Environmental Engineering

Outline

Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Ecological Concepts

Biogeochemical Cycles

Water Quality Management

Air Quality Management

Municipal Solid Waste Management

Environmental Engineering
 Manifested by sound engineering thought and
practice in the solution of problems of environmental
sanitation

Aspects of Environmental Engineering

 Provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water
supplies
 Proper disposal of or recycling of wastewater and solid
wastes
 Control of water, land and atmospheric pollution
Ecological Concepts
ECOLOGY
 Study of interrelationships and interdependencies of
organisms with their environment
PRIMARY CONCERNS OF ECOLOGY
 Population – group of individuals of the same species
in a certain area at a given time
 Community – refers to the population occupying this
given area
 Ecosystem – interaction of the community and the
non-living environment
Ecosystems in the Philippines

 Forests
 Marginal Lands
 Agricultural Lands
 Freshwater
 Coastal
 Urban
Biogeochemical Cycles
Biogeochemical Cycles
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Quality Management
WATER USAGE AND CLASSIFICATION
 DAO 34, Sec. 68

 Classifies water under two main groups:

 Fresh surface waters
 Coastal and marine waters
Water Quality Management
FRESH SURFACE WATERS
Class AA – Public water supply class I
 Requires disinfection in order to meet NSDW

Class A – Public water supply class II

 Requires complete treatment in order to meet NSDW

Class B – Recreational water class I

 Primary contact recreation

Class C
 Fishery water

 Recreational water class II

 Industrial water supply class I

Water Quality Management
FRESH SURFACE WATERS
Class D
 Agriculture, irrigation

 Industrial water supply class II

 Other inland waters that belong to this classification

Water Quality Management
COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS
Class SA
 Propagation of shellfish
 Tourist zones
 Coral reefs
Class SB
 Recreational water class I
 Fishery water class I – spawning area of Chanos chanos
Class SC
 Recreational water class II
 Fishery water class II
Class SD
 Industrial water supply class II
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
 branch of environmental engineering in which the
basic principles of science and engineering are
applied to the problems of water pollution control

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
- Operations and processes are classified as
- Primary treatment
- Secondary treatment
- Advanced/Tertiary treatment
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
 aka Republic Act No. 9275

 Signed on March 22, 2004

 applies to water quality management in all water

bodies
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
 Physical characteristics

 Total solids

 Settleable solids

 Suspended

 Volatile Suspended Solids

 Fixed suspended solids

WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
 Physical characteristics

 Odor

 Fishy - amines
 Ammoniacal - ammonia
 Decayed fish - diamines
 Rotten egg - hydrogen sulfide
 Skunk/Flatus - mercaptans
 Rotten cabbage - Organic sulfides
 Fecal - Skatole (flowery at low
concentrations)
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
 Physical characteristics

 Temperature

 Density

 Color

 Turbidity
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
 Chemical Characteristics

 Organic Matter

 BOD

 Chemical Oxygen Demand

 Total Organic Carbon

 Theoretical Oxygen Demand

WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
 Physical Treatment

 Screening

 Mixing

 Flotation

 Flocculation

 Sedimentation

 Comminution

 Filtration

 Flow Equalization
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
 Biological Treatment

 Activated Sludge

 Biofilms

 Trickling Filter
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
 Chemical Treatment

 Precipitation

 Adsorption

 Disinfection

 Chlorine

 UV
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
HEAVY METALS AND RELATED DISEASES
 Mercury – minamata disease

 Cadmium – itai-itai disease

 Silver – argyria

 Lead – mental disability

 Chromium – neurological disease

 Arsenic –known poison

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Air Pollution
 Alteration of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of the atmosphere that is likely to create
harmful effects on public health, safety, and welfare

Different Air Pollutants

 COx
 CH4
 NOx
 VOC
 SOX
 PM10
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Sources of Air Pollution
 Mobile sources (73.95%)

 Stationary sources

 Area sources

Mobile sources generated the largest share of carbon

monoxide in the metropolis at 99.21% followed by the
total organic gases at 93.5%, NOx at 82.86%, PM10 at
16.36%, SOx at 11.75% and PM at 10.59% (EMB-DENR,
1999).
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Impact of Air Pollutants
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
KYOTO PROTOCOL
 A 1997 international agreement setting targets for
developed countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions
as part of effort to slow down the effects of global
warming
 Requirement: Limit emissions by average of 5.2% from
1990 levels by 2012
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
KYOTO SIGNATORIES
Australia**, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria*, Canada, Croatia*,
Czech Republic*, Denmark, Estonia*, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary*, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Latvia*, Liechenstein, Lithuania*, Luxembourg,
Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland*,
Portugal, Romania*, Russian Federation*, Slovakia*,
Slovenia*, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine*, United
Kingdom, United States of America**
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
% Target
 All European countries except those listed below: -8 %

 USA: -7 %

 Canada, Japan, Hungary, Poland: -6 %

 Croatia: -5 %

 Russian Federation, Ukraine, New Zealand: 0%

 Norway: +1 %

 Australia: +8 %

 Iceland: +10 %

 "Annex 1" :total-5 %

 Other countries no target

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Emission Trading
 Emissions trading works by allowing countries to buy
and sell their agreed allowances of greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Highly polluting countries can buy unused "credits"
from those which are allowed to emit more than they
actually do.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
OZONE DEPLETION
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
FORMULA FOR OZONE LOSS
1. Production of chlorine radicals
CFCl3 + hv CFCl2 + Cl

2. Reaction with ozone

Cl + O3  ClO + O2
ClO + O3  Cl + 2O2
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
 The first global agreement to restrict CFCs came with
the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 ultimately
aiming to reduce them by half by the year 2000.

 It was anticipated that these limitations would lead to

a recovery of the ozone layer within 50 years of 2000;
the World Meteorological Organization estimated
2045 but recent investigations suggest the problem is
perhaps on a much larger scale than anticipated.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES
 Air-to-fuel ratio close to stoichiometric point
 Catalytic Converter
 Reduction Catalyst – to remove NOx
 Oxidation Catalyst – to remove CO
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT
 Aka RA 8749
 Aims to monitor exhaust from mobile and stationary
sources
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
 Scavengers
 First Recyclers
 New Packaging Technologies
 MSW Barged to Oceans
 Incineration
 Landfilling
 Integrated municipal solid waste management
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
 Scavengers
 First Recyclers
 New Packaging Technologies
 MSW Barged to Oceans
 Incineration
 Landfilling
 Integrated municipal solid waste management
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Safe and efficient landfill management
 Recovery of more valuable products from waste
 Practice of 3Rs
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
LANDFILL
 Dump - an open hole in the ground where trash is
buried and that has various animals (rats, mice, birds)
swarming around. (This is most people's idea of a
landfill!)
 Landfill - carefully designed structure built into or on
top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the
surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This
isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and
daily covering of soil.
 Sanitary landfill - landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate
the trash from the environment
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
LANDFILL
 Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill - uses a synthetic
(plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a
way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be
kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under
these conditions, trash will not decompose much. A
landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is
to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose
quickly.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
COMPOSTING
 is a method for treating solid waste in which organic
material is broken down by microorganisms in the
presence of oxygen to a point where it can be safely
stored, handled and applied to the environment.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
INCINERATION
 Incineration is an environmentally and technically
superior method of waste disposal, offering:
 Reliability
 Safety
 Efficiency
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
NON-COMBUSTION TECHNIQUES
 Biogasification
 Pyrolysis
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
R.A. 9003
 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act