Human Physiology Reviewer 3.

Histology
Levels of Organization  study of parts, structures and
- Organism functions of tissue.
- Organ system o Fertilization is also called
- Organ conception.
- Tissue 4. Organ physiology
- Cell - study of particular organs.
- Biomolecule 5. System physiology
- Molecule - deals with functions of a particular
o Carbohydrate organ system.
o Proteins 6. Pathophysiology
o Lipids - Deals with different disorders or
o Nucleic Acid disease of a certain cell tissue, organ
- Atom or organ tissue.
Cyanobacteria Organ system
- Pathogenic - system of different organs that act to
- Primitive synthetic bacteria perform a specialized functions.
- Photosynthetic Organism
Byproduct - the more complex level of organization
- released during the process that is composed of all the organ
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY systems.
- From prokaryotic cell to eukaryotic cell Characteristics:
(animal & plant cell) A. Composed of cell/s
o Endo - within B. With metabolism
o Symbiosis - interaction C. Growth and development
- “Living together within a cell” D. Can reproduce
- Accepted mechanism for how E. Irritability
eukaryotic cells evolved from F. Adaptation
eukaryotic cells. G. Movement
- First published by Lynn Margulis INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
(1960s). AND PHYSIOLOGY
- This proposed that the main Organism
organelles of the eukaryotic cell were
actually primitive prokaryotic cells that Organ System
engulfed by a different, bigger
prokaryotic cell.
- “Endosymbiosis” = to cooperate
Organ
inside Biology
- Other organelles arose from the first Tissue
organelles, including the nucleus
where the DNA in eukaryotes is cell (makes up life)
housed.
Tissues biomolecule
- group of cell that performs a
specialized function.
molecule
Organ
- composed of group of tissues that Chemistry

