Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DICTIONARY
OF THE
M. A. F. HOLMES
ROCHESTER, N. Y.
JOHN P. SMITH PRINTING COMPANY
1903
PREFACE.
NEUTRAL LANGUAGE
(IDIOM NEUTRAL).
aloe) aloe, filio (pr. filio) son ; otherwise it is on the first vowel,
e. g. mai (pr. mai) May, Deo (pr. Deo) God. In exceptional
cases the accented (stressed) vowel is denoted by a written accent,
e. g. ide idea, ale alley, depd depot.
REMARK. In the compounding of such words, that is words
having the written accent, with a suffix, the accent is dropped and
the word is accented (stressed) according to the general rule, e. g.
aleatr (pronunciation aleatr) alley-like.
a certain: house
kelkun kelkun ; but if ita house,
dom, stands for
somesome, any,Ifit•we
house. is translated by
wish to refer
to a definite object, the demonstrative pronouns can be used : ist
dom, this house; el dom, that house, (c. 42/441 (*).
I 5. Nouns are (I ) of the masculine gender, if they denote
persons or animals of the male sex, (2; of the feminine gender, if
they denote persons or animals of the female sex, and (3) of the
neuter gender in all other cases. —Masculine nouns are formed by
the addition of the suffix -o, e. g. kavalo stallion, ansiano old
man,—and feminine nouns by the addition of the suffix -a, e. g.
kavala mare, italiana an Italian (woman) (**). (r. 34, 35. Cf.
r. 122 d).
<)6. Diminutives are formed by the addition of the suffix -et,
e. g. slgaret cigarette, kaval^ pony, fllleta little daughter, (r 103).
$7. Designations for not fuli-grown (young) animals are
formed by compounds with the word yun young, e. g. yun-kaval
colt, yun-ran tadpole, (r. 86, c. 53/56).
V. The Pronoun.
§24. The Personal Pronoun, (r. 122).
THE PRONOUN
SlNGULAR. , PLURAL.
1st Person : ml, I. noi, we.
ad " vo, yon. vo/, you
3d " il, he. • il/, they (masc. and neut.).
ila, she. ila/, they (fern.).
it, it.
on, one, they, people.
The reflexive pronoun is se, self.
§ 25. If only one person is addressed, the pronoun is always
in the singular, namely vo.
REMARK. There is also another pronoun for the second per
son singular, namely ta ; but it is used only for a literal transla
tion of the word thou, if such translation is absolutely necessary.
(r. 79>-
§ 26. The pronouns il, ila, it are employed according to the
following rule : il is used if we speak of persons or animals with
out distinctipn of sex, or of male persons or animals ; ila —if we
speak of female persons or animals ; it—if we speak of notions
signifying neither persons nor animals. —lla/ is used only if there
is special question of female persons or animals ; in all other cases
the plural form is lli. (r. 122).
§ 27. The pronoun it with an adjective or participle following
is used to express the indefinite, e. g. it bel the beautiful, it bon the
good, it lektW the read (what has been read), (r. 122).
§ 28. Personal pronouns (also other words) can be made em
phatic by the addition of the pronoun aut self, e. g. mi aut I
myself, vo aut you yourself, direktor aut the director himself.
(r. 122).
§ 29. The personal pronouns (as also all other pronouns used
as substantives) are declined by placing the preposition de (for the
genitive1 and a (for the dativeJ before them, e. g. mi I, de mi of
me, a mi to me, mi me ; voi you, de voi of you, a vol to you, vol
yon. (r. 122).
§ 30. THE POSSESSlVE PRONOUN.
ist Person : mie, my, mine. nostr, our, ours.
2d " votr, your, yours. vostr, your, yours.
3d " sie, his, her, hers, its. lor, their, theirs.
The reflexive possessive pronoun is sue his (own), her (own),
its (own), their (own). It is used instead of sie and lor, if it re-
10 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE
(b) In all other cases the pronoun se is used after the verb, e. g.
1) lav se, he washes himself.
femin/ lav se, women wash themselves.
lavar se, to wash one's self.
lavanf se, washing one's self.
§ 56 Reciprocity is indicated by the pronoun unotr or by
the adverb resiproke, e. g. nol vis unotr in iniror or noi vis noi
resiproke in miror, we see each other in the mirror ; patr e filio
am unotr or patr e filio am se resiproke, father and son love each
other, (r. 98).
§ 57. Questions, both direct and indirect, are introduced by
the conjunction eske, whether, if an interrogative word is not
already in the sentence, (c. 23/28, 42/44) e. g.
Eske vo volu skribar ? Do you wish to write ?
Hi no konos, eske it plis a vo, I do not know whether it pleases you.
If, on the contrary, there is an interrogative word in the sen
tence, eske is omitted ; the interrogative word always precedes the
verb, (Gl. n.) e. g.
Ki parl ? Who speaks ?
Libr de ki es su tabl ? Whose book is on the table ?
A ki vo donav flori ? To whom did you give the flowers ?
Ki patr puni? Whom does the father punish ?
Ko ki vo esav in teatr ? With whom were you in the theater ?
Kuant arbori es in votr hort? How many trees are in your
garden ?
Kuant paroli vo av skribed ? How many words have you written ?
§ 63. Adverbs are compared by placing the adverb plu for the
comparative, and leplu for the superlative, before the word to be
compared, (r. 123) e. g. /
tarde late. plu tard^ later. leplu tard/ latest.
§ 64. An adverb used to modify a verb is always placed after
it, e. g. skribar korekte to write correctly, mi skrib korekt? I
write correctly. The adverb no forms an exception to this rule,
and is always placed before the verb, e. g. mi no skrib I do not
write.—An adverb used to modify any other part of speech than a
verb is placed before this word, e, g. multe grand very great, no
ankor not yet, yuste ist just this. (r. 84).
REMARK. Complements of time, place and reason may be
placed before the verb, if they are of special importance, e. g.
nokuande mi skribav tale never did I write so, in istdom Emerson
moriav in this house Emerson died, kausu pluvi noi restero dome
because of the rain we shall remain at home. (Gl. n.).
a kont de, to the account of. ko sukurs de, with the help of.
dekstr^ de, at the right of. longw, along.
dorsw, back of, behind. mank«, for lack of, in default of
durantu, during. medi//, by means of, through, by.
eksepta, excepting, except negllgantu, regardless of.
eksterior^ de, outside of, outside. obstinw, in spite of.
favorw, in favor of. okasion//, on occasion of.
in dom de, in the house of. plas,v (or : in plas de), instead
inferior^ de, below. of, in place of.
in honor de, in honor of. presents, before, in presence of.
in manier de, afterthemanner of. profits, for the benefit of.
in medial/ de, in the middle of. prokslmu, near.
in nom de, in the name of. relative, relative to.
in sentr de, in the center of. seikuantu, according to. [of.
in sosietet de, in company with. sekuantu komand de, by order
in temp de, at the time of. sinistr? de, at the left of.
interior^ de, inside of, inside. siterior^ de, on the hither side of.
kaus«, because of, on account of. superion? de, over, above.
konsidera///w, in consideration of.ulterior?de, on the thither side of.
ko permit de, by permission of. visinw, in the vicinity of, beside.
Prepositions always precede the substantive in the nominative,
e. g.
favorw mie fratr, in favor of my brother.
ad mur, at the wall.
pro mi, for me.
kausw pluvi, because of the rain.
X. The In1erjec1ion.
§69. The following are the primitive interjections: (c.42/44,
51/56)
a ! ah ! o ! O ! oh !
apo ! away ! begone ! stop I stop ! halt !
ekse ! behold ! look ! here ! there ! ve ! woe !
fl! fie!
§ 70. The remaining interjections are rendered by other parts
of speech. (r. 107).—The principal ones follow: (c. 42/44,51/56)
a revlsad ! until we meet again ! parat ! ready !
audia/ hear ! hello ! pardon ! I beg your pardon !
brav^ / bravo ! good ! regrete / alas ! unfortunately !
damn/?s/ it is a pity ! what a pity! silensi ! silence ! hush!
haste ! hurry ! be quick ! sukurs ! help !
o Deo l for God's sake ! ve a mi ! woe to me !
