to distinguish Lyα from potential low-
di Roma, Italy from supernovae and other feedback redshift contaminants with the [OII] λ3726,
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy, sources can exceed the gravitational 3729 emission doublet at z ~ 2.
University of California, Los Angeles, USA binding energy. We thus expect the
3
Harvard Smithsonian Center dynamical, morphological, dust and Observations were carried out in Service
for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA metallicity evolution in low-mass galaxies Mode and executed in one-hour observ-
4
Observatoire de Genève, to be significantly different compared ing blocks with repeating A-B-A integra-
Université de Genève, Switzerland. to their more massive siblings. tion corresponding to science-sky-
5
Department of Physics, science observations. Each observing
University of California, Davis, USA block comprised 1800 s of science inte-
6
Space Telescope Science Institute, KLASS scientific goals gration, and 900 s on sky. Exposure
Baltimore, USA times ranged between approximately
7
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, KLASS is designed to exploit the 6.5 and 15 hours per target. Dither shifts
Potsdam, Germany magnification due to gravitational lensing were included, shifting the pointing
by massive clusters to observe (back- between science frames. A star was
ground) sources that are intrinsically observed in one IFU in every observing
The KMOS Lens-Amplified much fainter than objects we can block to monitor the point spread func-
Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS) is an observe in ordinary fields; the image tion (PSF) and the accuracy of dither off-
ESO Large Programme that uses the stretching in angular extent increases the sets. The PSF was well-described by a
KMOS infrared spectrograph to investi- spatial resolution. Our targets are galax- circular Gaussian and the median seeing
gate the role of low-mass galaxies at ies that are gravitationally lensed by six of our observations was 0.6 arcseconds.
several epochs of cosmic time. KLASS massive galaxy clusters, four of which are
has targeted galaxies behind massive among the well-known Frontier Fields1.
clusters, using gravitational amplifica- These are clusters that were previously Reaching the limits of KMOS:
tion and stretching to observe galaxies observed by the large Hubble Space optimising the pipeline
that are intrinsically very faint. By push- Telescope (HST) grism programme called
ing KMOS to the limits of its capabili- the Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from To reach the ambitious goals of the
ties, we have obtained new constraints Space (GLASS), which was led by KLASS survey it was necessary to
on the timescale of the reionisation pro- Tomasso Treu. GLASS observed ten squeeze the most out of our data. Obser-
cess, finding that the intergalactic clusters with a wide set of spectroscopic vations of faint Lyα emission, comprising
medium was almost completely neutral observations. Capitalising on the magnifi- half of our sample, are challenging. The
at a redshift of around 8, and that tur- cation of background sources we were main difficulties that we have had to over-
bulence plays a major role in shaping able to explore a range of redshifts and come are:
low mass galaxies at intermediate red- intrinsic magnitudes at a superior depth 1. high-redshift candidates are not
shifts (0.5 < z < 2). and quality than in blank fields located detected in the continuum with KMOS,
near the clusters — an exciting preview so we cannot rely on a robust identifi-
of JWST- and ELT-class science. cation of their position in the spaxel
In the first billion years of the Universe’s space;
life — the Cosmic Dawn — low-mass gal- We have focused on two main scientific 2. w e need to subtract the background
axies were the dominant population and goals that are well-suited to the number reliably to reach Poisson sensitivity
their stellar emission was dominated by of targets we can identify behind each limits;
massive, short-lived, bright stars. Ultra cluster and to the number of integral field 3. we need to identify subtle systematics
violet photons created by these stars units (IFUs) in the K-band Multi-Object that can lead to spurious identifications
were likely responsible for the most Spectrograph (KMOS): of faint lines;
important transition that the Universe 1. To investigate Lyman alpha (Lyα) emis- 4. w e need to quantify exactly the signal-
underwent after recombination: the reion- sion from star-forming galaxies at red- to-noise ratio (S/N) achieved for each
isation of the intergalactic medium (IGM). shifts z > 7 independently of HST pixel of the extracted spectra in order
Wavelength (nm) Figure 1. Upper: 5-σ ingly neutral IGM, which progressively
1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 rest-frame equivalent
absorbs the intrinsic Lyα emission. The
width limits in Lyα as a
mAB = 26 function of wavelength drop in the Lyα EW distribution at z ~ 7
300 mAB = 27 for three values of the yields the best current constraint on the
mAB = 28 apparent magnitude m mid-stages of the reionisation process
Lyα EW limit (Å)
5-σ rest–frame
in the ultraviolet.
(Mason et al., 2018).
100 Lower: Comparison of
the achieved sensitivity
as a function of wave- By targeting galaxy candidates at z ~ 8,
30 length in our deepest KLASS had the explicit aim of extending
exposure with the
this analysis to higher redshifts, in order to
KMOS exposure time
10 calculator using the trace the reionisation process at its peak,
0.19 same exposure times. when newborn galaxies were producing
1.75 + 0.22
S/N ratio = 0.71 – 0.21 sufficient ultraviolet photons to significantly
0.18
S/N (achieved)/S/N (ETC)
Fline (10 – 18 cgs) v (km s – 1) σ (km s – 1) Figure 4. The HST RGB composite images, 2D
emission-line spectra and velocity maps for two
M1149_1757 2 3 4 –8 0 8 15 30 45 low-mass galaxies in KLASS.
μ = 3.83
pared to local discs and thus that
the fraction of dynamically hot discs
1ೀ
changes with cosmic time. Clearly,
turbulence plays a major role in the set-
z = 1.25 tlement of rotating discs at low masses
log10 M = 8.76 1 kpc in the young Universe.
*
RXJ11347_1230 2.5 3.0 3.5 – 30 0 30 60 80 100 The power of KMOS has revealed once
μ = 40.56
more the crucial role that faint, low-mass
galaxies have had in the history of the
Universe. They produced most of the
1ೀ
ultraviolet photons required to reionise
the Universe in the redshift range
z = 6–9. They continued to develop
z = 1.77
log10 M = 8.76 100 pc during the peak of cosmic star-formation
* history, building stars in highly turbulent
systems. The kinematic analysis of our
full sample, which is under way at the
sion lines and the velocity maps (circular atively large ratio of SFR:M (> 0.1 Gyr−1) moment, will help to complete the picture
*
velocity and dispersion) for the lowest- suggesting that their disturbed gas regarding these fascinating systems.
mass galaxies in the sample. dynamics may be enhancing star forma-
tion (or vice versa) in some of these References
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Large values of v/σ > 3–5 typically indi- the stellar mass and SFR, meaning that Mason, C. A. et al. 2017, ApJ, 838, 14
cate “regular rotation”, while lower values high dispersion could be due to stellar Mason, C. A. et al. 2018, ApJ, 856, 2
indicate that the systems are dynamically feedback in these galaxies. Full results Mason, C. A. et al. 2019, MNRAS, 485, 3947
hotter, with turbulence in the disc being are given in Mason et al. (2017) and Pentericci, L. et al. 2018, A&A, 619, 147
Wisnioski, E. et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, 209
significantly higher than in local discs. Girard et al. (in preparation).
