Cassandra Bales

Spanish 101 Review

Lesson 1

A=a J = jota (hota) R = ere Z= zeta

B = be (bay) K = ka RR = erre
C = ce L = ele S = ese
D = de M = eme T = te
E = e (ā) N = ene U = u (uh)
F = efe Ñ = eñe V = ve
G = ge O=o W = doble ve
H = hache (ach…) P = pe (pay) X= equis
I = i (ē) Q = cu Y = i griega

0 = cero 7 = siete 14 = catorce 21 = veintiuno

1 = uno 8 = ocho 15 = quince 30 = treinta
2 = dos 9 = nueve 16 = dieciséis
3 = tres 10 = diez 17 = diecisiete
4 = cuatro 11 = once 18 = dieciocho
5 = cinco 12 = doce 19 = diecinueve
6 = seis 13 = trece 20 = veinte
 Colors
yellow amarillo Days of the week
blue azul
Monday lunes
green verde
Tuesday martes
white blanco
Wednesda
purple morado miércoles
y
black negro
Thursday jueves
gray gris
Friday viernes
brown marrón
Saturday sábado
rose rosado
Sunday domingo
red rojo
orange anaranjado Months of the year

January enero
Seasons February febrero
March marzo
Spring la primavera April abril
Summe May mayo
el verano
r Subject pronouns June junio
Fall el otoño
singular July julio
Winter el invierno August agosto
yo I
you Septembe
tú septiembre
(familiar) r
usted you (formal) October octubre
él he November noviembre
ella she December diciembre
plural
nosotros (-as) we
you
vosotros (-as)
(familiar)
ustedes you (formal)
ellos they (masc.)
ellas they (fem.)
 Ser to be
singular
soy I am
eres you are (fam.)
es he is; she is; you are (form.)
plural
somos we are
sois you are (fam.)
they are (masc. & fem); you are
son
(form.)

Lesson 2

Cuarto = room (m) and quarter, fourth (adj.)

Cuatro = four

Gender (see pg. 40-41 for more)

-sión, -ción, -tad, & -dad : FEMININE
-ma : MASCULINE

Plural (see pg. 42 for more)

 Add –s to words ending in a vowel and –es to words ending in a consonant
 When a noun ends in –z, change the –z to c and add –es
 When the plural is used to refer to two or more nouns of different genders, the masc.
form is used
 NOTE: Some words lose an accent mark in the plural form, i.e. lección → lecciones

DEFINITE ARTICLE
Numbers 31-100
Masculine Feminine
31 treinta y uno
Singular (the) el la 32 treinta y dons
Plural (the) los las 40 cuarenta
INDEFINITE ARTICLE 41 cuarenta y uno
Masculine Feminine 50 cincuenta
Singular (a, an) un una 53 cincuenta y tres
Plural (some) uno unas 60 sesenta
68 sesenta y ocho
70 setenta
Negative Sentences (see pg. 52 for more info) 77 setenta y siete
 To make a sentence negative, simply place no in front of verb 80 ochenta
 If answer to a question is negative, the word no will appear twice: 84 ochenta y cuatro
at the beginning of the sentence and in front of verb 90 noventa
95 noventa y cinco
Interrogative Sentences (see pg. 52 for more info) 100 cien (ciento)
 The subject may be placed at the beginning of the sentence, after
the verb, or at the end of the sentence. Second two options are better.
 Questions that ask for information begin with an interrogative word, and
 the verb, not the subject, is placed after the interrogative word.

Possesion with de (see pg. 54 for more info)

Telling time (see pg. 46-47 for more info)

¿Qué hora es? What time is it?
Es la hou y minute
Son la r menos s
 Es is with una.
 Son is used with all other hours.
 The feminine definite article is always used
before the hour, since it refers to la hora.
 The hour is given first, then the minutes.
 The equivalent of past or after is y.
 The equivalent of to or till is menos. It is
used with fractions of time up to half hour.
 cuarto = quarter after
media = half after