FORMATION OF WORDS 21
XL Forma1ion of Words.
§ 71. Words are distinguished into primitives (otherwise
known as radicals), e. g. tabl table, derivatives, e. g. nemult few,
drogist druggist, and compound words, e.g. grand-patr grandfather,
(a) PRIMITIVES.
§ 72. Radicals are taken from the Aryan languages. The
"International Academy of the Universal Language" has laid
down the following rule for the selection of radicals : ' ' That
word is most suitable for an international language, which already
exists as a national word or as a foreign word in the most of the
leading languages of Europe." (r II). In this the following
seven languages were especially considered : English (e), French
(f), German (Of [from the first letter of the word : deutschj, Spanish
(s), Italian (i), Russian (r) and Latin (l•, and, wherever practicable,
such words were chosen as occur in all seven languages, e. g.
apetit, e f d s i r l, appetite ; diametr, e f d s i r l, diameter ;
eksaminar, e f d s i r l, to examine ; tri, e f d s i r l, three, etc.
This work of the Academy has shown that there are very many
words which are already international, — many more than is
generally believed. The most of the radicals chosen occur in at
least four of the above-mentioned leading languages ; only excep
tionally had roots to be taken, that are common to fewer than four
of these languages, e. g. trotoar, f d r, sidewalk ; urs, f i ), bear ;
tint, d s, ink. For those notions for which there are no interna
tional words, derivatives or compounds (see below) were given the
preference over words of the natural languages ; thus were formed,
for instance, words such as nemult, (*)few ; kanalr/, ditch, trench ;
saneskar, to convalesce ; bel-filio, son-in-law.
§ 73. In order to bring the pronunciation into agreement with
the orthography, that is, in order to obtain a really simple, easily
acquired orthography, it was resolved to write :
1. ku, where qil appears in the national word, e. g. kuadrat
quadrat, square, fr. 120).
2. that c before consonants and before a, o, u is, in accordance
with general pronunciation, replaced by k, e. g. kart card, klas
class, kolor color, kub cube ; and before e and i by s, e. g. selebr
celebrated, sipres cypress, (r. 23).
(*) The meaning of the separate parts of words can be easily looked
up in the dictionary ; they are therefore not repeated here.
22 GRAMMAR OF THE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE
(b) DERIVATIVES.
Derivatives are formed by the addition of prefixes or suffixes
to the root.
§80. Prefixes. (r. 99, 124, 125, 129, 134, 141).
1 . anti- corresponds to the preposition kontr against : anti-
alkoltol/£ antialcoholic ; antipap antipope.
2. arki- signifies precedence, superiority: arkiangel arch
angel ; arkieplskop archbishop.
3. auto- signifies self, auto-: aw/obiografi autobiography.
4. dis- signifies a separating, a parting, a sundering : dis-
frangar to break to pieces ; diskupar to cut up.
5. ekui- signifies equality : ekuikmrik isosceles ; ekuivalar
to be equivalent.
6. elektro- signifies electricity :ftfeWn?teknikelectrotechnics.
7. foto- signifies light : foto-grafar to photograph.
8. gala- signifies magnificence or pomp : galadlnk state-
dinner ; galavest gala dress (attire).
9. hidro- signifies water : /nrfradens water-tight.
10. homo- signifies proportionateness : homoton consonance.
11. kali- signifies beauty : kali-giaf calligrapher.
12. ke- signifies interrogation: Moke? where? /rkaus^ ?
why?
13. krono- signifies time : krono-metr chrouometer.
14. ksilo- signifies wood : ksito-graf xylographer, wood-
engraver.
15. kubik- signifies cubic : kubikmiSO/i cube root.
16. mikro- signifies smallness : mikrokapik small-headed,
microcephalous ; mikro-metr micrometer.
17. mis- signifies something not good or something miscar
rying : wmkredit discredit ; w/Mkomprendar to misunderstand.
18. ne- signifies contradictory opposition : wramik enemy ;
nemult few ; wrfasil difficult.
19. neo- signifies something new : ueopersian Neo"persian
20. no- signifies contrary opposition : /,vkiiumlc never ;
ok^ nowhere ; noVios nothing.
21. para- signifies preservation from (against) something:
/an/pluvi umbrella ; parasol parasol.
22. pleni- signifies fullness : plenilvm full moon ; />/^w /potent
plenipotent'iary).
23. poli- signifies many-, poly-: politmypA polygon ; poli-
teknik,// polytechnic.
FORMATION OF WORDS 25
XII. Abbrevia1ions.
§ 84. The following abbreviations are used in the Neutral
Language (r. 137) :
e s. for e setr/ means : etc., and so forth.
i. e. for it es means : i. e., that is.
kh for kelk-hom means : somebody, some one.
kk for kelk-kos means : something.
p. e. for pro eksempl means : e. g., for instance, for example.
8. (before numerals) for sirka means : c. , circa, about.
Conclusion.
§ 85. The following will serve to show how whole sentences
are formed :
SANKT-PETBRBURG, 8 februar 1901.
A SINIOR
P. LACHOU, injenier,
in Boulogne sur Seine ; Fransia.
Respondante votr letr de I februar 1901, direktorad de sosietet
de relsrut S. Peterburg-Tobolsk av honor komitar a vo, sinior
estimed, trides (30) nivelmetri (*) de votr sistem pro lokomotivi a
pris de seksdeskuink (65) franki pro eksemplar franku S. Peterburg,
a termin 8 april 1901 loku S. Peterburg e a kondisioni sekuant :
1. Aparati deb esar adresed a shef de stasion Peterburg de
relsrut nomed e deb esarasekured per vo epro votrkont ; if aparati
u partii de ili eserp ruined u perded in voyaj , vo deb mitar nemediate
otri, plasu aparati e partii ruined u perded.
2. Vo preud su vo garantad de funksion rekt de aparati
durantu un ami da resivasion de ili per ofiseri de relsrut nomed.
3. Mon esero payed a vo no plu tarde ka un seman po resiva
sion definitiv de aparati.
Direktorad nomed av honor pregar vo, sinior estimed, avisar
di akseptasion de ist komision no plu tarde ka 15 februar 1901 —
If tetempe votr respond no esero resived, direktorad nomed
estimero, ke yo av refused ist komision.
Shef de seksion ekonomik President de direktorad
N. N. N. N.
(') Aparat pro observasion de nivel de akua in kaldron.
CONCLUSION 29
NEUTRAL LANGUAGE
(IDIOM NEUTRAL).
amaigam, n., amalgam', -ar, v., an, n., anus, -ik, a., anal.
to amalgamate. -an, suffix forming derivative
a mason, n , an Amazon. adjectives indicating appur
ambasad, n., embassy, -er, n., tenance to some one or some
ambassador. thing.
ambigu, a., ambiguous, -itet, anal/, n., annals. [analyze.
n., ambiguity. analis, n., analysis -ar, v., to
ambisi, 'n., ambition, -os, a., analog, a., analogous.
ambitious. ananas, n., pineapple.
ambl, n., amble, -ar, v., to anapest, n., anapest. -ik, a.,
amble, -ator, n. , ambler; anapestic.
pacer anarki, n., anarchy, -ik (an-
ambrosi, n., ambrosia, -an, a., arkik ),a., anarchic, -ist
ambrosial. (anarkist), n., anarchist, -ism
ambuler, v., to walk. (anarkism), n., anarchism
amen ! i., amen ! anat, n., duck.
inner, a., bitter. anatem, n., anathema.
