DRAFT REPORT

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN, HETAUDA

SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY-11, NAWALPUR, MAKWANPUR,
PROVINCE-3, NEPAL

Submitted To
MINISTRY OF FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENT, NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL
GARDEN, SURYAVINAYAK, BHAKTAPUR, NEPAL

CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION KOTESHWOR,

KATHMANDU, NEPAL
MAY, 2019

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Acronym

ALPZA Latin American Zoo and Aquarium Association

AMACZOOA Association of Meso American and Caribbean Zoos and Aquaria. Regional
association for Meso America

AAZV AAZV : American Association of zoo veterinarians

BZCF, Buffer zone community forest

CM Chief Minister

CHCFUG Charpala Community Forest User Group

DCFEC Dangdunge Community forest executive committee

DFSC Department of Forest and Soil Conservation

DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

DEM Digital Elevation Model

EAZA European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. Regional association for all of
Europe:

FD Forest Directorate

GIS Global Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

IUCN International Union for the Conservation ofNature

JCFUG Jiteshwory Community Forest User Group

MLA Member of Legislative Assembly

MITFE Ministry of Industries , Tourism and Forest and Environment

RZG Ramapithecus Zoological garden

PAAZAB Pan African Association of Zoological Gardens, Aquaria and Botanical

Gardens Regional association for all of Africa

PBZCFEC Parivartan buffer zone community forest executive committee

SEAZA South East Asian Zoos Association. Regional association for South East
Asia

WWF World wildlife Fund

WAZA World Association of Zoos and Aquariums

ZG Zoological garden

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page

Abbreviations

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Zoo Development.......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2 International and Regional Zoo ............................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3 In Nepal ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINE ....................................................................................................... 11
1.4 RELEVANCY OF STUDY ........................................................................................................................................ 11
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 12
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................................................... 12
1.7 SCOPE OF THE REPORT ...................................................................................................................................... 13
2. TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 13
2.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2 METHODS AND MATERIALS .............................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Desk review and direct/indirect consultation ................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Synthesis of desk review and consultation ....................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Field planning and assessment .............................................................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Field study and primary data collection ............................................................................................. 14
2.2.3 Data analysis and results .................................................................................................................. 15
3. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................ 16
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 18
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 21
5.1: ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL ASPECT ....... 21
5.1.2 Physical aspects of the area:.................................................................................................................. 21
5.1.3 Biological (Flora and Fauna) ................................................................................................................... 22
5.3.2 Uses ................................................................................................................................................................. 23
5.3.3 Conservation significance ........................................................................................................................ 23
5.4 FAUNA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5.3.4 Socio-economic and cultural aspects of the area ........................................................................... 24
5.2 ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE FOR INFRASTRUTURE DEVELOPMET AT ZG. ................................... 27
5.4: EXPLORING AREA FOR ANIMAL SPECIES IN ZG. ..................................................................................... 31
5.5. ASSESSMENT FOOD AND WATER AVAILABILITY FOR ZOO AND ORPHAN ANIMALS ................... 33
5.5 .1 Space and area .......................................................................................................................................... 33
5.5.2 Fodder and Grasses ................................................................................................................................... 34
5.5.3 Meat, fish and fruit market ..................................................................................................................... 34
5.5.4 Specialized food production within the zoo ....................................................................................... 35
5.5.5 Water source and supply ......................................................................................................................... 35
5.5.6 Safety .............................................................................................................................................................. 35
5.5.7 Animal welfare ............................................................................................................................................. 36
5.5.8 Emergencies ................................................................................................................................................. 36
5.5.9 Animal Health ............................................................................................................................................... 37
5.5.10 Animal quarantine and rescue center ............................................................................................... 39
5.5.12 Waste disposal........................................................................................................................................... 40
5.5.13 Public relations .......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.5.15 Administrative and Staffing Pattern .................................................................................................. 41
5.5.16 Feasibility Study Concluding Section ................................................................................................ 41
5.5.17 Methods used in feasibility study ....................................................................................................... 43
5.5.17 Feasibility Findings................................................................................................................................... 44
5.5.18 Cost Benefit analysis ............................................................................................................................... 47
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 48
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Also add a list of all material (tables, figures, illustrations, annexes) used within the doc.