We find that the majority (77%) of our This indicates that turbulence in discs is Links
kinematically resolved sample are rota- significantly higher at cosmic noon com- 1
HST Frontier Fields: http://www.stsci.edu/hst/
tionally supported, but about a half of the campaigns/frontier-fields/
sample (16/34) show particularly low val-
ues of v/σ < 3, meaning that most of the
rotation-dominated galaxies are only
2.5
marginally stable, at odds with what we
see in the local Universe. We also find z = 2.5
a mean dispersion of σ ~ 55 km s –1 2.0
in the sample, similar to previous surveys z = 1.5
at the same redshifts. 1.5
log(SFR) (Myr –1)
Peter Barthel 1 physical AGN–star formation interplay is tion of the co-spatial non-thermal (syn-
José Versteeg 1, 2 an issue of great interest: where, when chrotron) 1-millimetre emission, using
and how does it occur? To answer these scaled high-resolution centimetre radio
questions, it is necessary to zoom in on images; this is essential to isolate the
1
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, the star formation processes in the host thermal emission and address its nature.
University of Groningen, galaxies of radio-loud AGN and to con-
the Netherlands duct a spatial and/or kinematic study of ALMA Band 7 (1-millimetre) observations
2
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, the astrophysical interconnections. of five, far-infrared (FIR) luminous, z > 1
Radboud University, Nijmegen, 3C objects — three quasars and two
the Netherlands During the past decade our team has radio galaxies — took place during the
used Spitzer, Chandra, and Herschel to summer of 2016, with baselines of up to
investigate partly obscured AGN and 1.6 km, and a typical on-source integra-
Far-infrared photometry with the star formation in the ultra-massive hosts tion time of 15 minutes. Standard CASA
Herschel Space Observatory has found of z > 1 3C radio galaxies and quasars pipeline calibration was employed at the
many examples of ultra-luminous dust (for example, Barthel et al., 2012; European ALMA Regional Centre Node in
emission at around 40 K in the host gal- Podigachoski et al., 2015, 2016a). These Leiden, the Netherlands. The resulting
axies of high-redshift, radio-loud 3C objects have been and will continue to beam sizes are typically 0.18 arcseconds,
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The dust be landmarks in the study of active galax- and the final 1-millimetre images reach 1σ
heating could have its origin in the cen- ies through cosmic time. Herschel pho- noise levels of a few tens of µJy beam –1.
tral black hole activity or extreme cir- tometry has shown that about a third of
cumnuclear starbursts, or both. We these powerful 3C AGN are in fact radio- As millimetre radiation from the nucleus
have used the Atacama Large Millimeter/ loud Ultra Luminous InfraRed Galaxies of a radio-loud object consists of two
submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Cycle 3 to (ULIRGs) as inferred from their large cool parts: the thermal Rayleigh-Jeans tail of
study the dust morphology on the dust masses, suggesting star formation the cool (30–40 K) host galaxy dust com-
kiloparsec scale in a sample of these rates (SFRs) of hundreds to over a thou- ponent, and the synchrotron component
AGN, and present the results for three sand M⊙ year – 1. Key questions focus of its radio source — the strength of
well-known distant quasars: 3C298, on the nature of this cool dust and its which can be extrapolated from the
3C318, and 3C454. After correction for location; is it widespread in the AGN host shape of its centimetre radio spectrum.
the non-thermal radiation at 1 mm, the galaxy and indeed related to massive There is also a third component in the
observations imply a starburst origin for starbursts, or is it localised and maybe form of free-free radiation, but its magni-
the cool thermal dust emission, and a somehow connected to the active tude is not significant at the rest-frame
symbiotic physical relationship with the nucleus? wavelength of 0.4 mm (Condon, 1992).
AGN-driven radio source.
Our Herschel studies have also established To establish the strength and morphology
the interesting trend that the cool dust of the cool dust thermal emission in the
The starburst-AGN symbiosis in distant luminosity is a function of the AGN age quasar hosts, that is its Rayleigh-Jeans
3C radio source hosts (Podigachoski et al., 2015), in the sense tail at 1 mm, we combined our ALMA
that old AGN — large double-lobed radio images with the Karl G. Jansky Very
Given the well-known scaling relations sources — are characterised by less dust Large Array (VLA) U-band (2 cm, 15 GHz)
between galaxies and their central black emission than young ones with compact, images at matched angular resolution
holes, galaxies are believed to experience sub-galactic-sized radio sources. Within (~ 0.18 arcseconds), subtracting a scaled,
star formation, i.e., converting gas into the starburst scenario, this would indicate aligned version of the latter from the
stars, and central black hole growth, spe- positive feedback during the young AGN former. Gaia positions of the optical
cifically AGN phenomena, symbiotically. phase and negative feedback during its QSOs permitted high-precision astromet-
This symbiosis is indeed seen in observa- adult phase, or simply fading of the galaxy ric alignment of the images, to within
tions; nearby quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), growth over time. A similar trend was one 0.025-arcsecond pixel. We will
for instance, prefer blue host galaxies recently reported for high-redshift radio describe the analysis of these quasars
(Trump et al., 2013). The symbiosis of galaxies (Falkendal et al., 2019). below; the full sample including the radio
black hole and global galaxy growth is galaxies will be discussed in a forthcom-
even more intriguing because of the pos- ing article (and quasar 3C298 was
sible feedback effects: positive (AGN- Zooming in using ALMA 1-millimetre already discussed in Barthel et al., 2018).
induced star formation), and/or negative observations
(AGN quenching of star formation). Con-
cerning these feedback effects, the class In 2016 ALMA was capable of 0.15-arc Three well-known 3C quasars and their
of radio-loud AGN is particularly interest- second resolution imaging at a wave- central dust structures
ing since these objects — radio galaxies length of 1 mm, and hence permitted a
and radio-loud quasars — have radio jets spatial study of star formation related to Within our Cycle-3 ALMA project
which are known to interact with the host cool dust on kiloparsec scales. This high (ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.00754.S), three
galaxy interstellar medium (ISM). The resolution also permits optimal subtrac- 3C quasars were observed: 3C298
%KTW)XAD@L
a multi-component structure at a position
ೀ
angle of 45 degrees.