Amerik, n., America, -an, a., Anatoh'a, n., Asia Minor; Ana
American, and n., American. tolia.
ametist, n., amethyst. anatomi, n. , anatomy, -ik
amfibi, n., amphibian, -an, a.., (anatomik), a. anatomical.
amphibian. -ist (anatomist ) , n. , anatomist.
amidon, n., starch, -ar, v., to -and, suffix forming the gerun
starch. dive.
amik, n., friend, -ad, n., friend and,// , v. , to go.
ship. andar a kontr^, to go to meet.
a mi nil, ad., at least. Andalus/a, n., Andalusia.
amnesti, n., amnesty; pardon. ande/ anterior^, to precede; to
-ar, v., to amnesty; to pardon. go before.
amoniak, n., ammonia. andar tro lent, , to be slow
amortisar, v., to extinguish (a (of a timepiece).
debt); to amortize, -asion, n., andar tro velos^, to be fast
extinction (of a debt) ; amorti (of a timepiece).
zation. anekdot, n., anecdote.
ampl, a., ample, -itet, n., am aneks, n., annex, -ar, v., to
plitude. -ifikar,v., to amplify. annex.
amputar, v., to amputate. anel,n., ring. — rotik, felloe.
-asion, n., amputation. angel, n., angel.
amulet, n., amulet. angin, n., angina.
amusar, v., to amuse; to divert; angl, n., fish-hook, -ar, v., to
to entertain. angle.
38 AnghV/—api
fldel, a., faithful; true, -itet, fisik, n., physics; natural phi
n., fidelity; faithfulness; troth. losophy, -al, a., physical.
fien, n., hay. -ist, n., physicist.
(if, n., whistle, -ar, v., to fisionomi, n., physiognomy, -ik
whistle, -ad, n., whistle (fisionomik), a., physiognom
(sound). ic, -ist (fisionomist), n., phy
fig, n., fig. [figure. siognomist.
figur, n., figure, -ar, v., to fistul, n., fistula.
fiksizr, v., to fix; to fasten. flag, n., flag.
iil, n., thread. -ar, v., to spin. flagel, n., whip; scourge, -ar,
-ad, n., spun material, -eri, v., to whip; to scourge, -asion,
n., spinning-mill. n., whipping; scourging; flag-
fil de kandel, wick. flagitar, v. , to require, [ellation.
fil de lamp, wick. fltigrar, v., to burn (intrans.).
fili, n., child, -o, n., son. -a, -eskar, y., to kindle; to catch
filis, n., fern. [n., daughter. fire; to ignite, -eskator, n.,
filomel, n., nightingale. match, -ifikar, v., to kindle;
filosof, n., philosopher, -ar, v., to set on fire; to ignite.
to philosophize. flagr^s£-kordon, n . , match;
filosofi, n., philosophy, -ik slow-match; fuse.
(filosofik), a., philosophic(al). flaksid, a., flaccid; flabby;
filtr, n., filter, -ar, v., to filter; limp ; wilted ; withered . -eskar,
to strain. v., to wilt; to wither.
fin, a., fine, -itet, n., fineness. flam, n., flame; blaze, -ar, v.,
finans/, n., finances. to flame; to blaze.
fingar, v., to feign; to pretend. Flandr/a, n., Flanders.
fini, n., end. -ar, v., to end; to flanel, n., flannel.
finish; to conclude; to termi flank, n., side; flank. -e, ad., at
nate, -ad, n., ending (gram.). the side; on the side.
-e, ad., finally; at last, -ik flatar, v., to flatter.
(final), a., final. flaut, n., flute.
Finland/</, n., Finland. flegmat, n., phlegm, -ik, a.,
fint, n., feint. phlegmatic, -iker, n., phleg
firm, a., firm. -itet,n., firmness. matic person.
flrma, n., firm. flekt, n., joint, -ar, v., to bend;
firmament, n., firmament. to flex. -aW(fleksibl), a., flex
flsar, v., to split; to crack; to ible, -ablitet, n., flexibility.
fissure; to cleave; to rive, -ad, -asion (fleksion), n., flexion.
n., split; slit; fissure; crevice; flok, n., flake.
cranny; cleft; crack; chap; flor, n., flower, -ar, v., to
rift; chink; seam. flower; to blossom; to bloom.
flor-braslk—foto-metr 59
flor-brasik, n., cauliflower. fontan, n., fountain.
florin, n., florin. for, n., hole; orifice, -ifikar,
flor-koron, n., wreath. v. , to perforate.
florotemp, n., spring. foren, a., foreign, -ia, n., for
flot, n., fleet. -ar, v., to float; eign country.
to swim. forest, n., forest.
f laar, v., to flow. forg, n., forge, -ar, v., to forge.
fluid, a., fluid; liquid, -ad, n., fork, n., fork.
fluid; liquid, -itet, n., fluidity; form, n., form, -ar, v., to form;
liquidity. to fashion; to shape.
fluks, n., flood; high tide. formal, a., formal, -itet, n.,
Huktiwr, v., to fluctuate. formality.
fluor, n., fluorine(Fl). formidabl, a., formidable.
flur, n., floor, -ar, v. , to floor. formik, n., ant. -ar, v., to
fluvi, n., river, -et, n., brook. swarm.
fluvi-bord, n., bank (of river). formul, n., formula, -ar, v.,to
-foa, sufHx which, with a cardi formulate.
nal or ordinal number, forms forn, n., furnace; stove, -ar, v.,
an iterative; this suffix is used to heat.
also with other words. fornikar, y ., to fornicate, -asion,
fok, n., fire. n., fornication, -ator, n., for-
fokus, n., focus. nicator.
fol, a., foolish, and n., fool. forn-tub, n., stovepipe.
-itet, n., foolishness; folly. fors, n., force, -ar, v. , to force;
foii, n., leaf; sheet, -aj, n., fo to compel ; to enforce.
liage. -etar, v. , to turn the fort, a., strong; powerful.
leaves (of a book); to thumb. -ifikar, v. , to fortify; to
folieton, n., feuilleton. -ist, n., strengthen, -itet, n., strength.
feuilletonist. fortres, n., fortress; fort.
fomentar, v., to foment. fortult, n., chance,
fon, n., ground; background. fort mi, n., fortune. -e, ad.,
fondar, v., to smelt; to melt; to fortunately.
fuse, -ator, n., founder, -eri, fos, n., excavation; pit. -ar, v.,
n., foundry. to dig.
fonetik, n., phonetics, -al, a., fosfor, n., phosphorus (P).
phonetic. fosil, a., fossil.
fonograf, n., phonograph. foto-, prefix signifying light.
font, n., fountain; source; Joto-graf,n., photographer, -ar,
spring, -ar, v., to spring v., to photograph, -ad, n.,
(from) ; to issue. -ad, n., spring photograph.
(of water). foto-metr, n., photometer.
60 frag—fugas
garnison, n., garrison, -ar, v., genu, n., knee, -ar, v., to kneel.
to garrison. genu-flektar, v., to genuflect.
garson, n., fellow. -asion (geuufleksion ) , n., gen
gas, n., gas. uflection, [genuineness.
gasel, n., gazelle. genuin, a., genuine, -itet, n.,
gaset, n., newspaper; paper. geodesi,n., geodesy; surveying.
gasometr, n., gasometer. -ik, a., geodetic.
gastronom, n., gastronomer; geografi, n., geography, -ik
gastronomist. (geografik), a., geographic.
gaudi, n., joy; gladness. -ar, geolog, n., geologist.
v., to gladden; to cheer, -os, geologi, n., geology, -ik (geo-
a., joyous. logik), a., geological.
gaudiar se, v., to be glad; to geometri, n., geometry, -ik
rejoice. (geometrik), a., geometric.
gavot, n., gavotte. [geal. geranium, n., geranium.
gelur, v. intr., to freeze; to con- german, a., German; German-
gelatin, n., jelly; gelatin(e). speaking; in German, andn., a
gemar, v. , to groan. German-speaking person, -ia,
gemel, n., twin. n., Germany. -ian, a., Ger
gen, n., gender. man; relating to Germany.
genealogi , n . , genealogy . -ist germanik, a., Germanic, and
(genealogist), n., genealogist. n., one of Germanic blood.
-ik (genealogik), a., genea germanium, n., germanium
logical. (Ge).
generar, v., to generate; to be germin, n., germ; sprout; shoot.
get; to engender; to procre -ar, v., to germinate; to sprout.
ate, -asion, n., generation. -asion, n., germination.