Present indicative of regular –ar verbs

Singular Plural
-o -amos
-as -áis
-a -an

Lesson 3

Possessive adjectives
Singular Plural English
mi mis my
tu tus your (fam)
your (form); his; her, its;
su sus
their
nuestro (-a) nuestros (-as) our
vuestro (-a) vuestros (-as) your (fam)
 Numbers 101 – 1000
101 ciento uno
200 doscientos
300 trescientos
400 cuatrocientos
500 quinientos
600 seiscientos
700 setecientos
Number rules (see pg. 74 for more info) 800 ochocientos
 Ciento is used when counting beyond 100 900 novecientos
 Y appears only in numbers between 16 and 99. It is 1,000 mil
not used to separate thousands, hundreds, and tens
from each other: mil quinientos ochenta y seis
 In Spanish, one doesn’t count in hundreds beyond
1,000; thus, 1,100 is expressed as mil cien. After
1,000 thousands are counted dos mil, tres mil, etc.
Spanish uses period rather than comma.
 Changes gender to suit modified noun
 ¿Cuánto cuesta? or ¿Cuánto cuestan? How much
does is cost?
Adjectives (see pg. 76 for more info)
 In Spanish, adj. agree in gender and nmber with thenouns they modify. Adj. ending
in –o to –a.
 Adj. ending in –e or in a consonant have the same form for the masc. and fem.
 Adj. of nationality that end in a consonant add an –a in the feminine
 Adj. ending in –or, -án, -ón, or –ín add an –a in the feminine
 NOTE: Adj. that have an accent in the last syllable of the masc. form drop it in the
fem.: inglés → inglesa
 To form the plural, adj. follow the same rules as nouns. Adj. ending in a vowel add
-s; adj. ending in a consonant add –es; adj. ending in –z change the –z to c and add
–es.

Position of adj.
  Generally, follow the noun. Adj. denoting nationality always follow the noun.

Agreement of articles, nouns, and adj.

 In Spanish, the article, noun, and adj. agree in gender and number
 When an adjective modifies two or more nouns, the plural form is used.
 If two nouns described together are of different genders, the masculine plural form of the
adj. is used.

Present indicative of regular –er verbs Present indicative of regular –ir verbs
Singular Plural Singular Plural
-o -emos -o -imos
-es -éis -es -ís
-e -en -e -en

Present ind. of tener to Present ind. of venir to

have come
tengo tenemos vengo venimos
tienes tenéis vienes venís
tiene tienen viene vienen

The Personal a (see pg. 83 for more info)

 The prep. A is used in Spanish before a direct object referring to a specific person or persons.
No equivalent in English.
 Not used whent the direct object is not a person
 The verb tener generally doesn’t take the personal a, even if the direct object is a person
Lesson 4

Contractions (see pg. 107 for more info)

a + el = al

de + el = del

Present ind. of irregular verbs ir, dar, and estar

dar to give estar to be

estoy estamos
doy damos
ir to go
das dais estás estáis
voy vamos
está están
da dan
vas vais

va van Ir a + infinitive
 Used to express future action. It is the equivalent to the English expression to be going (to)
+ infinitive
ir (conjugated) + a + infinitive

Present ind. of e:ie stem-changing verbs: preferir to

prefer
prefiero preferimos
prefieres preferís
prefiere prefieren

Expressions with tener

tener (mucho) frío to be (very) cold
tener (mucha) sed to be (very) thirsty
tener (mucha) hambre to be (very) hungry
tener (mucho) calor to be (very) hot
tener (mucho) sueño to be (very) sleepy
tener (mucha) prisa to be a (great) hurry
to be (quite) afraid,
tener (mucho) miedo
scared
tener cuidado to be careful
tener razón to be right
no tener razón to be wrong
tener … años de edad to be … years old
Lesson 5

Comparative forms (see pg. 132-133 for more info)

Comparsions of inequality
más (more) adj.,
adv.
que
menos (less) or Comparsions of equality
noun
adj. or
tan (as) como
adverb

Note: De is used instead of que before a numerical

expression or quantity or amount. Irregular comparative forms (pg. 134)
Adjectiv Adver Comparativ
Superlative
e b e
Superlative bueno bien mejor el (la) mejor
definite más adj malo mal mal el (la) peor
(noun) de
article menos . grande mayor el (la) mayor
pequeño menor el (la) menor
Note: The Spanish de translates to the English
in after a superlative.

Present indicative of o:ue stem-changing verbs (pg. 135)

poder to be able
puedo podemos
puedes podéis
puede pueden

Present Progessive (estar + gerundio) (pg. 137)

hablar comer escribir Irregular present progressive forms (pg. 137)
-ando -iendo -iendo pedir : pidiendo dormir : durmiendo
hablando comiendo escribiendo decir : diciendo traer : trayendo
speaking eating writing servir : sirviendo leer : leyendo
Yo estoy comiendo. I am eating.