ೀ
We obtained VLA Director’s Discretionary
ೀ Time (DDT) observations in 2018 to
image 3C318 at 2 cm, permitting us to
¦ಿ
ೀ
subtract the non-thermal emission from
the 1-millimetre image, at the ALMA reso-
GL
R
R
R
R
1HFGS@RBDMRHNM)
lution, after careful alignment of the
images. The resulting thermal residue,
Figure 1. Thermal dust emission at 1 mm in the host We used an accurately aligned, archival with radio contours overlaid, is shown in
galaxy of 3C298, with 2-centimetre radio contours
VLA 2-centimetre image at comparable Figure 2; residual thermal emission is
overlaid; the + sign marks the location of the optical
QSO. resolution to subtract the non-thermal seen immediately north-east and south-
1-millimetre emission. Since the non- west of the AGN core, with a total
thermal 2-centimetre to 1-millimetre 1-millimetre flux density of 0.23 mJy,
spectral indices for the various source which is 11% of the total 1-millimetre flux
components are unknown a priori we density. These dust features are perfectly
at z = 1.439, 3C318 at z = 1.574, and used a range of indices (scaling factors) aligned with the elongated, multicompo-
3C454.0 at z = 1.757. Their (projected) in the subtraction process. Over- nent, cm-wavelength radio emission,
radio sizes are, respectively, 14, 10 and subtracting non-thermal centrally peaked hence their morphology and strength
10 kpc, hence they are of sub-galactic emission creates a hole in the central provide strong support for the circum
dimensions and most likely young. Their 1-millimetre structure; we conclude that nuclear starburst picture.
model-dependent (see Podigachoski adopting a synchrotron spectral index
et al., 2015) star formation rates (SFRs), value of –1 yields the best “organic” ther- Quasar 3C454.0 displays a bent, sub-
as inferred from their spectral energy mal 1-millimetre morphology, shown in arcsecond-sized radio source. We
distributions (SEDs), are 940, 580 and Figure 1 with the 2-centimetre radio con- obtained archival VLA 2-centimetre data,
620 M⊙ year –1, respectively. Our SED tours overlaid. That structure, having a yielding an image at a resolution compa-
greybody fits to the long-wavelength 1-millimetre flux density of around 3 mJy, rable to our ALMA 1-millimetre image,
FIR data predicted thermal 1-millimetre represents roughly 16% of the core emis- which we subtracted from the latter, after
flux densities of 3, 1.5, and 1.5 mJy, for sion in 3C298 and thereby provides an accurate alignment and flux density scal-
3C298, 3C318 and 3C454.0, respectively. excellent fit to the 38 K grey-body fit of ing. The resulting residual thermal
The ALMA observations were designed Podigachoski et al. (2015). We observe 1-millimetre emission, overlaid with the
to test the SED modelling, specifically to strong dust emission towards the nearby VLA 2-centimetre radio contours, is
identify or rule out the presence of these western radio lobe, as well as a clump shown in Figure 3; it is concentrated just
massive starbursts, to determine their of faint dust emission at the location of east of the optical AGN, elongated
strength, and to study any astrophysical the jet deflection, south-east of the core/ roughly north-south, and peaking at the
interconnection with the AGN. The results AGN. The dust is likely linked to the opti- location of the bend in the radio struc-
of this study are discussed separately for cal disturbance in the 3C298 host galaxy ture. Its integrated strength is 1.9 mJy,
each quasar. observed by the HST (Hilbert et al., 2016) which is 18% of the total 1-millimetre flux
and to the CO disc reported by Vayner et density. These values do not change the
3C298 is a compact triple radio source, al. (2017). SED-inferred SFR (Podigachoski et al.,
consisting of a radio core coinciding 2015); they in fact support the circumnu-
with the AGN, a western radio lobe The compact (1.2-arcsecond double) clear starburst picture.
0.4 arcseconds away, and an eastern radio source 3C318 was originally
lobe 1 arcsecond away. The optical QSO thought to be an extremely bright FIR
is slightly reddened and it displays strong source, but the Herschel imaging of Radio-loud ULIRGs, their ISM, and
associated CIV absorption from outflow- Podigachoski et al. (2016b) showed that feedback mechanisms
ing winds (Anderson et al., 1987). 3C298 a substantial fraction of the FIR flux
is one of the strongest FIR emitters in the originates from a foreground pair of inter- In summary, all three sample quasars —
3C catalogue. Its 1-millimetre ALMA acting galaxies. Nevertheless, the having compact, subgalactic-sized radio
image has the triple structure, but the updated FIR data still suggest a SFR of morphologies and strongly suspected to
central emission shows evidence of an 580 M⊙ year –1, from model-dependent have high SFRs — were found to pos-
extended underlying 1-millimetre plateau. SED fitting. At 0.18-arcsecond resolution, sess circumnuclear dust structures on
#DBKHM@SHNM)
#DBKHM@SHNM)
%KTW)XAD@L
%KTW)XAD@L
ೀ the optical QSO.
ೀ
ೀ
the subarcsecond (kpc) scale. The ALMA tion imaging that the symbiotic dusty ics of the gas involved in the feedback
resolution of roughly 0.18 arcseconds starbursts are very compact circum mechanism, including the postulated
seems to be crucial to isolating these nuclear structures, extending a few starburst-driven superwinds. Thirdly, con-
structures in the 1-millimetre images, kiloparsecs from the AGN at most. This is trol samples of low-SFR 3C AGN, in com-
which are otherwise dominated by in agreement with the lower-resolution pact, young as well as large, mature radio
nuclear synchrotron (non-thermal) radia- Atacama Compact Array study of FIR- sources, must be studied with ALMA and
tion. The dust morphologies are indica- bright SDSS QSOs (Hatziminaoglou et al., compared with the high-SFR objects.
tive of radio jet–ISM interaction, and their 2018). Such compact starbursts have Concerning the more distant future, JWST
ULIRG-strength FIR luminosities find a also been observed in luminous sub- imaging may reveal the newly formed
natural explanation in positive AGN feed- millimetre galaxies (for example, Tacconi circumnuclear star clusters.
back, i.e., extra-strength star-formation, et al., 2006; Hodge et al., 2016; Calistro-
driven by the advancing radio jets in the Rivera & Hodge, 2018), so they may be Acknowledgements
dense central parts of the AGN hosts. In one and the same phenomenon building
other words, these AGN – which are up massive galaxies, regardless of We acknowledge our long-time collaborators Pece
Podigachoski, Martin Haas and Belinda Wilkes for
most likely young – present evidence for whether there is active massive black exciting years of study of an exciting AGN sample.
positive rather than negative feedback. hole (MBH) accretion or not. Thanks are also due to our ALMA project co-I’s
Carlos De Breuck and George Djorgovski, to the VLA
What about negative feedback — does Finally, our identification of the cool dust Director for granting us DDT time in 2018, and to
Jack Radcliffe for data processing advice. Finally, the
the present study shed light on that emission as originating from a starburst assistance of the Netherlands ALMA Regional Center
mechanism? We believe it does, but the gives confidence that the mechanism is is gratefully acknowledged.