-ator, n., generator; begetter; gerundi, n., gerund.
procreator. -atori, n., parents. gerundi v, n., gerundive.
general, a., general, and n., gestikular, v., to gesticulate.
general, -e, ad., generally. -asion, n., gesticulation.
generalisar, v., to generalize. gib, n., hump; hunch, -os, a.,
-asion, n., generalization. humpbacked; hunchbacked;
generos, a., generous; liberal. gibbous, and n., hunchback.
-itet, n., generosity ; liberality. gid, n., guide, -ar, v., to guide.
genial, a., highly-gifted; in gigant, n., giant, -ik, a.,
genious. -itet, n., genius. ^gigantic, [lege.
genitiv, n., genitive. gimnas, n., gymnasium; col-
gensian, n., gentian. gimnastik, n., gymnastics, -al,
gentil, a. .genteel; gentle, -itet, a., gymnastic, -ar, v., to ex
n., genteelness; gentility. ercise in gymnastics.
gips—gravin 63
korumpar, v., to corrupt. -ator, kred, n., belief; faith, -ar, v.,
n., corrupter. -abl, a., cor to believe.
ruptible, -ablitet, n., corrup kredarin kk, to believe in
tibility, -asion (korupsion), something.
n., corruption. kredit, n., credit, -ar,- v., to
korv, n., raven. credit, -er, n., creditor.
kos, n., thing. krem, n., cream.
kosak, n., Cossack. kren, n., battlement.
koshinil, n., cochineal. krep, n., crape; gauze.
ko-skolew, n., schoolfellow. kres, n., cress.
kosmograf, n., cosmographer. kreskar, v. , to grow; to in
kosmografi, n., cosmography. crease; to grow up. -asion,
-ik (kpsmografik), a., cosmo- n., growth.
graphic. kret, n., chalk.
kosmopolit, n., cosmopolitan. kreutser, n., kreutzer.
-ism, n., cosmopolitanism. krev, n., crayfish; crawfish.
kost, n., cost, -ar, v., to cost. krib, n., sieve, -ar, v., to sift.
kosta, n., rib. [to costume. kripar, v., to creep; to crawl.
koslum, n., costume, -ar, v., kris, n., crisis.
ko sukurs de, p., with the help krisalid, n., chrysalis.
of; by the aid of. krispar, v., to curl; to crisp.
kotlet, n., cutlet. -ik, a., curly; crispy.
koton, n., cotton. Krist, n., Christ.
krab, n., crab. kristal, n., crystal.
krak, n., crack, -ar, v., to kristian, a., Christian, and n.,
crack; to burst. Christian, -a, n., Christian
kramp, n., clamp; bracket. (fern.), -ism, n., Christianity.
krani, n., skull; cranium, -ik kritik, n., criticism, -ar, v., to
and de krani, a., cranial. criticize.
krapul, n., crapulence; debauch. Kroat/a, n., Croatia.
-ar, v. , to indulge in a de krok, n., hook; crook.
bauch, -os, a. , crapulous. krokodil, n., crocodile.
kras, a., gross; coarse, -itet, n., krom, n., chromium (Cr).
grossness; coarseness; crassi kron/£, a., chronic.
tude. kronik, n., chronicle.
kratar, v., to scratch. krono-, prefix signifying time.
krater, n., crater. kronologi, n., chronology, -ik
kravat, n., cravat. (kronologik), a., chronologi
krayon, n., lead-pencil. cal.
krear, y., to create, -asion, n., krono-metr, n., chronometer.
creation, -ator, n., creator. kruel, a., cruel, -itet, n., cruelty.
kruk— kulmin 81
kruk, n., pitcher; jug; ewer. kuantitativ, a., quantitative.
krup, n., croup. kuaranten, n., quarantine.
krupa, n., croup; rump, -ad, kuart, nr., fourth.
n., croupade. kuartet, n., quartette.
krur, n., thigh. kuartier, n., quarter; ward.
krus, n., cross, -ar, v., to cross. kuarts, n., quartz.
krusad, n., crusade. kuasi, ad., almost; nearly.
krusifiks, n., crucifix, -ar, v., kuast, n., tassel.
to crucify. kuatr, nr., four.
krust, n., crust; bark; rind; kuatr-des, nr., forty.
shell; peel, -os, a., crusty; kub, n., cube; die. -ik, a., cubic.
crustated; having a bark, rind, kubik-, prefix signifying cube.
shell, or peel. kubikm&tr, n., cubic meter.
ksilo-, prefix signifying wood. /•tt<W'radik, n., cube root.
ksito-graf, n., xylographer; kuekr, n., Quaker.
wood-engraver, -ar, v., to en kuerel, n., quarrel, -ar, v , to
grave on wood. quarrel.
kuadrant, n., quadrant. kuerk, n., oak.
kuadrat, n., square; quadrat. kuestion, n., question.
-ik, a., square; quadratic. kuf, n., tub; vat. -er, n., cooper.
kuadrat met r, n., square meter. kuldon, n., quince.
kuadrat-radik, n., square root. kuiet, n., rest; repose; quiet.
kuadri-, prefix signifying -ar, v., to rest; to repose.
quadri-, four-. kuink, nr., five.
kuadrili, n., quadrille. kuink-des, nr., fifty.
kuadrilion, nr., quadrillion kuint, nr., fifth.
(1,000,000,000,000,000). kuint-esens, n., quintessence.
kuak, n., curd. kuintet, n., quintette.
kual, pr., what kind of. -ifikar, kuintilion, nr., quiutillion
y., to qualify, -itet, n., qual ( 1,000,000,000,000,000,000).
ity, -e, ad., how; as. -e, c., kuir, n., leather.
as; like; just as. kuir band, n., strap.
kuak if, c., as if. kuit, n., receipt; quittance, -ar,
kualitativ, a., qualitative, [do? v., to receipt.
kual^ vo stand ? how do you kukrtr, v., to cook, -ab!, a.,
kuande, ad. , when (rel. and int.). cookable. -eri, n., kitchen.
kuant, pr., how much; how kukul, n., cuckoo.
many, -itet, n., quantity, -e, kukum, n., cucumber.
ad., how much. -Joa, ad., how kuliar, n., spoon.
many times, -upl, a., how kulmin, n., top. -ar, v., to cul
manifold. minate.
6
82 kulp - laks
kulp, n., fault; guilt, -ar, v., to kurv, n., curve; bend, -ar, v.,
find fault with, -os, a., culpa to curve; to bend. -«'£, a. ,
ble; guilty. curved; crooked; bent,
kuipo.v de, guilty of. kusin, n., cousin. -0, n., cousin
kult, n., worship (system of). (masc.). -a, n., cousin (fern.).
kultel, n., knife, -er, n., cutler. j kustod, n., guard; watchman.
kultivar, v., to cultivate (edu- -ar, v., to guard; to watch.
kultur, n., culture. [cate). kustom, n., custom; habit, -ar,
kumin, n., cumin; caraway. v.. to accustom; to habituate;
kumul, n., heap; pile, -ar, v., to inure.
to heap; to pile; to amass. kuv, n., brood; covey, -ar, v. ,
kun, n., cradle, -ar, v., to to incubate; to hatch.
cradle; to rock. kuvert, n., cover; envelope;
kunikl, n., rabbit. wrapper, -ar, v., to envelop;
kuosient, n., quotient. to wrap (up).
kuot, n., quota. kuvr, n., covering; casing;
kupor, v., to cut. sheathing; integument, -ar,
kupld, a. .covetous; greedy, -itet, v., to cover; to encase, -ad, n.,
n., cupidity; covetousness; covering; coverlet, -ator, n.,
greed. cover; hd.
kupol, n., cupola; dome. kuvr«r medlu nub/, to cloud.
kupon, n., coupon.
kupr, n., copper (Cu).
kur, n., care; cure (e. g. water-
cure), -ar, v., to care; to care la, ad., there.
kuraj, n., courage. [for. labi, n., lip.
kurios, a., curious; inquisi labil, a., labile; unstable; tot-
tive, -itet, n., curiosity; in- j tering.
quisitiveness. labirint, n., labyrinth; maze.
kurs, n., course; current. -ar, labor, n., labor; work, -ar, v.,
v., to run; to course, -er, n., to labor; to work.
courier; bishop (in chess). lag, n., lake.