Note: In Spanish, the present progressive is never

used to indicate a future action. The present tense
is used in future expressions that would require the
present progressive in English.
Trabajo mañana. I’m working tomorrow.
 Uses of ser (see pg. 139 for more info) expresses who or what subject is essentially
Basic nature or character of person or thing, also
w/ expressions of that don’t use specific # of years
Used to denot nationality, origin, & profession
Used to indicate relationship or possession.
Used with expression of time and with dates.
Used with events as the equivalent of taking
place.
Describes the material that things are made of.
Amanda es hermosa y muy inteligente.
Es joven, pero es muy madura.
Amanda es guatemalteca. Es de la ciudad de Guatemala.
Es estudiante.
Amanda es la sobrina del Sr. Alvarez.
Son las cuatro y cuarto de la tarde.
La fiesta es en la casa de Amanda.
La mesa es de metal.

Uses of estar (see pg. 140 for more info) expresses more transitory qualities, implies chance of change
Indicates place or location. Mi prima no está aquí. ¿Está en el restaurante?
Used to indicate condition. Mis amigos están muy cansados.
W/ personal reactions,, it describes what is perceived El ponche está muy sabroso.
through the senses.
Used in the present progressive tense. Yo estoy estudiando y Ana está leyendo.

Weather expressions (see pg. 142 for more info)

 To ask about the weather, say ¿Qué tiempo hace? (What’s the weather like?)
Hace buen (mal) tiempo. (The weather is good [bad].)
 Most weather words are proceded by hace: hace sol, hace frío, hace viento
 Some weather words do not combine with hacer; they are impersonal verbs only in the
infinitive, present participle, past participle, and third person sing. forms for all tenses

llover (o:ue) to rain Llueve. It rains.

nevar (e:ie) to Nieva. It
snow snows.
lluvia rain
niebla fog

Lesson 6

Demonstrative adjectives (see pg. 160 for more info)

Masculine Feminine
English
Singular Plural Singular Plural
este estos esta estas this, these
ese esos esa esas that, those
that, those
aquel aquellos aquella aquellas (at a distance in space or
time)

Demonstrative pronouns (see pg. 160 for more info)

Masculine Feminine
Neuter English
Singular Plural Singular Plural The masc. and fem. 
éste éstos ésta éstas esto this(one), these
demonstrative pronouns are
that(one),
the same as the
ése ésos ésa ésas eso those
demonstrative adjectives,
that(one),
aquél aquéllos aquélla aquéllas aquello except that they have a
those
(at a distance) written accent.
 Each demonstrative pronoun has a neuter form. The neuter forms, which do not change in
number or gender, are used to refer to situations, ideas, and nonspecific objects or things.

Present indicative of e:i stem-changing verbs (see pg. 162)

servir to serve
 sirvo servimos
sirves servis
sirve sirven

 Decir becomes digo in first person singular

 Conseguir becomes consigo in first person singular
 Seguir becomes sigo in first person singular

See page 162 for a list of stem-changing verbs

Affirmative and Negative Expressions (see pg. 163 for more info)
Affirmative Negative
algo something, anything nada nothing, not anything
alguien someone, somebody, nadie nobody, no one, not anyone
anyone
alguno(-a), algún any, some ninguno(-a), ningún no, none, not
any
a veces sometimes
nunca, jamás never
siempre always
también also, too tampoco neither, not either
o or
ni … ni neither… nor
o … o either … or

 Note: Alguno(-a) may be used in the plural forms, but ninguno(-a) is not pluralized
 Note: No is never used as an adjective
 Alguno(-a) and ninguno(-a) drop the –o before a masc. sing. noun: algún niño, ningún niño;
but alguna niña, ninguna niña
 Spanish often uses double (or more) negatives, but there must be a negative in front of the verb

Irregular first-person forms (see pg. 165 for more info) [reg. in other forms]
salir to go out salgo
hacer to do, make hago
poner to put, place pongo
traer to bring traigo
conducir to drive conduzco
traducir to translate traduzco
conocer to know, to be acquainted conozco
caber to fit quepo
ver to see veo
saber to know sé
decir to say digo
conseguir to get, to obtain consigo
seguir to follow, to continue sigo
 Saber means (see pg. 166)
To know something by heart Yo sé un poema de Rubén Darío.
To know a fact Yo sé Rubén Darío es un poeta nicaragüense.
To know how to do something Yo sé bailar salsa.