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 Executive Summary

Today, wildlife habitats are under severe pressure and a large number of species of wild fauna has
become endangered, the zoos have not only to sustain their own populations but also augment the
depleting populations of endangered species in the wild. This new role has been acknowledged by the
global conservation community and Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Federal Government of Nepal brought a policy and budget program for Fiscal year 2016/17 to establish
Zoological garden/Park in each province of Nepal. Based on this policy National Zoological Garden,
Suryavinayak, Bhaktpur approved the proposal submitted by CODEFUND Koteshwor, Kathmandu for
Feasibility Study of Zoological garden at Nawalpur, Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City-11, Makawanpur,
Province -3

Nepal government has officially declared only 3 zoos in Nepal so far. These are, the central zoo
Jawalkhel, National Zoological Garden, Suryavinayak, Bhaktapur, and Bhanubhakta Zoological garden,
Tanahu. The area occupied by these parks are 245.16 and 400 ha respectively. The Central zoo can be
categorized as a Mini Zoo where as the other two zoos can be categorized as large Zoo on the basis of
land area occupied.

The Central zoo has 1.2 million annual visitors and is serving Nepalese people since half a century. The
other two zoos are still under construction phase and will require several years to be completed and
open to the general public. Importance of zoological gardens and recreation centers outside Kathmandu
valley have been emphasized now a days as all the citizens are not able to visit the capital to see the
wildlife at the zoos. Further more, the rural peoples are not able to visit national parks and wildlife
reserves where wildlife are preserved because of time, expenses and distance. Therefore zoos and its
animals can empathise peoples and provide knowledge and importance of in-situ conservation.

Hetauda, the capital of province-3, in inner Terai physiographic region of Nepal has occupied about
20,303.02 km2 (13.7%) of area with a population of 5,529,452 and 10809.78 km 2 forested land. Out of
total 2,443.66 km2 area of the district it has been harboring 1,672.16 km2 of forest land including forest
encroachment. The total population of Makwanpur is 420,477.

There is a large human population in this province and in this district, but there is only two zoological
gardens in this province-3 of which central mini zoo is in operation. Province 3 has four protected areas
namely Chitwan, Parsa, Shivpuri-Nagarjun and Lantang National Park. These national parks are located
at far and remote areas from the majority of human population being expensive and inaccessible for the
common people to visit and explore the wildlife and nature.

Establishment of provincial zoological garden in Hetauda sub-metropolitan city-11 will provide recreation
and amusement to the people of province-3 as well as province 2 aiding eco-tourism activities in future.
This zoological garden will have the potential to attract tourist from Chitwan and Parsa National Parks
and from many close by Indian cities (Raxaul , Motihari, Muzafferpur, Patana). There is ample future of
the zoo being self-sustained and significant economic contribution to the local community forest user
group and local peoples generated through employment and tourism activities.

This ZG also contributes in in-situ conservation through wildlife management providing comfortable and
spacious enclosures for rescued wild animals in the region. It will be the mini-home for the animals like
carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, reptiles, birds and insects.

The proposed areas allocated for ZG is about 69.3 ha (Parivartan BZCF) plus 15.6 ha (Dangdunge CF)
and some other areas may also be included for the extension of existing Shahid Smarak. The proposed
areas of ZG is also connected to the buffer zone of Parsa National Park and Churre hill forest which
offers additional opportunity of trekking through nature trails and viewing and experiencing wildlife
ecosystem in the Parsa National Park.