-on, n. , race, -onar, v. , to race. lagun, n., lagoon, [to lacquer.
-oneri, n., race-course, -oner, lak, n., lacquer; lacker, -ar, v.,
n., runner; racer. lak6, n., lackey.
kurt, n., court; yard. lakmus, n., litmus; lacmus.
kurtaj, n., brokerage, -ist, n., lakrim, n., tear, -ar, v., to
broker. weep; to cry.
kurtisar, v., to court, -an, n., laks, a., lax; loose; slack, -itet,
courtier(masc.). -ana, n.,cour n., laxity; looseness; slack
tier (fern.). ness.
laksi—lepr 83
logik, n., logic, -al, a., logical. lum, n., light, -ar, v., to shine;
loji, n., lodging, -ar, v., to to give light.
lok, n., place. [lodge. lun, n., moon.
lokal, n., locality. lliuat//', a., lunatic; crazy.
lokomobil, n., locomotor. lundi, n., Monday, -an and de
lokomutiv, n., locomotive. lundi, a. .Monday.
lokuas, a., loquacious; garru lup, n., wolf.
lous; talkative, -itet, n., lo lupin, n., lupine.
quacity; garrulousness; talka lupul, n., hop; hops.
tiveness. lusid, a., lucid, -itet, n., lucid
lokust, n., locust; grasshopper. ity.
lomb, n., loin. luterew, a., Lutheran, and n.,
lombard, n., pawnshop. Lutheran, -anism, n., Luther-
LombardM, n., Lombardy. anism.
lombrik, n., earthworm. lutr, n., otter.
long, a., long, -itet, n., length. lyam, n., llama.
-e, ad., long; for a long time.
-u, p., along. M
lor, pr., their; theirs.
lot, n., lot. ma, c., but.
lota, n., burbot; eel-pout. madona, n., Madonna.
Lotaring/a, n., Lorraine. maestr, n., master.
loteri, n., lottery. magasin, n., magazine; store
loyal, a., loyal, -itet, n., loyalty. house.
luar, v., to lease, -ator, n., magi, n., magic, -ar, v., to
lessee, -ad, n., lease. practise magic, -ik (magik),
lubr/£, a., slippery, -ikitet, n., a. , magic(al). -er, n. , magician.
slipperiness. -ifikasion, n., magistrat, n., magistracy.
lubrication. magnanim, a., magnanimous.
lud, n., play; game, -ar, v., to -itet, n., magnanimity.
play. magnat, n., magnate. [(Mg).
luk, n., pike (fish). [able. magnesium, n., magnesium
lukrativ, a., lucrative; profit- magnet, n., magnet, -ik, a.,
luks, n., luxury, -os, a., luxu magnetic, -ism, n., magnet
rious, -ositet, n., luxurious- ism.
ness. magnetise/r, v., to magnetize.
luksur, a., luxuriant, -itet, n., magnif, n., magnificence, -ik,
luxuriance. a., magnificent; splendid.
luktu, n., mourning, -ar, v., to magr, a., lean, -eskar, v., to
mourn, -os, a., mournful; grow thin; to become lean.
sorrowful. -itet, n., leanness.
86 mahagoni— mariner
mestis, n., half-breed; hybrid. miiisi, n., militia, -an and elr
mesur, n., measure, -ar, v., to m., a., militia.
measure; to measure off. militar, n., the military, -ik,
metar, v., to put. a., military, -ism, n., mili
metafisik, n., metaphysics. tarism .
rnetafor, n., metaphor. [lie. mim, n., mien.
metal, n., metal, -ik, a., metal- mimik, n., mimics; mimic art.
metal-fil, n., wire. mimos, n., mimosa; sensitive-
metamorfos, n., metamorpho plant.
sis, -ar, v., to metamorphose. min, n., mine, -ar, v., to mine.
meteor, n., meteor. mineral, n., mineral.
meteorologi, n., meteorology. minim, a., small; little, -itet,
metier, n., handicraft; trade. n., smallness.
-ist, n., artisan; mechanic. minimum, n., minimum.
metar in parentes/. to put in minion, a., pretty; nice. .
parentheses. minister, n., ministry (minis
metar ovi, to lay (of fowls). terial department).
metr, n., m e t e r (measure of ministr, n., minister (public
length). official).
-metr, suffix signifying a per minium, n., minium.
son or thing measuring some min-konstrua«'ow, n., mining.
thing. minoritet, n., minority.
metropol, n., metropolis. minu, ad., less, -ar, v. , to les
mi, pr., I. sen; to diminish; to reduce;
miasm, n., miasm; miasma. to lower; to decrease, -eskar,
mie, pr. , my; mine. v., to decrease; to diminish;
miel, n., honey. to lessen.
migrar, v. , to migrate. minusi, n., minutia. -os, a.,
migren, n., migraine; megrim. petty; paltry; trivial; minute.
mikro-, prefix signifying small- -ositet, n., minuteness; petti
ness. ness; paltriness.
mikroilMtipik, a., small-headed; minut, n., minute.
microcephalous. j miop, a., myopic; shortsighted.
mikro-metr, n., micrometer. -itet, n., myopia; shortsight
mlksar, v. , to mix; to mingle; edness.
to blend; to admix. miosot, n., forget-me-not.
mil, nr., thousand. mir, n., myrrh.
miliar, n., mile. miraki, n., miracle, -os, a.,
miliet, n., millet. miraculous.
milion, nr., million, -er, n., miror,n., mirror; looking-glass.
millionaire. mlrt, n., myrtle.
90 mirtil— monet
monit, n., admonition; warn morsel, n., morsel; bit. -ar, v.,
ing, -ar, v., to admonish; to to divide in pieces; to divide
warn. into bits.
mono-, prefix signifying mort, n., death, -ik, a., dead;
mono-, one-. defunct. [mortality,
monoaxMik, a , (of) one year; mortal, a., mortal, -itet, TO..,
annual. mortar, n., mortar (cement).
monogram, n., monogram. mortifikar, v., to kill; to slay.
monokac\aMk, a., one-horse, mosaik, n., mosaic.
mono log, n., monologue. moske, n., mosque.
monooikulik , a., one-eyed. moskit, n., mosquito.
monopol, n., monopoly. most, n., must.
}nonosllabik, a., monosyllabic. mostard, n., mustard.
monoton, a., monotonous. motiv, n., motive; reason, -ar,
monstrar, v., to show; to point v. , to motive; to move; to
out. actuate.
monstru, n., monster, -os, a., moli), n., motto.
monstrous. movar, -v. tr., to move. -abl, a.,
mont, n., mountain; mount. movable, -asion, n., motion;
-of, n., mountain range; chain movement, -ator (motor), n.,
of mountains. motor.
montar, v., to mount (make muf, n., mold, -ar, v., to mold;
ready). to become moldy.
monument, n., monument, -ik, \ mul, n., mule.
a., monumental. mulat, n., a mulatto.
mor, n., delay, -ar, v. , to de mulet, n., hinny.
lay; to linger; to loiter; to mulkt, n., mulct; fine, -ar, v.,
tarry. to mulct; to fine.
moral, a., moral, -ad, n., mult, a. .much; many, -e, ad.,
morals; moral philosophy. much; very, -foa, ad., many
-itet, n., morality; morals. times, -itet, n., multitude;
morbil, n., measles. crowd, -upl, a., manifold;
mordar, v., to bite, -ad, n., multiple.
bite. multr bene, ad., very well.
morel, n., morel. multiplier, v., to multiply.
moresk, a., Moorish, and n., mumi, n., mummy.
Moor. mund, n., world.
morfin, n., morphine; morphia. munision, n., munition (war
morier, v. , to die; to expire. material).
moros, a., morose. munisipal, a., municipal, -itet,
mors, n., walrus. n., municipality.