perform specialized function. Atom

Anatomy
- study of structure or morphology of UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
the body parts THROUGH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO METHODS
Physiology In Vivo
- study of functions of body parts, what - a method in which the studies of various
they do and how they do it. biological entitles are tested on a whole,
Different branches organisms, or cells, usually animals
1. Cytophysiology
including humans and plants as opposed to
- Deals with study of different functions
if the cell and its relationship to its a tissue extract or dead organism.
organelles. In Vivo
2. Embryology - studies that are performed with
- Study of development of a human microorganisms, cells or biological
from a fertilized egg. molecules outside their normal biological
context.
 Domain Eukarya 1. Sagittal
Kingdom Animalia - Any plane parallel to the midsagittal
Phylum Chordata or median plane vertically dividing the
Class Mammalia body into unequal right and left
- Mammary Gland portions.
- Specialized apocrine gland 2. Midsagittal (medial)
Order Primata
- Vertically divides the body through the
Family Hominidae
midline into two equal left and right
- Monkey is still included.
Genus Homo (human) portions or halves.
Species Sapiens 3. Parasagittal (coronal)
Scientific Name Homo Sapiens (modern - unequal
human) 4. Frontal (coronal)
- Bipedal (using only two legs) - Divides the anterior (or ventral) and
- Thinking humans posterior (or dorsal) portions of the
- Forehead/skull is bigger now body at right angles to the sagittal
than before
plane.
ANATOMICAL TERM
- Perpendicular of the body
- is a standardized method of observing or
5. Transverse (cross-sectional or
imaging the body that allows precise and
horizontal)
consistent anatomical references.
- Dividing the body into superior and
- important in medicine.
inferior portions.
BODY TERMS AND PLANES
- Horizontal
Reclining Position
- Supine position (facing up) - Upper and lower part of the body.
- Prone position (facing down) - A cut at right angles to the long axis
REGIONAL NAMES DIRECTIONAL TERMS
- names given to specific regions of the body - Are used to precisely locate one port of
for reference. the body relative to another and to reduce
Examples: length of explanations.
1. Skull – Cranial 1. Superior – Cephalic – Cranial
2. Chest – Thoracic 2. Inferior – Caudal
3. Arm – Brachial 3. Anterior – Ventral – Rostral (Front)
4. Knee – Patellar 4. Posterior – dorsal (back)
5. Head – Cephalic (Cephalad) 5. Superficial – toward surface (skin)
- Towards the head. 6. Deep – away from surface
6. Buttock – Gluteal 7. Medial – toward midline
Superior – uppermost or above. 8. Lateral – away from midline
Inferior – lowermost or below. 9. Intermediate – between 2 points
Anterior – toward the front. 10. Ipsilateral – same side
Posterior – toward the back. 11. Contralateral – opposite side
Caudal – synonymous with inferior. It means 12. Proximal – near origin
toward the tail. 13. Distal – away from origin
Medial – nearest midline of the body. BODY CAVITIES
Lateral – toward the side or away from the Two major cavities:
midline of the body. 1. Dorsal cavity
Proximal – near the point of attachment or - Contains organs of the nervous system
origin. that coordinate the body’s functions.
Distal – away from the point of attachment or - It is divided into the:
origin. - cranial cavity (brain)
Longitudinal section – a cut through the long - spinal cavity (spinal cord).
axis of an organ. 2. Ventral cavity
Viscera – the organs of any cavity. - Contains organs that are involved in
Parietal – walls of a cavity maintaining homeostasis or a constant
internal environment within small ranges
PLANES of deviation.
- Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to There are two subdivisions:
divide the body or organs into definite 1. THORACIC CAVITY
areas and include: - surrounded by the rib cage.
 - Pericardial cavity. 31. Umbilical – navel
- contains the heart in a pericardial 32. Vertebral – spinal columns
sac.
- Pleural cavities.
- two lungs, each covered by the
pleural membrane.
Mediastinum
- a space that is found between the two
pleural cavities.
- it contains the heart, thymus gland, lymph
and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus,
and nerves.
Diaphragm muscle
- separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominopelvic cavity.
2. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
- It contains the kidneys, stomach, liver
and gallbladder, small and large
intestines, spleen, pancreas and the
ovaries and uterus in women. HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK
- Digestive organs. MECHANISM
TERMS Control Mechanism
- Stimulus - Receptor - Control Center -
1. Acromial – points of shoulder
Effector = Response
2. Antebrachial – forearm
3. Antecubital – space in front on the
elbow
4. Axillary - armpit
5. Brachial – arm
6. Buccal – cheek
7. Carpal – wrist
8. Cervical – neck
9. Coastal – ribs
10. Coxal – hip
11. Crural – leg
12. Cubital – elbow
13. Digital/digits – fingers
14. Femoral – thigh
15. Lumbar- region of the lower back
16. Mental –chin
17. Nasal/Nas – nose
18. Occipital – lower posterior region
of the head
19. Oral – mouth
20. Orbital – eye cavity, the space in
the eye.
21. Otic – ear Positive Feedback
22. Palmar – palm of the hand - Amplifies
23. Pedal – foot - For achieving homeostasis
24. Pelvis – pelvic Negative Feedback
25. Perineal – region between the anus and - Maintenance of homeostasis.
the external reproductive organs
Glucose Homeostasis
26. Plantar – sole of the foot
- Insulin
27. Popliteal – area between the knee o regulates sugar level
28. Sacral – posterior between the o Redirect the glucose to the
hipbones cells
29. Sternal – middle of the thorax, anteriorly
30. Tarsal – instep of the foot
 Glycoproteins
- Receptors of proteins.
ECF (Extracellular Fluid)

Glut 4
- Transport protein
Gluconeogenesis
- Self-production of glucose in the human
body.

Fasting
- 70-100 mg/100mL of blood
- Female - 4L of blood
- Male - 4.5L of blood
Hypoglycemia
- Low level of blood sugar (glucose).
Hyperglycemia
- Above the normal level of blood sugar
(glucose).
Thermoregulation
- Strategies to enable animals to live in
different environments.
 Ectotherms
 Relies on the
environment.
 Endotherms
 Metabolic heat
Thermogenesis
- Muscle contraction
o Walking
o Rubbing your hands
o Brown fat
o Shivering
Controlling heat loss and gain
- Vasoconstriction
o Low temperature
- Vasodilation
o High temperature