negative feedback appears to be star- the hitherto tacitly assumed source of the
burst- rather than AGN-driven. One of the long-wavelength far-infrared emission
References
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ing gas winds, seen as so-called associ- example, Barthel et al., 2012; Leipski et Anderson, S. F. et al. 1987, AJ, 94, 278
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Barthel, P. D. et al. 2017, ApJ, 843, L16
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Barthel, P. D. et al. 2018, ApJ, 866, L3
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Falkendal, T. et al. 2019, A&A, 621, A27
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ing host starbursts, such as observed Hodge, J. A. et al. 2016, ApJ, 833, 103
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Ma, Z. & Yan, H. 2015, ApJ, 811, 58
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negative feedback. On the other hand, we Podigachoski, P. et al. 2015, A&A, 575, A80
cannot rule out AGN quenching in more These intriguing observations call for Podigachoski, P. et al. 2016a, MNRAS, 462, 4183
mature and old radio sources (see, for several follow-up studies. Firstly, higher- Podigachoski, P. et al. 2016b, A&A, 585, A142
Spencer, R. E. et al. 1991, MNRAS, 250, 225
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Confirming the intermediate-resolution the morphological details of the jet-star Vayner, A. et al. 2017, ApJ, 851, 126
Wang, R. et al. 2013, ApJ, 773, 44
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et al. (2013), we find from our high resolu- spectroscopy can determine the kinemat-
Above: On 17 April 2019, the Senate of Chile awarded ALMA a medal for its Below: ESO signed contracts for the manufacture
instrumental role in capturing the first-ever image of the shadow of a black of the ELT M5 mirror with the French companies
ESO/M. Zamani
hole. The image produced by the Event Horizon Telescope image used eight Safran Reosc and Mersen Boostec.
radio facilities. ALMA and APEX, in which ESO is a major partner, played a key
role in this result.
Astronomical News DOI: 10.18727/0722-6691/5141
Francesca Primas 1 from one phase to the next. Because of them from a CSV file. Finally, a submitted
Olivier Hainaut 1 its very broad scope, the project has proposal can now be updated right up
Thomas Bierwirth 1 been divided into two parts: the user to the deadline — previously changes to
Ferdinando Patat 1 interface for proposals submission, and a submitted proposal could only be made
Dario Dorigo 1 the management of the review process. by submitting a newer version and with-
Elisabeth Hoppe 1 The review of the proposals is carried out drawing earlier submissions.
Uwe Lange 1 by the Observing Programmes Commit-
Moreno Pasquato 1 tee (OPC). The interface for the proposal There are also some practical implica-
Fabio Sogni 1 submission part was released very tions, the most notable being the impos-
recently, at the start of Period 103, for the sibility of directly submitting existing
submission of DDT proposals; the peer LaTeX proposals into the new system — a
1
ESO review management part of the project is straightforward manual conversion is
currently being developed. required. Furthermore, each of the Co-Is
is now required to have an ESO User
On 1 April 2019 ESO released its new Probably the most relevant change at Portal account 5; the PI will add them to
Phase1 system (p1) for the submission the heart of this upgrade is the move the proposal using their email address.
of Director’s Discretionary Time (DDT) from the old ESOFORM package and
observing proposals for the period stand-alone tools to web-based technol-
between April and September 2019 ogy. The system is implemented using How to submit observing proposals via
(Period 103). The p1 interface will be Google’s Angular 1 and Semantic UI 2 the new p1 User Interface
extended to all types of observing pro- frameworks for the client side, whereas
posals in the Period 105 Call for Pro- the server side is based on the Java Being web-based, the new p1 system
posals, which will be released in Sep- Grails framework 3. It is expected to work does not require any specific tool or
tember 2019. This represents the first on up-to-date versions of web browsers package to be downloaded beforehand.
part of a broader overhaul of the ESO on any operating system. The new p1 Once logged into the User Portal, you
Phase 1 system that also entails a sig- proposal submission user interface uses just follow the link Submit an observing
nificant modernisation of the Observ- the same look and interface conventions proposal in the Phase 1 section. Although
ing Programmes Committee peer as the recent p2 tool, which is also some important features have changed
review process and associated tools. shared by other tools being developed — for example, the definition of an
Here we highlight the main features (exposure time calculators, and the observing setup is done via a menu and
of the new user interface for proposals Observation Preparation tool) to ensure a time constraints are expressed in a differ-
submission. seamless user experience independently ent way — all the key components of the
of the operational phase. Beyond the old classic LaTeX observing proposal are
look and feel of the interface, this sharing still there.
The new p1 system: an overall view of technologies also ensures that p1 will
be integrated with other tools that imple- The left part of the interface is a list of all
The upgrade of the current ESO Phase 1 ment the Data Flow System, i.e., p2, your proposals. Figure 1 shows the work-
system is a major undertaking, consisting followed by the exposure time calculators flow menu, which is displayed for each
of three main interfaces: the User Inter- and preparation software. proposal. In the following, we will guide
face (UI) for the submission of observing you through the various steps, highlight-
proposals; the interface for the evaluation The p1 interface now uses the same ing those that have changed the most.
of the proposals; and the interface for abstraction to describe the actual physi-
the management of the entire Phase 1 cal instruments on the telescope as the As soon as you create a New Proposal,
process, from the preparation of the Call other systems (Instrument Packages, a dynamical checklist appears in the
for Proposals to the release of the tele- used for instance for p2 and at the tele- main window, summarising the actions
scope schedule and user notifications at scope), ensuring that p1 is always aligned that you need to take before you can
key stages of the process. and synchronised to the latest status of submit the proposal. The checklist is
each instrument. understandably long at the very start, but
Phase 1 is fully embedded in the ESO it quickly reduces as you start to work
Data Flow System, an integrated collec- The system includes many new features, through the various steps. In this way,
tion of software and hardware that facili- including allowing the Principal Investi last-minute surprises, such as having a
tates the flow of scientific and operational gator (PI) and Co-Investigators (Co-Is) to proposal rejected because of some
information for the VLT (see Hainaut et al., edit proposals in a collaborative way, obscure error, are removed; once the
2018; ESO, 1998). Changes to Phase 1 graphically plotting target visibilities and checklist is empty, you can submit the
can therefore impact many other tools the probability of realising the requested proposal.
and operational phases. This provides an observing conditions. One can also
opportunity for better integration with the retrieve target information directly from The first item on the left-hand menu (Fig-
various operational workflows, ensuring a the Centre de Données astronomiques ure 1) is the Summary, which is intended
smooth transfer of all the key information de Strasbourg (CDS) Sesame 4 or upload to provide an overall view of the proposal,
PI, a dPI has the same privileges as the vant to Phase 1 (i.e., necessary for sched-
PI (for example, submitting/retracting uling the observations and for perform-
the proposal, or changing the list of col- ing the technical feasibility reviews) are
laborators). Beware that as PI or dPI you available.
can strip yourself of your respective privi-
leges while assigning these roles, hence Another major improvement offered by
blocking any further management rights the new p1 user interface concerns the
for that proposal. definition of time constraints. These are
specified at run level (look for the little
The Scientific Rationale has kept its origi- clock icon) and with a customised syn-
nal structure, but now must be uploaded tax 6. The interface allows for both abso-
as a PDF file. Templates are available lute and relative time constraints and
in the following formats: Google Docs, offers an immediate visualisation of the
Microsoft Word and LaTeX. While there is constraint (see Figure 2 for an example).
no systematic check on the uploaded
PDF file, proposals whose scientific Using the Targets Runs section, you
rationale template has been tampered can assign science targets to each of
with (for example, by reducing the font or your runs. This will automatically define
Figure 1. The left-hand menu of the new p1 user narrowing the margins) will be ignored. a series of observations, one for each
interface outlines the various steps to be followed
That said, you have the freedom to adjust observing setup defined in that run for
in the preparation of an observing proposal. The
order in which the steps are listed does not neces- the layout, for instance to include figures. each assigned target.