The people living surrounding the proposed ZG may establish hotel and lodges and get opportunity to
earn ample of money which uplifted their economic condition. The full-fledged establishment of the zoo
creates tourism market for Hetauda Sub-metropolitan city also. The establishment and management of
ZG also provide opportunity to conserve various flora and fauna in the areas.

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Rapti River and Kukhureni brooklet are perennial source of water for the animals if the zoo is established
at Brindaban area. The water of these rivers also filled the water pond for boating to the visitors. Scarcity
of water supply in Zoo due to dry season water could be lifted from Rapti River for the scarcity demand.

Recreational facilities that has already been established at Shahid Smarak such as Shahid Smiriti
Stamba, Shahid Gallary, Madan Batika, Democratic Park, Thaha Stupa, Communication center, mini-
zoo, Water fountain, Observation tower, Children garden, Devi temple, Marriage and picnic shades huts,
Green houses, Swimming pond can be kept intact if it is upgraded to a Zoological garden. About 400000
(four lacs) tourists visit this Shahid Smarak Park annually. Mostly children, students including adult
people are visit this park. Visitors also come from Bihar state of India and some from foreign country.
Visitors are increasing at the average rate of 19% annually.

A total of 33 administrative and technical staff (16 permanent, 3 temporary, 8 on contract and 6 on daily
wages) are working at SS Hetauda. Out the main source of incomes are members fees, parking fees,
swimming pond fees, picnic shade fees, film shooting fees, entry fees, shutter on rent fees, children park
fees, marriage and Bratavandh fees and seedlings sales. The SS earned NRs 2, 3,500,000 in VS
2073/2074 from the above mentioned activities.

The main purpose of the report is that the proposed ZG is feasible or not feasible for the proposed
Hetauda Sub-metropolitan city-11 Nawalpur in Sarshwoti CF.

This research is most important for the people of Hetauda Sub-metropolitan city- 11 Nawalpur, for the
TU Institute of Forestry Hetauda and Forestry and Agriculture University Hetauda. These above
stakeholders will be benefited from the establishment of ZG for the research and conservation education.
This SS has been directly managed by Shahid Smarak Development Committee Nawalpur Hetauda-11.
This research is beneficial to other users in terms of enjoy with recreation and amusement from the
observation of charismatic wild animals in the zoo.

As the area of Shahid Smarak is only about 21 ha and about 90% area has been already occupied by the
recreational infrastructures, the area for keeping animals will be insufficient. Therefore addition of some
part of Dangdunge Community forest east of SS, and connection to Parivartan BZCF of Parsa National
Park, Gumba and Mandir Religious forest and some part of Brindvan Botanical Garden can be taken for
displaying mega animals and more recreational facilities are advised. Collaborations between all these
Community Forest User Groups and Parsa National park are essential to establish this ZG. Privartan BZCF
and Brindavan areas are erosion prone due to the Rapti and Kukhureni rivers and need more attention.

Based on the feasibility study such as technical, financial, legal, community response, tourism, regulation
and standards, schedule and market, etc. with extensive study and discussion with concerned stake-
holders the research team concluded and recommended that the expansion of the existing SS as
Zoological Garden is possible. Most of the infrastructures for recreational activities has been established
at the existing SS contributes to establish a provincial zoological garden in Hetauda, Makwanpur. So that
the study concluded that the establishment of provincial level zoological park is feasible based on the
ample of areas available, climatic regime suitable for sub-tropical species and the infra-structures for
recreational facilities are built.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTEXT
This report has been prepared as per the requirements stipulated by the contract agreement between
the National Zoological Garden Suryavinayak Bhaktapur, Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and
Environment (MITFE ) and Conservation Development Foundation (CODEFUND) for conducting
"Feasibility study of Zoological Garden Hetauda sub-metropolitan city-11, Nawalpur. Makwanpur ,
Province-3, Nepal. The report provides introduction, background, salient features and understanding of
the consultant about the project. It also provide objective of the study, structure of the report, scope of
the work, project description, review of the relevant policies, legislation and guidelines . It also includes
the study methology, desk study and literature review, field study and primary data collection, data
analysis and results. This report provides the result and findings, conclusion and recommendations
including reference and appendices. It also includes the approach and methodologies that was used by
the consultant while preparing the study report. Further, it provides a short introduction of the human
resource utilized and time frame for completing the assigned activities.