92 mur—nause
nav, n., ship; vessel. negr, a., black, and n., negro.
navigar, v. , to navigate, -asion, -ad, n., blacking, -atr, a.,
n., navigation. blackish. -ifikar, v., to black
nayad, n., naiad. en.
ne-, prefix signifying contra Negr (mar), Black Sea.
dictory opposition. negr-kaval, n., black horse.
wamik, n., enemy. negr-pan, n., black bread.
nrapt, a. , clumsy; awkward; H^important, a., unimportant;
unskilful; inapt, -itet, n., insignificant.
clumsiness; awkwardness; in //rkapabl, a. , incapable.
aptitude. neViar, a., cheap.
nebl, n., fog; mist, -os, a., foggy; n/'kast, a.; unchaste; impure.
misty; nebulous. -itet, n., unchasity; impurity.
nedependant, part., indepen wrkomunik</r, v., to keep (not
dent, -itet, n., independence. communicate); to conceal.
Nederiand/a, n., Holland; w^kontent, a., discontented;
Netherlands, -ian, a., Dutch; dissatisfied, -itet, n., discon
Holland, and n., Hollander. tent; dissatisfaction.
-ik, a. , Dutch; in Dutch; nekredabl, a., incredible, -ant,
Dutch-speaking. [evitable. part., incredulous; unbeliev
neevltabl, a., unavoidable; in- ing, -antitet, n., incredulous-
nef, n., nephew or niece, -o, n., ness; incredulity.
nephew, -a, n., niece. nekrolog, n., necrology; obitu
nefallabl, a., infallible. ary.
wrfasil, a., difficult; hard, -itet, nekromant, n., necromancer.
n., difficulty, -ifikar, v., to nektar, n., nectar.
make (render) difficult. nelonge, ad., lately; recently;
negar, y., to deny, -asion, n., not long ago.
negation; denial, -ativ, a., nemakuled, part., immaculate;
negative. unblemished; unstained; spot
negligar, v., to neglect; to less.
slight, -antu, p., regardless «c matur, a., immature; unripe.
of. -ik, a., negligent. w^mediat, a., immediate, -e,
negllgante it, ad., nevertheless; ad., immediately; at once.
however. /// mediate po ke, c., as soon as.
negllgante ke, c., although; nemult, a. , not much ; not many ;
though. few; little, -e, ad., little; not
negosi, n., business, -ar, v., to much; somewhat.
carry on business; to do busi neo-, prefix signifying some
ness, -ant, part., business thing new.
man. -/£. a., business. neopersian, a., Neopersian.
94 >ifpartls/in—no sole
nostr, pr. , our; ours. nus, n., nut. -et, n., hazel-nut.
not, n., note; notice; remark. nutriar, v., to nourish; to nurse;
-ar, v., to note, -abl, a., to foster, -atora, n., nurse.
notable; remarkable.
nota, n., bill; reckoning.
notar, n., notary. o
notifikrtr, v., to intimate; to sig o!, i., O !; oh!
nify, -asion, n., intimation. -O, suffix denoting a person or
notor/£, a., notorious. animal of the masculine gen
noun, pr. ind. a., no. der.
nov, a., new. -itet, n., novelty; oasi, n., oasis.
newness. obediar, v., to obey, -ant, part.,
nov, nr., nine. obedient.
nov-des, nr., ninety. obelisk, n., obelisk.
novembr, n., November. obllgar, v., to oblige; to bind.
novisi, n., novice. -ad, n., obligation, -asion,
nuans, n., shade (color), -ar, n., obligation.
v., to shade (color). obllgar mediw yurad, to bind
nub, n., cloud. by oath.
nubil, a., nubile; marriageable. obliku, a., oblique; slanting.
-itet, n., nubility. -itet, n., obliquity; oblique
nud, a., nude ; naked ; bare. ness.
-ifikar, v., to bare; to denude. obliviar, v., to forget, -asion
-itet, n., nudity; nakedness. (oblivion), n., forgetting; for-
nuk, n., nucha ; nape of the getfulness; oblivion. -os, a.,
neck forgetful; oblivious, -psitet,
nul, nr., nought; zero. n., forgetfulness; oblivious-
numerativ, n., numeral. ness.
numerativ distributiv, dis oblong, a., oblong.
tributive. obsen, a., obscene, -itet, n.,
numerativ iterativ, iterative. obscenity.
numerativ kardinal, cardinal. observer, v., to observe (notice;
numerativ multiplikativ, mul also, follow), -asion, n., ob
tiplicative. servation.
numerativ ordinal, ordinal. obsidiar, v., to besiege; to be
numr, n., number, -ar, v., to leaguer; to invest, -asion, n.,
number, -ator, n., numerator. siege.
-os, a., numerous. obskur, a., obscure; dark, -itet,
numr pan',4, even number. n., obscurity; darkness.
nunsl, ii., messenger. obskur -blu, a., dark-blue.
nupt, n., wedding; nuptials. obskur-brun, a., dark-brown.
96 obstakl - omin
obstakl, n. , obstacle ; hindrance. okr, n., ochre.
obstlnar, v., to be obstinate. oksal, n., wood sorrel, -ik, a.,
-ant, part., obstinate; wilful; oxalic.
stubborn, -asion, n., obsti oksid, n., oxid(e). -ar, v., to
nacy; wilfulness; stubborn oxidize.
ness, -e, ad., notwithstand oksident, n., Occident.
ing, -u, p., in spite of; not oksigen, n., oxygen (O).
withstanding; despite, [that. okt, nr., eight.
obstine' ke, c., notwithstanding oktav, nr., eighth.
obtenar, v., to obtain; to pro okt-des, nr., eighty.
cure; to get; to acquire. oktet, n., octette.
obtus, a., obtuse; blunt; dull. okto-, prefix signifying octo-,
-e, ad., obtusely, -eskar, v., eight-.
to become blunted; to become oktobr, n., October.
dull. [n., obviation. okul, n., eye. -ik, a., ocular.
obvlar, v., to obviate, -asion, -ist, n., oculist.
obyekt, n., object, -of, v., to okultar, v. , to conceal; to hide;
obyektiv, a., objective. [object. to secrete.
od, n., ode. okupar, v., to occupy; to em
o Deo ! i., for God's sake ! ploy, -asion, n., occupation;
odi, n.,hate; hatred, -ar, v. , to employment.
hate, -abl, a., hateable. -os, okuparse in kk, to busy one's
a., hateful; odious. self with something; to apply
odor, n., odor; smell; scent. one's self to something; to
-ar, v., to smell (emit odor). occupy one's self with some
odorat, n., smell; sense of thing, [ter.
smell, -ar, v., to smell (per okun/r, v., to meet; to encoun-
ceive odor); to scent. -asion, n., meeting (encoun
ofendar, v., to offend. ter).
ofendar se, v. , to take it ill. ole, n., oil. -ar, v., to oil. -atr,
ofls, n., office; calling. -ik a., oily; oleaginous. -os, a.,
(ofisial), a., official. oily.
ofisin, n., office (place of busi oleandr, n., oleander.
ness); workshop. oliv, n., olive.
ofisir, n., officer. ombr, n., shadow; shade, -ar,
ofr, n., offer, -ar, v., to offer; v., to shadow; to shade; to
to proffer; to tender. overshadow.
okasion, n., occasion; oppor omin, n., omen; sign; portent.
tunity, -ar, v., to occasion. -ar, v., to presage; to fore
-e, ad., on occasion, -u, p., bode; to portend, -os, a.,
on the occasion of. ominous; portentous.
omltar—organ 97
proporsion, n., proportion, -ar, prov, n., proof; test; trial, -ar,
v., to proportion. v., to test; to try; to prove.
proposar, v., to propose; to provenier, v., to come from; to
move, -asion, n., proposal; proceed from.
motion. [sentence. proverb, n., proverb.
proposision, n., proposition; provins, n., province.
propr, a., own; proper, -e, ad., provision, n., stock; supply;
properly, -itet, n., property. provision.
prosa, n., prose, -ik, a., prosaic. I provisor?, ad., provisionally.
prosed, n., procedure; proceed -ik, a., provisional.
ing; course; process. -ar, v., pro-vite, ad., for life; (one's)
to proceed; to act. lifelong; all (one's) life, -ik,
prosent, n., per cent. a., lifelong; life.
proses, n., lawsuit, -ar, v., to provokar, v., to challenge; to
litigate. provoke.
prosesion, n., procession. proyekt, n., project, -ar, v., to
proskribar, v., to proscribe; to project.
outlaw. prud, a., prudish. -itet,n.,
prosodi, n., prosody, -ik (pro- prudery; prudishness.
sodik), a., prosodic. prudent, a., prudent, -itet
prosperar, v., to prosper; to (prudens), n., prudence.
thrive. pruf, n., proof, -ar, v., to prove.
prosperitet, n., prosperity. prun, n., plum.
protektar, v., to protect, -asion pruriar, v., to itch; to be pru
(proteksion), n., protection. rient.