Conocer means (see pg. 166)

To be familiar or acquainted with a person Nosotros conocemos a Ester Núñez.
To be acquainted with a place Ellos conocen Honduras.
To be acquainted with an artist or writer’s work ¿Tú conoces poesía de Rubén Darío.

Direct Object pronouns (see pg. 167 for more info)

Singular Plural
me me nos us
te you (fam) os you (fam)
you (form, masc) you (form, masc)
lo los
him, it (masc) them (masc)
you (form, fem) you (form, fem)
la las
her, it (fem) them (fem)

 Direct objects answer the question whom? or what? about what the subject is doing.
 In Spanish, object pronouns are normally placed before a conjugated verb
 In negative sentences, the no must precede the object pronoun
 With an infinitive or present participle in progressive constructions the object pronoun may
either be attached or appear in front of verb phases
 Note: When a direct object pronoun is attached to a present participle (leyéndolo), an accent
mark is addedd to maintain the correct stress

Lesson 7

Indirect Object pronouns (see pg. 192 for more info)

Singular Plural
me (to,for) me nos (to,for) us
te (to,for) you os (to,for) you
(to,for) you (to,for) you
le (to,for) him les (to,for)
(to,for) her them

 An indirect object describes to whom or for whom an action is done. In Spanish, the indirect
object pronoun includes the meaning to or for. Any sentence with an indirect object must have
the pronoun, the noun is optional.
 Placed before the verb or attached to infinitve or present progressive verb phase
 Note: Le and les sometimes require clarification, can use the preposition a + noun or pronoun
Constructions with gustar to like, to be pleasing to (see pg. 195 for more info)
 Always used with an indirect object
Me gusta tu casa. I like your house.
Your house is pleasing to me.
 Most commonly used in the third-person singular and plural. Gusta is used if the subject is
singular or if followed by one or more infinitives. Gustan is used if the subject is plural. The
indirect object does not have a bearing on how gustar is conjugated.
 When using gustar, the subject never begins the sentence (the indirect object is not subject). In
the above example casa is the subject.
 Note: When what is liked is an activity, gustar is followed by the infinitive.
 The person who does the liking is the indirect object.
 Note: The words mucho and más (better) immediately follow gustar.
 The preposition a + noun or pronoun may be used to emphasize or specify the name of the
person referred to by the indirect object pronoun

Time expressions with hacer (see pg. 198 for more info)
 English uses the present perfect progressive or the present perfect tense to express how long
something has been going on.
I have been living here for twenty years.
 Spanish used the following construction:

Hace + length of time I + que + verb (in present tense)

Hace veinte años que vivo aquí.
Examples:
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que Ud. Estudía español? How long have you been studying Spanish?
Hace tres meses que estudio español. I have been studying Spanish for three months.

 Note: To ask how long something has been going on, use the expression ¿Cuánto tiempo
hace que … ?

Preterit of regular verbs (see pg. 200 for more info)

-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
tomar to take comer to eat escribir to writed
tomé comí escribí
tomaste comiste escribiste
tomó comió escribió
tomamos comimos escribimos
tomasteis comisteis comisteis
tomaron comieron escribieron

 **Verbs ending in –gar, -car, and –zar change g to gu, c to qu, and z to c before é in the first-
person singular of the preterit: pagar→pagué; buscar→busqué; empezar→empecé.
 **Certain –er and –ir verbs with the stem ending in a vowel change i to y in the third-person
singular and plural endings: leer→leyó, leyeron; creer→creyó, creyeron.
 The first-person plural of –ar and –ir verbs is identical to the present tense forms.
 **Verbs of the –ar and –er groups that are stem-changing in the present indicative are regular
in the preterit.
 Spanish has no equivalent fro the English word did used as an auxiliary verb in questions and
negative sentences.
Ordinal numbers (see pg. 203 for more info)
primero(-a) first sexto(-a) sixth
segundo(-a) second séptimo(-a) seventh
tercero(-a) third octavo(-a) eighth
cuarto(-a) fourth noveno(-a) ninth
quinto(-a) fifth décimo(-a) tenth

 Ordinal numbers agreee in gender and number with the nouns they modify
 Ordinal numbers are seldom used after ten
 Note: The ordinal numbers primero and tercero drop the final –o before masc. sing. nouns.
 Abbreviated 1°, 2°, 3°, etc. – primer and tercer abbreviated 1er and 3er.