sarily reflect the order in which these steps should
be completed. Targets can be uploaded from a CSV file The last remaining major step of any
— if several targets are required, the observing proposal is the final computa-
starting with the Programme ID, which minimum set of parameters is “Name, tion of the telescope time needed to
will be assigned only after you submit the Right ascension, Declination, Magnitude”. carry out the proposed observations (via
proposal. The format of the Programme Each of these can also be added to the Observations in the left-hand menu). The
ID has also changed; taking as an exam- proposal by typing its identifier in a dedi- p1 user interface offers three views of tel-
ple, 104.20C8: here 104 is the cycle in cated pop-up window that resolves it escope time: at the level of individual
which the proposal is submitted, and automatically (via Sesame). Targets will observations; at the target level (should a
20C8 is a unique identifier. Then come then have to be associated with runs target be observed in multiple observa-
the Programme Type, Cycle, and current once these have been created. Note that tions); and at the run level. Following a
Status of the application. The proposal for instruments or modes requiring a bottom-up approach, one must first
will change its status from Draft (while reference star, that star has to be defined define the time needed for each observa-
working on it), to Submitted once the as a target together with the science tion; here, one can simply fill in the blue
proposal has been submitted (via the objects. box labelled Telescope Time (with one
Submit button) and the status will observation; i.e., integration time + all
become “Valid” as soon as the call has The basic concept of Run has not overheads a, 7) or alternatively, specify the
closed (i.e., as soon as the proposal sub- changed with respect to the old Phase 1, details of the individual components of
mission deadline has passed). DDT pro- i.e., a run remains the minimum schedu- each observation. We recommend the
posals are an exception, as their status lable coherent entity, defining a series latter approach, at least for a small num-
goes directly from “Draft” to “Valid”. A of observations to be performed with ber of observations, so that the time
proposal that has been retracted by reo- one instrument, with a common set of request can be better evaluated during
pening an already submitted proposal (by observing constraints (that is, all the technical feasibility. Multiple exposures of
clicking on Unsubmit) will not be vali- observations require conditions that have the same observations (for example, to
dated unless it is resubmitted. Each of the same probability of realisation), and reach a deeper magnitude, to perform
the proposal sections can be edited sharing the same run type and observing a mapping mosaic, or to monitor the vari-
directly from the Summary window or via mode. ability of the target) or the wish to skip
the left-hand menu. a given observation can be specified by
Once the high-level characteristics of a using the Repeat field. These bottom-
When adding Investigators (every team run have been defined, the instrument level exposure times Telescope Time
member must be registered in the ESO setups come next. The choice of what is (with one observation) are then propa-
User Portal), the PI can search for them available is now offered via pull-down gated to compute the telescope time
by typing their (exact) e-mail address in menus, that guide the user to the suc- (Tel. Time in the blue boxes) at the target
the search field. The PI is asked to assign cessful definition of feasible combinations and run level.
a role to each of the Co-Is, the options of setup elements. Those users already
being Co-I or delegated PI (dPI). Although familiar with the ESO p2 system will rec- The Remarks & Justifications section
the ultimate responsibility for the content ognise many features but will find fewer gathers all possible explanatory/com-
of the proposal will always lie with the items because only those elements rele- mentary fields in one place. All fields are
Acknowledgements References 8
The p1demo interface: https://www.eso.org/
p1demo/proposals
The authors would like to thank all the ESO staff Hainaut, O. et al. 2018, The Messenger, 171, 8 9
A p1 video tutorial: https://www.eso.org/sci/
members and contractors who got involved in the ESO 1998, The VLT White Book, (Garching, observing/phase1/newP1tool/
project and made important contributions at differ- Germany: European Southern Observatory) p1_shortIntroVideo_new.mp4
ent development phases. In particular, special 10
G lobal Research Identifier Database (GRID):
thanks go to all the scientists in the User Support https://www.grid.ac
Department and Paranal Science Operations, and Links 11
E-mails can be sent to the p1 team at p1@eso.org
in particular Andrea Mehner. Moreover, all beta test- 12
T he p2 demo interface: https://www.eso.org/
ers are thanked for their engagement and feedback, 1
Google Angular framework: https://angular.io p2demo/login
especially the members of the ESO Users Commit- 2
Semantic framework: https://semantic-UI.com
tee. Finally, special and warm thanks go to all col- 3
The GRAILS project: https://grails.org
leagues in the Observing Programme Office (who 4
CDS Sesame: http://cds.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/ Notes
had to bear with us on the bumpy road leading to Sesame
this release) and Gaitee Hussain, former OPO staff 5
The ESO User Portal: http://www.eso.org/ a
he overheads are the same as in p2; if you are
T
member, for her involvement in the early phases UserPortal already familiar with the overheads that apply
of the project and for her precious proofreading of 6
The format of the time constraints is described to your particular instrument setup, you can use the
p1-related material. here: https://www.eso.org/p1demo/ overheads table 7, otherwise it is recommended
timeConstraintsHelp that you experiment with the p2demo 12.
7
Overheads table: https://www.eso.org/sci/
facilities/paranal/cfp/overheads.html
DOI: 10.18727/0722-6691/5142
Credit: N. Boffin
Henri Boffin 1 the high scientific impact of the instru-
Frédéric Derie 1 ment in the future. Various suggestions
from the ESO community for upgrading
the instrument were presented and
1
ESO discussed.
He stressed the high scientific impact FORS2 the best ground-based instru- cal in creating very short period binary
that FORS has delivered over the past ment in the world for this kind of science. systems, some of which are thought
20 years. The first of several FORS pro- This is important as the VLT has access to explode as Type Ia supernovae and to
ject scientists from the past 20 years was to fainter targets that have smaller signals produce gravitational waves.
Gero Rupprecht and, in a very emotional than the Hubble Space Telescope does.
talk, he reflected on the early days of the Also, in the future all space-based instru- The dynamics of galaxies and clusters as
instrument — during commissioning. ments will only access the infrared and revealed by FORS was presented by
He explained how FORS1 received the FORS2 will be needed to provide the Magda Arnaboldi. The motions of plane-
nickname of “yellow submarine” in the optical counterpart observations, ensur- tary nebulae allow the mass distribution
early days owing to its distinctive colour. ing a unique role for FORS2 over the next in the outer halos of galaxies, and in
Former Consortium member Wolfgang 10–15 years. the cores of galaxy clusters, to be deter-
Hummel — now at ESO — highlighted mined (McNeil et al., 2010; Spiniello et
the sophisticated operational model Stefano Bagnulo showed how FORS2 al., 2018). This requires the use of a spe-
that had been put in place to make sure spectro- and imaging polarimetry have cial technique, called counter-dispersion
the best science is done with the instru- been used in the study of supernovae, imaging, which involves doing slitless
ments. He also presented a brief history to characterise interstellar dust, and to spectroscopy, combined with narrow-
of the various changes to the instruments. explore the surfaces of Solar System band filters and superposing two images
bodies. Of special interest is the study of taken 180 degrees apart. Thanks to this,
The scientific presentations started with how polarised radiation reveals biomark- it is possible to measure distances and
a review by Olivier Hainaut of the charac- ers, such as O2, in a planetary atmos- radial velocities out to 25 Mpc.
