Objective:-Study& Observe the of sampling and Reconstruction of

signal.

Apparatus Required:-

1. ST2101 with power supply cord.

2. CRO with connecting probe.

3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-

The Sampling Theorem states that a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is sampled
at a frequency Fs, where Fs is greater than twice the maximum frequency Fmax in the
signal’s > 2· Fmax The frequency 2· Fmax is called the Nyquist sampling rate. Half of
this value, Fmax, is sometimes called the Nyquist frequency. The sampling theorem is
considered to have been articulated by Nyquist in 1928 and mathematically proven by
Shannon in 1949. Some books use the term "Nyquist Sampling Theorem", and others
use "Shannon Sampling Theorem". They are in fact the same sampling theorem. The
signals which are required to be transmitted as information is known as information
signal and in the case of voice communication this will be a continuously changing
signal containing speech information. The aim of the kit is to transmit the signals in
digital form and is to reproduce this information signal in analog form at the receiving
end of the communication system with the help of sampling and reconstruction
trainer. In the exercises to follow, you will simulate audio signal by a 1 KHz test
signal provided On-board. The repetitive, non-changing waveform does not contain
information. Provided the frequency of the test-signal lies within the frequency range
which an information signal will occupy, a test signal of this type can be extremely
helpful in system analysis and testing The voice signals are limited to the range 300
Hz to 3.4 KHz, a 1 KHz frequency fits conveniently in this range and can be used to
demonstrate and test many techniques used in communication system.

Fig-1

.
Fig-2
Fig-3
Fig-4
Fig-5
Conclusion:

1. For transmitting the signal if a sample and hold amplifier is used just before the

Transmission channel, the signal will be less suffered from distortion as compared to

when only sample amplifier is used.

Objective:- To study and observe the Pulse Amplitude Modulation.
Apparatus Required:-

1. ST2110 with power supply cord

2. CRO with connecting probe

3. Connecting cords

Theory:-
Pulse modulation may be used to transmit information, such as continuous speech or
data. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals.
Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times, together
With any synchronizing pulses that may be required. At the receiving end, the original
waveforms may be reconstituted from the information regarding the samples, if these
are taken frequently enough. In pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) the amplitude of
the pulses are varied in accordance with the modulating signal. In true sense, pulse
amplitude modulation is analog in nature but it forms the basis of most digital
communication and modulation systems. The pulse modulation systems require
analog information to be sampled at predetermined intervals of time. Sampling is a
process of taking the instantaneous value of the analog information at a predetermined
time interval. A sampled signal consists of a train of pulses, where each pulse
corresponds to the amplitude of the signal at the corresponding sampling time. The
signal sent to line is modulated in amplitude and hence the name Pulse Amplitude
Modulation.
Fig-1
Fig-3
Objective : - To Study and Observe The Pulse Position Modulation And
Demodulation .
Apparatus Required:-
1. ST2110 with power supply cord

2. CRO with connecting probe

3. Connecting cords

Theory:-
The Amplitude and width of the pulses is kept constant in this system while the
position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse is
varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. Pulse-position
modulation has the advantage of requiring constant transmitter power output. And the
disadvantage of depending on transmitter and receiver is synchronization.

Fig-1

Pulse position modulation system the message is recovered by a low pass filter. The

type of filter used is very important, as the signal above the cut-off frequency would

affect the recovered signal if they were not attenuated sufficiently So, This is the half-
power point of the filter i.e. at frequency =RC, the output power decreases to half of

the input power. This is also known as the cutoff frequency (Fc). The filter not only

causes amplitude but a change in phase is also experienced. A typical response of a

low pass filter is as s

Fig-2
Procedure:-
Fig-3
Objective: - To Study and Observe The Pulse Width Modulation.
Apparatus Required:-

1. ST2110 with power supply cord

2. CRO with connecting probe

3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a modulation process or technique used in most
communication systems for encoding the amplitude of a signal right into a pulse width
or duration of another signal, usually a carrier signal, for transmission. Although
PWM is also used in communications, its main purpose is actually to control the
power that is supplied to various types of electrical devices, most especially to inertial
loads such as AC/DC motors.
Fig-1
Fig-2
Objective: - To study and Observe the Delta Modulation Techniques.
Apparatus Required:-
1. ST2105 with power supply cord.

2. CRO with connecting probe.

3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-
Delta modulation uses a single bit PCM code to achieve digital transmission of analog
signals with conventional PCM each code is binary representation of both the sign and
magnitude of a particular sample. With delta modulation, rather than transmit a coded
representation of the sample, only a single bit is transmitted which indicates whether
that sample is larger or smaller than the previous sample. The algorithm for a delta
modulation system is quite simple If the current sample is smaller than the previous
sample, a logic 0 is transmitted. If the current sample is larger than the previous
sample, logic 1 is transmitted. The, input analog is sampled and converted to a PAM
signal, which is compared to the output of the DAC. The output of the DAC is a
voltage equal to the regenerated magnitude of the previous sample, which was stored
in the up/down counter as a binary number, The up/down counter is incremented or
decremented depending on whether the previous sample is larger or smaller than the
current sample. The up/down counter is clocked at a rate equal to the sample rate.
Therefore, the up/down counter is updated after each comparison.
Block Diagram

Fig-1
Fig-2
Fig-3
Objective: - To Study and Observe the of pulse code modulation and
Demodulation.
Apparatus Required:-
1. ST2105 with power supply cord.