-ator (protektor), n., pro Prus/a, n., Prussia.
tector. psalm, n., psalm.
protest, n., protest, -ar, v. , to pseudo-, prefix signifying
protest, -ant, a. and n., Prot something not authentic, not
estant, -autism, n., Protes genuine.
tantism. pseudonom (pseudonim), n.,
proto-, prefix signifying origin. pseudonym.
protofor&st, n., primeval forest. publik, n., public, -ar, v., to
protokol, n., protocol, -ar, v., promulgate; to publish.
to protocol. pudar, v. , to be ashamed.
protometal, n., ore. -ifikar, v., to shame; to abash.
protoparol, n., primitive word; -«£, a., bashful; shamefaced.
root. -ikitet, n.,bashfulness;shame-
protoslr, n., honeycomb. facedness.
prototlp, n., prototype; arche pudr, n., powder, -ar, v., to
type. powder.
puer— ransid 109
puer, n., boy. -a, n., girl. purltan, a., puritanic(al), and
pueril, a., pu e rile ; childish. n., Puritan, -anism, n , puri-
-itet, n., childishness; pue tanism.
rility. purpur, n. purple.
puit, n., well; shaft (mining). pus, ii., push; shove; thrust.
pulk, n., flea. -ar, v., to push; to shove; to
pulmon, n., lung. thrust.
puip, n., pulp, -os, a., pulpous; pus-kar, n., wheelbarrow.
pulpy, -ositet, n., pulpous- pustul, n., pustule; pimple, -os,
puip de gamb, calf. [ness. a., pustulous; pimpled.
puis, n., pulse, -ar, v., to pul- putr, a., putrid; rotten, -eskar,
sate; to beat; to throb. v., to putrify; to rot; to de
pulv, n., dust. cay, -eskasion, n., putrefac
pulvin, n., cushion. tion; rotting; decay.
pulvr, n., powder. -ar (pulveri-
sar),v., to pulverize; to pow R
der.
pulvr- min, n., mine (military). rabat, n., rebate, -ar, v., to re
pump, n., pump, -ar, v., to bate; to abate.
pun, n,, fist. [pump. rabin, n., rabbi; rabbin.
pani, n., punishment; penalty. rabot, n., plane (carpenter's).
-ar, v., to punish. -ar, v. , to plane.
puniard, n., poniard; dagger. rad, n., road; roadstead (ma
-ar, v. , to poniard; to stab. rine).
punkt, n., point; dot; period. radi, n., radius; ray; beam, -ar,
-ar, v. , to point; to dot. v., to radiate, -ad, n., spoke.
punkt de vis, point of view; -ik (radial), a., radial.
standpoint. radik, n., root; radical, -al, a.,
punklii.il, a., punctual, -itet, radical.
n., punctuality. radis, n., radish.
punsh, n., punch. rafinar, v., to refine.
punt, n., tip; point. ram, n., branch; bough; limb.
pup, n., doll. -ifikar, v , to ramify.
pupil, n., pupil; ward. ramp, n., ramp.
pupila, n., pupil (of eye). rampart, n., rampart.
pur, a., pure; clean. -ifikar,v., ran, n., frog.
to purify, -itet, n., clean rang, n., rank; row; tier. -ar,
ness; purity. v., to rank; to range.
purgar, v., to purgje. -asion, n., rankor, n., rancor.
purgation. -ativ, a., purga ransid, a., rancid, -itet, n.,
tive. rancidity; rancidness.
110 ranunkl—regaler
weary, v., fatigar (fatigue); ! what, pr. rel. (and int.\ kel
emilar (bore), (adjectively); ^kos (thing),
weasel, n., mustel. whatever, pr. ind., omni kekos.
weather, n., tempest. what kind of ? pr. , kual ?
weave, v., teksar. wheat, n., frument.
weaver, n., teksator. wheel, n., rot.
weaving-mill, n., tekseri. wheelbarrow, n., pus-kar.
wedding, n., nupt. when, ad., kuande (rel. and
wedge, n., koin. inter.).
Wednesday, n., merkurdi. whenever. c. , omni/oa ke.
Wednesday, a., merkurdi,;w and where, ad., keloke, keplase.
de m. wherever, c., onuii lokv ke.
week, n. , seman. whet, v., pollar.
weekly, ad., omni seman^. whether, c., eske.
weep, v., lakrimar. which, pr. rel., kel (adjectively);
weigh, v., pesar (be weighty); kekos (thing).
ponderar (trans.), whichever, pr. ind , onmi ki.
weighable, a., ponderaW. which (what-th?) time, for the,
weight, n., gra\itet (heaviness; ad., kelimfoa.
also importance); pesad whiff, n., halit.
(heavy mass), while, whilst, c. , durante ke.
weighty, a., pesant (heavy); whim, n., kapris.
grav (grave), whimper, v. , vaglar.
welcome, n., velkom. whine, v., vaglar.
welcome, v., velkomar. whip, n., (la gel.
well, n., puit. whip, y., flagelar.
well, a., san (healthy). whipping, n., flagelasion.
well, ad., bene. whirl, n., vort.
well, become, saneskar. whirl, v. intr., vortar.
west, n., uest. whisky, n., uiski.
west, a., uest/£. whist, n., vist.
west, in the, ad., ueste. whistle, n., fif (instrument);
westerly.ad., uesteiin thewest); flfad (sound),
versu uest (westward), whistle, v., flfar.
western , a. , ues t //• . white, a., blank.
Westphalia, n., Vestfal/a. white bread, n., blank-pan.
westward, ad., versu uest. white frost, n., glas-rosi.
wet, a., humid. white horse, n., blank-kaval.
wet, v., humidy?£ar. white lead, n., serus.
whale, n., balen. whitish, a., blanka/r.
wharf, n., molo. Whitsunday, n., pentekost.
272 who—wolfram
I. ADDITIONS
a) Neutral-English Part.
40 under aserb add : tart.
43 bat stroke.
49 dignar to vouchsafe.
55 eskartar to reject.
57 fasiar sum de to aggregate.
63 glob ball.
67 indigent//</ want.
73 kaus ground.
75 kolektar to gather.
84 lini stroke.
89 mlnueskar to wane.
92 mut silent.
107 prolongar to lengthen ; to produce.
112 reprovar to reprobate.
" resiprok mutual.
117 sfer ball.
123 sub below.
124 superior -u. p., over ; above.
"5 tart '' pie.
130 insert unotr, pT, each other ; one another.
b) English-Neutral Part.
147 under ball add: glob, sfer (globe, sphere),
153 before breeze insert : breed, n., ras.
176 eager each other, unotr.
206 lentil lengthen, v., prolongar.
209 lowness lower part of, at (in, on) the,
inferior/ de.
216 muzzle mutual, a., resiprok.
221 one (the) one another, unotr.
275
276 SUPPLEMENT
II. CHANGES
a) Grammar.
PAGE.
1 6, line 21 from top, read : av doned instead of donav.
19, under inferior^ de cancel : below, and add : at (in, on) the
lower part of.
19, under superior^ de cancel : over, above, and add : at (in,
on) the upper part of.
28, line 25 from top, read : ruined e perded instead of : ruined
u perded.
b) Neutral-English Part.
67 under inferion? de cancel : below, and add : at (in, on) the
lower part of.