terisation of minor bodies in our Solar phere that is known to host life — i.e., the
System. Particular attention was given to Earth (Sterzik et al., 2012)! An outstanding issue in modern astro-
‘Oumuamua, the first and currently only physics is what reionised the Universe
asteroid ever detected which is of inter- The challenges associated with observ- and when and how the first objects
stellar origin. ing short-period binaries were discussed formed. Laura Pentericci showed what
by Veronika Schaffenroth. The FORS was the main initial goal of FORS when
Nikolay Nikolov presented the transmis- resolution is sufficient to measure radial conceived, i.e., deep spectroscopy to
sion spectroscopy technique, which is velocity curves, and hence masses of identify a large population of Lyman-a
used to characterise the atmospheres of close binaries — assuming the orbital emitting galaxies up to z > 7 (Vanzella
exoplanets, from hot gas giants down inclination is known. One notable case et al., 2008). She presented the deepest
to cooler Earth-mass worlds. He stressed involved using FORS observations to FORS2 spectrum ever obtained in the
that the resulting FORS2 light curves constrain the minimum mass a compan- reionisation epoch — a 52-hour-long
were of space-based quality, making ion must have to be able to eject the exposure that showed… nothing! This in
envelope of the primary star in a common fact indicates that reionisation might be
Figure 3. The FORS team during the preliminary envelope (CE) phase. Such a phase, a more extended process than previously
design review in 1992. which is very poorly understood, is criti- thought and not yet completed at z = 6.
Tayyaba Zafar 1 are able to resolve many detailed ques- field spectrograph (SAMI), Physics at
Carlos De Breuck 2 tions about the physical processes driv- High Angular resolution in Nearby Galax-
Magda Arnaboldi 2 ing galaxy formation and evolution, ieS (PHANGS), survey with the Multi Unit
including: Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the
–T he enrichment of the interstellar VLT and TYPHOON (D'Agostino et al.,
1
Australian Astronomical Optics, medium with metals and dust and the 2018). There is a very strong synergy
Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia subsequent effects on star formation. between these surveys — many of which
2
ESO –G as infall from, and outflow to, the are conducted in Australia — and current
intergalactic medium. and future ESO facilities. One important
–T he role of galaxy environment and aspect is the complementarity between
We report on the first joint Australia– mergers. the programmes and science data prod-
ESO conference since the start of the –T riggering mechanisms of starbursts, ucts in the ESO science archive facility
Strategic Partnership. The conference and active galactic nuclei and their and the AAO data centres; many of these
was supported by ESO, the Australian feedback to the surrounding medium. have become available thanks to the ESO
Academy of Science (under a research –T he role and impact of gas dynamics public surveys and the reprocessing of
grant from Elizabeth & Frederick White), and stellar kinematics. surveys carried out with Australian facili-
the Australian Government Department Cosmological simulations (Illustris 1, ties. The collaboration between these two
of Industry, Innovation and Science, the EAGLE 2, FIRE 3) indicate that the inter- data centres allows for the cross match-
Independent Research Fund Denmark, stellar medium and its constituents ing of resources for a multi-wavelength
Macquarie University, the International are important to understanding galaxy exploration of the objects in our Universe.
Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, formation but are vastly unconstrained
CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science observationally. The discrepancy The conference offered an opportunity to
(CASS), and Astronomy Australia Lim- between observations and simulations is summarise the current status of the field
ited. The scientific organising commit- because the roles and physics of the of galaxy formation and evolution and
tee (SOC) took several measures to above-mentioned processes are not well to discuss how to maximise the scientific
tackle unconscious bias while preparing constrained. return in the future. In addition, several
an exciting programme with good gen- updates on small and large ongoing sur-
der balance and greater representation The five-day conference attracted a wide veys were provided. After a comprehen-
from early career researchers. We detail cross-section of the international astro- sive range of talks the main scientific out-
our approach here with the aim of help- nomical community and included repre- come of the conference was that spatially
ing organisers of future conferences. sentatives from 19 countries making up a resolved observations and simulations
total of 162 attendees (see Figure 1) with of the galaxies are being extended to the
the aim of better understanding star- circumgalactic medium of galaxies. In
Over the last two decades, surveys map- forming regions and the various physical addition, the spatial resolution and sensi-
ping the Universe have made clear that processes in galaxies. Of particular inter- tivity of the current generation of instru-
star formation activity peaks at redshift est was the availability of 3D data allow- ments is powerful enough to trace multi-
z ~ 2.5 (known as “cosmic noon”). The ing the stellar and gas kinematics to be ple physical parameters of galaxies
driver of this cosmic behaviour is still an spatially resolved, as well as other physi- (for example, gas and stellar dynamics,
open area of research. A better under- cal tracers (for example, metallicity). This metallicity, and age) out to the edges of
standing of star-forming regions and has become possible thanks to large the galaxies.
physical processes is required to explain surveys with integral field unit (IFU) spec-
the rise and fall around the cosmic noon. trographs, for example, the s urvey with The workshop webpage 4 has many more
With existing observational resources, we the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral details, including more information
Figure 1. Conference
photo.
Faculty
18%
Male
54%
Postdocs
46%
Chris Harrison 1 scientists to visit public observatories, people in their own countries to find rele-
Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia 1, 2 science festivals, universities and teach- vant events or groups to engage with
Lucy Moorcraft 3 ers’ conferences to promote these and this has the advantage of easing the
achievements. The project was awarded organisational aspects of the project.
a grant by the Director for Science to Crucially, people find these early-career
1
ESO carry out engagement activities in 2018. scientists from their own countries to be
2
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, With some careful budgeting and addi- fantastic role models, thus effectively
Garching, Germany tional fundraising by the fellows, the making these ESO Fellows and students
3
Technische Universität München (TUM), project has been carried on into 2019. great international ambassadors for ESO.
Garching, Germany
The most important concept of the Sci- The Ambassadors themselves gain many
ence Ambassador project is that the benefits from leading these activities.