2. CRO with connecting probe.

3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-
Pulse Code Modulation is known as digital pulse modulation technique. In fact, the
pulse code modulation technique that the message signal is subjected to a great
number of operations. It consists of 3 main parts i.e., transmitter, transmission path
and receiver. The essential operations in the transmitter of a PCM system are
sampling, quantizing and encoding. Sampling is the operation in which an analog
signal is sampled according to the sampling theorem resulting in a discrete time
signal. The quantizing and encoding operations are usually performed in the same
circuit which is known as an ADC. Also, the essential operations in the receiver are
regeneration of impaired signals, decoding and demodulation of the train of quantized
samples. These operations are usually performed in the same circuit which is known
as digital to analog converter. Further at intermediate points along the transmission
route from the transmitter to the receiver, regenerative repeaters are used to
reconstruct the transmitted sequence of coded pulses in order to combat the
accumulated effects of signal distortion and noise. The quantization refers to the use
of a finite set of amplitude levels and the selection of a level nearest to a particular
sample value of the message signal as the representation the system at transmission in
which sampled and quantized values of an analog signal are transmitted via a
sequence of code words is called Pulse Code Modulation. Two most commonly used
versions are the differential pulse code modulation and delta modulation. The PCM
communication system is shown in Fig1. In the circuit is often called an analog to
digital converter. The functional block that performs the task of accepting binary
digits and generating appropriate sequences of levels is called a digital to analog
converter. The bandwidth of PCM will be much greater than that of the message.
PCM is used to convert analog signals to binary form. Low pass filter may be used to
reduce the quantization noise and it yields the original message signal

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig: 1

Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation Circuit

Fig-2
Fig-3

Fig-4
Fig-5
Objective: - To Study and observe the Time Division Multiplexing.

Apparatus Required:-
1. ST2105 with power supply cord.
2. CRO with connecting probe.
3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-
In PAM, PPM the pulse is present for a short duration and for most of the time
between the two pulses no signal is present. This free space between the pulses can be
occupied by pulses from other channels. This is known as Time Division
Multiplexing. Thus, time division multiplexing makes maximum utilization of the
transmission channel. Each channel to be transmitted is passed through the low pass
filter. The outputs of the low pass filters are connected to the rotating sampling switch
(or) commutator. It takes the sample from each channel per revolution and rotates at
the rate of f s. Thus the sampling frequency becomes fs the single signal composed
due to multiplexing of input channels. These channels signals are then passed through
low pass reconstruction filters. If the highest signal frequency present in all the
channels is fm, then by sampling theorem, the sampling frequency fs must be such
that fs≥2fm. Therefore, the time space between successive samples from any one input
will be Ts=1/fs, and Ts 1/2fm.
Model Waveform

Multiplexed Output Waveform

Objective: -To generate the waveforms of Amplitude Shift Keying.

Apparatus Required:-
1. ST2101 with power supply cord.

2. CRO with connecting probe.

3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-
The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in
wireless telegraphy. In a binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by
transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc
for the bit duration Tb where as binary symbol 0 is represented by switching of the
carrier for Tb seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the carrier of a
sinusoidal oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the
modulating pulse train. For this reason the scheme is also known as on-off shift
testing. Let the sinusoidal carrier can be represented by Ec (t) =Ac cos (2Πfct) then
the binary ASK signal can be represented by a wave s(t) given by S(t) = then the
binary ASK signal can be represented by a wave s(t) given by S(t) = Accos(2Πfct),
symbol 1 ASK signal can be generated by applying the incoming binary data and the
sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product modulator The resulting output is the
ASK wave. The ASK signal which is basically product. of the binary sequence and
carrier signal has a same as that of base band signal but shifted in the frequency
domain by ±fc. The band width of ASK.
Circuit Diagram
Model Waveforms

(a)
 (b)

Fig: 2 Waveforms of (a) Carrier signal (b) Data signal & ASK wave
Objective: - To generate the waveforms of phase shift keying.
Apparatus Required:-

1. ST2110 with power supply cord

2. CRO with connecting probe

3. Connecting cords.

Theory:-
Circuit diagram of PSK as shown in Fig.1. The phase of carrier is shifted between two
values is called Phase Shift Keying. The amplitude of carrier remains constant. Phase
Shift Keying is also called Phase Reversal Keying. The performance of PSK is more
than ASK. PSK is a non linear modulation. PSK needs a complicated. Synchronous
circuit at the receiver. The bandwidth of PSK is 2fm.

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig: 1 Phase Shift Keying Circuit

Model Waveforms:-

(a)

(b)
 ©
Fig: 2 Waveforms of (a) Carrier signal (b) Modulating signal (c) PSK output
Objective: - Study& Observe the of Differential pulse code modulation
and Demodulation.

Apparatus Required:-

1. ST2113, DPCM Trainer Board

2. CRO.
3. Patch Cords, etc.
Theory: - In this DPCM instead of transmitting a base band signal m(t) we send the
difference signal of Kth sample and (k-1) th sample value. The advantage here is
fewer levels are required to quantize the difference than the required to quantize m(t)
and correspondingly, fewer bits will be needed to encode the levels. If we know the
post behavior of a signal up to a certain time, it is possible to make some interference
about its future values this is called prediction. The filte designed to perform the
prediction is called a predictor. The difference between the interest and the predictor
o/p is called the prediction error.

Circuit Diagram:-
 RUSTAMJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BSF ACADEMY TEKANPUR
Subject– Digital-Communication (EC-5002)

(1) To study and Observe the Sampling and Reconstruction of

Modulating Signal.

(2) To study and Observe The Pulse Amplitude Modulation..

(3) To study and Observe the Pulse Position Modulation.

(4) To Study and Observe The Pulse Width Modulation.

(5) To study and Observe the Delta Modulation Techniques.

(6) To study and Observe the Pulse code Modulation.

(7) To study and Observe the Time Division Multiplexing.

(8) To study and Observe the Amplitude Shift Keying.

(9) To study and Observe the Phase Shift Keying.

(10) To study and Observe the Differential pulse code

modulation.