76 under komplekser cancel : to aggregate, and add : to
comprise ; to embrace ; to comprehend ; to include ; to
take in.
124 under superior^ de cancel : over ; above, and add : at (in,
on) the upper part of.
c) English-Neutral Part.
137 under above, p., cancel : superior^ de, and add: superioru.
149 " below, p., " inferior^ de, '• sub.
222 " over, p., " superior^ de, " superior//.
BRIEF HISTORY
O F THE
(') Le Volapiik. 1889, No. 24, p. 324. (') Le Volapiik, 1889, No. 26, p. 368a.
282 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY
(') t,e Volapiik. 1889, No. 26. p. 367. (2) Volapttkabled, 1889, No. 107, p. 462.
HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 283
(') My circular to the members of the Academy of date Feb. 16, 1893, No. 2.
HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 285
case both proposals were laid before the Academy to choose from,
as has already been pointed out in the above-cited example of
fral and fratr. In this way, on the one hand, many really good
and practical proposals came to light, which is most desirable in
such work, and every proposal of every academician was put to the
vote of the Academy ; on the other hand opportunity was given to
each member of the Academy to make his own proposals and to
take part in the selection of a definite proposal from among several.
Thence also contentment reigned among the members of the
Academy, whose number by the accession of very capable persons
began to increase.
At that time, as is mentioned above, besides Volapiik several
other systems of artificial language had appeared. I must here
name the chief among them, as they had a material influence on
the labors of the Academy :
1. La lingvo internacia by Dr. Esperanto (Zamenhof) of War
saw^1)
2. Kosmos by Eugene A. Lauda of Berlin. (-)
3. Spelin by Professor J. Bauer of Agram.(3)
4. Myrana by J. Stempfl of Oberreute in Bavaria. (1)
5. Lingua internazional or Mondolingue by J. Lott of
Vienna.("')
6. Universala by Dr. Eugene Heintzeler, principal, of Stutt
gart.^)
288 HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY
the English, the French, the Italians, the Spanish, the Portuguese,
etc., use it as a vocable of their mother-tongue ; thus the German
speaks of Animalismus, Anitnalien, animalisieren, and of animali-
schen Eigenschaften.)1) Further examples of such world-words
were : artifieial, universal, amor, eolor, baron, balkon, amen, volu-
men, merkantit, vulean,fabrieant, miserabte, natur, divin, adyediv,
observatorium, eetibat, evangetist, tabak, eigar, kafe, te, sport,
elub, astronom, logaritm, etc.—in all over 8,000 words.(2)—All
these words are entitled to admission to the dictionary of a
language intended for international use, just as are the elements,
of which these words are composed, —only they must be discovered
and collected(3) —indeed Liptay lays down the proposition that a
universal language must not be invented, but discovered.)4) Con
vinced of the impossibility of creating a universal language,
Liptay proposed the attaining of a common language by way of
synthesis or compilation of such elements as are already within
the reach of every human understanding and only await condensa
tion into something tangible or visible and to be brought into a
homogeneous form.(s)—As to the manner of writing the world-
words we find in the same work directions most worthy of
notice;(6) what Liptay most exhaustively says as to the interna
tional value of single letters can be denied in only a few instances.
After the work of Dr. Liptay had been submitted to Professor
Max Miiller of Oxford, he expressed his opinion to the author in
the following terms : "Your idea of choosing roots almost univer
sally understood by men of education is excellent, and the gram
matical articulation that you propose is very practicable, although
here and there perhaps something simpler and more practical could
be suggested. What you have to do now is to elaborate a complete
(') id. page XIII. ('l My circulars of 1 Nov., 1893, No. 6, §3, 28 Feb., 1895,
No. 14, and 30 Nov., 1895, No. 19.
HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY 291
Since the above was written the German grammar and dic
tionary of the Neutral Language have appeared^1) and there are
already many indications that Idiom Neutral is destined to become
in the near future the medium of international intercommunication.
Several reviews have spoken in the highest terms of the language,
and Le Nouveau Prdcurseur, of Antwerp, Belgium, already pub
lishes a biweekly letter, written in the Neutral Language, from a
correspondent in Russia.
A concession has been granted by the Academy to W. V. Bonto
van Bylevelt, one of the academicians for Holland, to publish the
Dutch grammar and dictionary of the language.
I take the present opportunity of testifying to the many helpful
suggestions received from Mr. W. Rosenberger, Vice-director of
the Academy ; all which have tended to the betterment of this
book.
MACEDON, N. Y., April, 1903. M. A. F. HOLMES.
(')W. Rosenberger. " Worterbuch dcr Neutralsprache " u. s. w. Leipzig :
E. Haberland, 1902.
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STATUTES
o F THE
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE
UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE
Enacted 19—21 August, 1889, by the International Congress of
Volapiikists in Paris.
of : (a) the inventor, (b) the director, (c) the vice-director, (d) two
secretaries.
12. The director and the vice-director are elected by the
academicians for five years. They may be re-elected. The secre
taries are appointed by the director.
13. A mere majority of the voters decides.
14. If the number of votes for and against is equal, the vote of
the director decides.
15. The resolutions of the Academy must be laid before the
inventor at once. If the inventor does not protest against the
resolutions within thirty days, the resolutions are definitive. Those
resolutions which are not approved by th6 inventor will again be
laid before the Academy, and will become definitive only after they
will have been accepted by a two-thirds majority.
16. The resolutions of the Academy are published in the
universal language in the official journal of the Academy, which
is chosen by the Academy.
17. The director must lay before the Academy every proposal
that is signed by six academicians.
18. An academician who refuses to obey the definitive resolu
tions of the majority, or who for a year and without just cause has
refused to take part in the labors of the Academy, has ceased to be
an academician. The director should propose his dismissal.
19. The dismissal of an academician is resolved by a two-thirds
majority of the voters.
20. Everv academician pays a contribution of ten francs a year
until the Academy will have the necessary means. The directorate
of the Academy resolves how this money will be used. One of
the secretaries is cashier of the Academy.
21. These statutes can be changed only by an international
congress.
The original is signed by Paul Champ-Rigot, secretary of the
congress.
INDEX TO THE GRAMMAR
*
CONTENTS
PAGE.
PREFACE, ---------- v
GRAMMAR, I
SPECIMENS OF THE LANGUAGE, ------ 28
DICTIONARY :
(a) Neutral-English, ...--. 33
(b) English-Neutral, ------- 137
Supplement, ------- 275
APPENDIX :
(a) History of the International Academy of the Uni
versal Language, ------ 277
(b) List of the Members of the Academy, - - 294
(c) Statutes of the Academy, ----- 299
Index to the Grammar, ----- 301
303
ERRATA
Page 3, line 4 from top, read aleatr instead of aleatr.
" 7, line 18 from top, read kuink/yV instead of k\Ankupl.
" 33, col. I, line I, insert ")" after "numerals."
" 35, col. 1, line 3 from bottom, read "." instead of ";"
" 45, col. 2, line 17 from top, read buliar instead of buliar.
46, col. I, line 3 from top, read " dactyl " instead of " dak-
tyl."
" 87, col. 2, line 2 from bottom, insert ";" after "of."
" 117, col. 1, line 17 from bottom, read " sert, pr." instead of
"sert, a."
" 140, col. 2, line 2 from top, read "aer" instead of "aer."
" 142, col. 2, line 17 from bottom, read anterior^ instead of
anterior^.
" 154, col. i, line I from top, read " bouillon " instead of " buil-
lon."
" i65, col. 2, line 10 from bottom, read " a." instead of " n."
" 176, col. 1, line 17 from bottom, dele "-" after omni.
" 177, col. 2, line 2 from bottom, read afliktar instead of
aflik/ar.
" 183, col. 2, insert: fellow, n., garson (familiar term).
" 196, col. 1, line 12 from top, read "a." instead of "n."
" 199, col. 2, line 20 from bottom, read " a." instead of " n."
" 219, col. 2, line 18 from bottom, read " O " instead of " o."
" 228, col. 2, line 17 from top, read pl.'ilon//- instead of
304