The Science Ambassador project, initi- Ambassadors should directly engage Engaging with fun audiences that tend to
ated by ESO Fellows from Garching with audiences who have no familiarity be much less sceptical or critical — at
and Vitacura, is designed to dissemi- with ESO. While the ESO Supernova is least compared to researchers! — keeps
nate information about ESO’s activities an important way in which ESO can inter- the Ambassadors enthusiastic and
by sending scientists to visit countries act with the public, visitors tend to come inspired about their own research and
across Europe and Chile. The primary from Germany or privileged European they are able to hone their communica-
goals are: (1) to raise awareness of schools that are able to organise travel to tion and teaching skills. In many cases
ESO’s mission and its telescopes, with Garching. Indeed, several fellows the Ambassadors have the opportunity
a focus on the Extremely Large Tele- observed that many people they spoke to to promote their own specific research
scope; (2) to transmit the ESO Super- in their own home countries had little topics during their trips, either to profes-
nova Planetarium & Visitor Centre knowledge of ESO, its telescopes or its sional researchers or to members of the
experience to schools and the general scientific achievements. Consequently, public.
public; and (3) to promote opportunities the main objective of the Science Ambas-
at ESO for early-career researchers. sador project is to promote ESO’s mis-
The project also provides a long-term sion in astronomy from several perspec- Events, activities and preparation
legacy through training of local educa- tives to a broader audience.
tors and donation of resources. The Science Ambassadors lead a range
The three key goals are: of different types of event to carry out
1. To raise awareness of ESO’s mission of the project’s objectives, which include:
Motivation and objectives running cutting-edge astronomical – talks / poster presentations;
facilities (with a focus on the ELT) – hands-on interactive workshops at
The last two years have seen a lot of amongst diverse audiences, including public science festivals or teacher
exciting progress at ESO. The construc- university students, teachers, minority conferences;
tion of the main structure for the groups and the wider public. – discussions and Q&A sessions;
Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) — the 2. T o promote and donate educational – donating educational workshop equip-
largest optical telescope ever conceived resources created for the ESO Super- ment to educational centres, such
— is now under way in Chile. ESO facili- nova to teachers and public observa- as public observatories, and providing
ties have played key roles in recent revo- tories. training for the local staff.
lutionary scientific discoveries, including 3. T o attract exceptional scientific talent
the first ever detection of an electro by promoting opportunities for early- Events are planned around the interests
magnetic counterpart to a gravitational career researchers at ESO in Garching and availability of the Ambassadors.
wave event (Smartt et al., 2017) and and Vitacura. There are two main types of venue for the
the first test of General Relativity around events: (a) those based in scientific insti-
a supermassive black hole (GRAVITY tutes, which are usually undertaken as
Collaboration et al., 2018). Furthermore, The Ambassadors part of a pre-planned science collabora-
2018 also saw the opening of the ESO tive visit or conference; and (2) those
Supernova Planetarium & Visitor Centre 1, The activities have been primarily carried based elsewhere, such as at science fes-
a facility that showcases much of the out by a team of Science Ambassadors tivals, public observatories or teachers’
fantastic educational and publicity work made up of ESO Fellows and students conferences. For the latter we make use
done by ESO and its partners, including based in Garching or Vitacura. ESO Fel- of the Ambassadors’ own local contacts
the creation of inspiring exhibition mate- lows and students are a very diverse and the ESO Science Outreach Network
rial, planetarium shows and educational international group, able to communicate (ESON) to find appropriate events or ven-
workshops. key messages and activities in many dif- ues. In some cases, we are required to
ferent languages. In most cases the Sci- write a proposal to put on a workshop or
These recent developments at ESO ence Ambassadors visit their home coun- stall at a science festival or conference.
inspired the fellows to collectively apply tries to carry out face-to-face engage- To date, these have always been suc-
for funds that could be used to send ESO ment activities. They use their links to cessful, and we have noted considerable
Other activities were also performed on tive. For example: a participant at the de la science who asked the ESO Sci-
an ad hoc basis. For example, during Manchester Science Festival said, “Wow, ence Ambassadors to return in 2019 as
a teachers’ conference, ESO Fellow (the Ambassadors) really opened up the part of their bid to secure funding from
Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia carried out two world of telescopes for the kids”; one the relevant French Ministry.
Q&A sessions from the APEX control of the school students who helped the
room to give the teachers a close-up Ambassadors deliver activities said, “The The Science Ambassador project aims to
view of observing at ESO facilities. brilliant activities I helped to carry out create a legacy so that the engagement
for ESO have helped me to find real world with ESO is not limited to one-off events.
applications for the science I have learnt In 2018, this included the manufacture
First year of activities and legacy at school” and an undergraduate student, and delivery of ESO Supernova work-
after speaking to one of the current ESO shops to Vitacura and the donation of
In 2018 the ESO Ambassadors carried PhD students simply said, “I want to work these workshops to four different educa-
out 20 activities across nine countries. in ESO!”. In several cases the Ambassa- tional centres across Europe. Further-
The target countries in 2018 were ESO dors were invited to return the following more, around 200 local teachers or stu-
Member States and Chile. A full list of the year to carry out activities again. Of par- dent ambassadors were trained to carry
events is provided in Table 1 and Fig- ticular note were the organisers of La fête on delivering our messages about the
ure 6 shows a breakdown of the different
categories of audiences. Some notable
figures: the Ambassadors engaged
directly with ~ 6000 people; 524 different
exoplanet drawings were uploaded live
onto the project website 3. It is also
impressive that, in addition to the activi-
ties listed in Table 1, which were organ-
ised under the umbrella of ESO Science
Ambassadors, ESO Fellows and students
continued to organise their own addi- Figure 5. An example
tional public engagement events in paral- of an artist’s impression
lel to this project. of an exoplanet system
drawn by one of our
young participants.
Throughout the project, feedback was Similar artists’ impres-
collected from the participants of the sions can be found
activities; this was overwhelmingly posi- on the project website 3.
and Fellows and the fantastic support Education. The project is only possible thanks to the Klingner; Anne-Laure Cheffot; Giuliana Cosentino;
tremendous efforts of the ESO students and Fellows Romain Lucchesi; Mariya Lyubenova; Carlo Felice
from the wider ESO staff. The Ambassa-
(both current and former alumni) who have acted as Manara; Sara Mancino; Anna Miotello; Juliette Ortet;
dors noted in particular how they enjoyed Science Ambassadors. To date, these are: Richard Elizabeth Russell; Saskia Schutt; Nicole Shearer;
engaging with people from their own Anderson; Fabrizio A rrigoni Battaia; Barnabás Nelma Silva; Giustina Vietri; S
ebastian Wassill; and
countries and observing how inspired Barna; Chiara Circosta; Jesús M. Corral-Santana; Alex Weiss. Finally, we warmly thank the ESON
Jérémy Fensch; A leksandra Hamanowicz; members who helped plan events and Jasmin Patel
they were by the ELT project. They also
Miranda Jarvis; Tereza Jerabkova; Chris Harrison; for help with coding and setting up the project web-
report how rewarding it has been to Rosita Kokotanekova; Kateryna Kravchenko; site.