Lesson 8

Direct and indirect object pronouns used together (see pg. 220 for more info)
 When an indirect object pronoun and a direct object pronoun are used together, the indirect
object pronoun always comes first.
 With an infinitive, the pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated verb or be attached
to the infinitive. With the present progressive, the pronouns can either be placed before the
conjugated verb or be attached to the gerund. An accent mark is added to keep stress if
attached.
 If both pronouns begin with l, the indirect object pronoun (le or les) is changed to se.
 For clarification, it is sometimes necessary to add a él, a ella, a Ud., a Uds., a ellos, or a ellas.

Preterit of ser, ir, and dar

ser to be ir to go dar to give

fui fuimos fui fuimos di dimos
fuiste fuisteis fuiste fuisteis diste disteis
fue fueron fue fueron dio dieron

Preterit of e:i and o:u stem-changing verbs (see pg. 224 for more info)
preferir to prefer dormir to sleep
preferí preferimos dormí dormimos
preferiste preferisteis dormiste dormisteis
prefirió prefirieron durmió durmieron

 Only –ir verbs stem-change in the preterit and then only in third-person sing. and plural.
 Uses of por (see pg. 226 for more info & examples)
motion or approximate location (through, around, along, by)
cause or motive of an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of)
means, manner, unit of measure (by, for, per)
in exchange for
period of time during which an action takes place (during, in, for)
in search of, for

Uses of para (see pg. 227 for more info & examples)
desination
goal for a point in the future (by or for a certain time)
whom or what something is for
in order to
objective or goal

Formation of adverbs (see pg. 229 for more info)

 Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding –mente (the equivalent of the English –ly) to the
adjective
 Adjectives ending in –o change the –o to –a before adding –mente.
 If two or more adverbs are used together, both change the –o to –a, but only the last adverb
takes the –mente ending.
 If the adjective has an accent, the adverb retains it.

Lesson 9

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns (see pg. 246 for more info)

me myself, to (for) myself
te yourself, to (for) yourself
nos ourselves, to (for) ourselves
os yourselves, to (for) yourselves
yourself, to (for) yourself
yourselves, to (for) yourselves
himself, to (for) himself
se
herself, to (for) herself
itself, to (for) itself
themselves, to (for) themselves

 Used whenever the direct or indirect object is the same as the subject as the subject
 Third-person sing. and plural are invariable se
 Positioned in the same manner as other object pronouns
 Note: Spanish reflexives are rarely translated using reflexive in English
 Some verbs have different meaning in the reflexive
Some uses of the definite article (see pg. 250 for more info)
 The possessive adjective is often replaced by the definite article. An indirect object or reflexive
pronouns usually indicates who the processor is. * This happens with parts of the body and
articles of clothing and personal belongings.
*Note: The number of the subject and verb generallly does not affect thenumber of the
thing possessed. Spanish uses the singular to indicate that each person has only one of
the any particular object.
 The definite article is used with abstract and generic nouns
 Used with certain nouns, including cárcel (jail), iglesia (church), and escuela (school) when
they are preceded by a preposition
 Remember that the definite article is also used with days of the week, when indicating titles in
indirect address, and when telling time.

Possessive pronouns (see pg. 252 for more information)

Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine English
el mío la mía los míos las mías
mine
el tuyo la tuya los tuyos las tuyas
yours
el suyo la suya los suyos las suyas
yours,his,her
s
el nuestro la nuestra los nuestros las nuestras ours
el vuestro la vuestra los vuestros las vuestras yours
el suyo la suya los suyos las suyas yours, theirs

 Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the thing possessed.
 Note: Definite article is often omitted when used with the verb ser
 Third-person may need to be clarified: definite article + de + pronoun

Irregular preterits (see

pg. 253 for more info)
tener tuv-
estar estuv-
poder pud-
poner pus-
saber supe- Irregular preterit endings (pg. 253)
hacer hic- -e -imos
-c changes to –z -iste -isteis
in 1st person -o -ieron
venir vin-
querer quis-
decir* dij-
traer* traj-
conducir* conduj-
traducir* traduj-

* In these verbs the –i in –ieron is omitted

The preterit of hay (impersonal form of haber) is hubo

Hace … meaning ago (see pg. 255 for more info)

Hace + period of time + que (verb)
Hace dos años que la conocí
.