showcase the amazing resources of the Dinko Milakovic; Hugo M essias; Stephen Molyneux;
ESO Supernova, and to help search for A nnagrazia Puglisi; Miguel Querejeta; Jan Scholtz
and Anita Zanella. References
the next generation of ESO Fellows and
students. We believe that a positive link The Science Ambassadors have also been sup- GRAVITY Collaboration et al. 2018, A&A, 615, L15
with society is fundamental for the devel- ported in their activities by Simon Borgniet (Meudon Smartt, S. et al. 2017, Nature, 551, 75
opment of increasingly challenging astro- Observatory), Lorraine Coghill (Durham University),
Tracy Garratt (Hertfordshire University), Lucy
nomical programmes — we hope that
M oorcraft (TUM), Alasdair Thomson (Manchester Links
the ESO Science Ambassador project University), Kate Wetherell (Manchester University),
will continue to achieve this for years to and 32 students and teachers from the following 1
T he ESO Supernova Visitor Centre and
come. UK Schools: Wolsingham School; St Bede’s Catholic Planetarium: https://supernova.eso.org/
2
School and Sixth Form College; Longfield Academy; Haus der Astronomie: http://www.haus-der-
and St John’s Catholic School. astronomie.de
3
T he ESO Science Ambassador website:
Acknowledgements A lot of support with developing materials, translat- https://www.biggesteyeonthesky.org
4
ing documents and planning events has come from T he webpage for the International Society for
The ESO Science Ambassador project is grateful the following ESO Interns, current and past students Optics and Photonics, SPIE: https://spie.org
for financial support from ESO’s SSDF, SPIE 4, the and fellows, and staff: Tania Johnston; Wolfgang
IAU and the French Ministry for Culture and Vieser; Mylene Andre; Stella-Maria Chasiotis-
DOI: 10.18727/0722-6691/5145
Fellows at ESO
of Cepheids to improving the accuracy of an imminent breakthrough in fundamen- and the calibration of the cosmic dis-
Cepheid-related distance measurements. tal physics, as the difference between tance ladder, and to this end I am cur-
Specifically, I collaborated with Adam late- and early-Universe H0 values sug- rently working with Martino Romaniello
and Stefano to quantify parallax errors gests that the LCDM Concordance and PhD candidate Sara Mancino to
due to orbital motion and bias produced Cosmological Model may be incomplete. characterise the effect of chemical com-
by stars physically associated with However, before new physics can position on Cepheids and the Leavitt law.
Cepheids. be credibly invoked to resolve the Hubble Mentoring and advising graduate stu-
tension, known and unknown error dents has been a particularly rewarding
Meanwhile, the SH0ES team significantly sources must be critically assessed and experience for me, and I look forward
improved the accuracy of the extra further reduced, and independent, to leading a research group of my own
galactic distance ladder and established high-accuracy (1–2%) H0 measurements because this will allow me to continue
an intriguing discord between late- and pursued. pursuing my research ideas while improv-
early-Universe values of Hubble’s con- ing the chances of contributing to a major
stant, H0. This so-called “Hubble tension” I am highly motivated to further elucidate breakthrough. In any case, I will surely
— which now figures at a significance of the Hubble tension via my experience have a blast trying!
4.4 s — leads to the exciting possibility of in the stellar astrophysics of Cepheids
DOI: 10.18727/0722-6691/5146
Bruno Leibundgut 1 the value of the Hubble constant. They until 1993 (together with Philippe Véron,
carefully investigated every rung of the Franco Pacini and Jean-Pierre Swings),
distance ladder until they reached dis- supported the then Director General
1
ESO tances in the Hubble flow to establish the Lodewijk Woltjer in scientific matters and
current cosmic expansion rate. Tammann helped build a science group at ESO
strongly advocated the use of superno- headquarters. He worked with the Swiss
Gustav Andreas Tammann died in Janu- vae as distance indicators and in other government to enable the accession
ary 2019, after a long and successful cosmological applications, for example, of Switzerland to ESO as the seventh
astronomical career. He made seminal using time dilation to test general relativ- Member State and served as the Swiss
contributions to extragalactic astrophys- ity. He was vindicated by the successful representative on the ESO Council from
ics and cosmology and is best known use of Type Ia supernovae to provide 1992 until 2002.
for his work to determine the Hubble con- a reliable last rung into the Hubble flow,
stant and the use of supernovae as cos- and ultimately to produce evidence for
mic distance indicators. For many years accelerated cosmic expansion. The exact
he was the leading extragalactic astrono- value of the Hubble constant remains a
mer in Europe. Tammann also had a long matter of intense debate, but the local
association with ESO and was instrumen- expansion rate is now almost exclusively
tal in convincing the Swiss government measured by Type Ia supernovae (cali-
to join the Organisation in 1982. brated by Cepheid stars), the most accu-
rate distance indicator available for cos-
After a degree from the University of mology to date.
Basel, Switzerland, Tammann spent time
as a Research Associate at the Mount Tammann received many distinctions,
Wilson and Palomar Observatories in including the Karl-Schwarzschild Medaille
Pasadena, California. After his return to of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, the
Europe he first held a professorship in Albert-Einstein-Medaille of the Einstein
Hamburg, and was then Director of the Gesellschaft Bern and the Tomalla-Preis
Astronomical Institute in Basel from 1977 by the Tomalla Foundation. He served as
until his retirement in 2002. president of the Astronomische Gesell-
schaft from 1981 to 1984 and was an
While in Pasadena, Tammann and Allan elected member of several academies.
Sandage initiated a research programme
resulting in a collaboration lasting over Gustav Tammann had a close association
four decades, aimed at establishing the with ESO for nearly 40 years. He was
distance ladder and ultimately measuring an ESO research associate from 1975
Personnel Movements
Europe Europe
Booth, Michael Tucker (US) Mechanical Engineer André, Mathias (FR) Web & Advanced Projects Coordinator
Del Valle Izquierdo, Diego (CL) Software Engineer Arumugam, Vinodiran (MY) ALMA Pipeline Processing Analyst
Gitton, Philippe, (FR) Opto-Mechanical Engineer Casali, Mark (IT) Technology Development &
Kammerer, Jens (DE) Student Armazones Instrumentation
Kurian, Kshama Sara (IN) Student Programme Manager
Mc Manmon, Conor (IE) Software Engineer Eftekhari, Sara (IR) Student
Péroux, Céline (FR) Astronomer/Instrument Project Scientist Gilmozzi, Roberto (IT) Deputy Director of Programmes
Poci, Adriano (AU) Student and Programme Scientist
Podgorski, Stanislaw (PL) Software Engineer Lizon à L'Allemand, Jean-Louis (FR) Senior Technical Expert
Reinacher, Andreas (DE) Control Engineer Rupprecht, Gero (DE) Quality Manager
Riffald Souza Breuer, Jean-Paul (DE) Student
Sedaghat, Nima (IR) Data Scientist (Deep Learning)
Shchekaturov, Pavel (RU) Software Engineer
Szubiakowski, Piotr (PL) Software Engineer
Würschinger, Wolfgang (DE) Administrative Clerk
Chile Chile
Cano, Raul (ES) Knowledge Management Del Valle Izquierdo, Diego (CL) Software Engineer
Program Manager Haddad, Juan Pablo (CL) Electronics Engineer
De Luca, Giuseppe (VE) Hospitality Operations Supervisor Ramírez, Andrés (CL) Software Engineer
Navarrete, Camila (CL) Fellow Wibowo, Ridlo (ID) Student
A. Ghizzi Panizza/ESO