1.2 BACKGROUND
So far Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Environment has established 20 protected areas
(PAs) since 1973 in Nepal for the conservation and management of biological diversity (Flora and Fauna).
All the PAs can be considered as natural zoological Gardens. Protected areas system also considered as
in-situ conservation of flora and fauna whereas the zoos (Zoological Gardens) can be considered as ex-
situ conservation of fauna and flora.

1.2.1 Zoo Development

In 1853, the Zoo opened the world's first public aquarium. Downs' Zoological Gardens created by Andrew
Downs and opened to the Nova Scotia public in 1847. It was originally intended to be used as a collection
for scientific study. The first zoological garden in Australia was Melbourne Zoo in 1860.A zoo (also called
an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which all animals are housed within enclosures, displayed to
the public, and in which they may also breed. The term "zoological garden" refers to zoology, the study
of animals, a term deriving from the Greek 'zoion, "animal," and logia, "study.

Royal menageries

The predecessor of the zoological garden is the menagerie, which has a long history from the ancient
world to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at
Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 2009, of a ca. 3500 BCE menagerie. The exotic animals included hippopotami,
hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats. King Ashur-bel-kala of the Middle Assyrian Empire created
zoological and botanical gardens in the 11th century BCE. In the 2nd century BCE, the Chinese
EmpressTanki had a "house of deer" built, and King Wen of Zhou kept a 1,500-acre (6.1 km2) zoo called
Ling-Yu, or the Garden of Intelligence. Other well-known collectors of animals included King Solomon of
the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, queen Semiramis and King Ashurbanipal of Assyria, and King
Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia. By the 4th century BCE, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states;
Alexander the Great is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to
Greece. The Roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena, the
latter faring notoriously poorly. The 19th-century historian W. E. H. Lecky wrote of the Roman games,
first held in 366 BCE:

Enlightenment Era

The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the Tiergarten Schönbrunn in Vienna, Austria. It was
constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I,
husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Schönbrunn Palace.
The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but
was made accessible to the public in 1765.In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo

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inside the Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from the
royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The Kazan Zoo, the first zoo
in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of Kazan State University Karl Fuchs.

The modern zoo

Until the early 19th century, the function of the zoo was often to symbolize royal power, like King Louis
XIV's menagerie at Versailles. The modern zoo that emerged in the early 19th century at Halifax,
London, Paris and Dublin, was focused on providing educational exhibits to the public for entertainment
and inspiration.A growing fascination for natural history and zoology, coupled with the tremendous
expansion in the urbanization of London, led to a heightened demand for a greater variety of public
forms of entertainment to be made available. The need for public entertainment, as well as the
requirements of scholarly research, came together in the founding of the first modern zoos.

1.2.2 International and Regional Zoo

London Zoo

London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It was opened in London on 27 April 1828, and was
originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. In 1831 or 1832, the animals of the
Tower of London menagerie were transferred to the zoo's collection. It was eventually opened to the
public in 1847. Today, it houses a collection of 673 species of animals, with 19,289 individuals, making it
one of the largest collections in the United Kingdom. The zoo is sometimes called Regent's Zoo.It is
managed under the aegis of the Zoological Society of London (established in 1826), and is situated at
the northern edge of Regent's Park, on the boundary line between the City of Westminster and the
borough of Camden (the Regent's Canal runs through it). The Society also has a more spacious site at
ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire to which the larger animals such as elephants and rhinos have been
moved. As well as being the first scientific zoo, ZSL London Zoo also opened the first Reptile house
(1849), first public Aquarium (1853), first insect house (1881) and the first children's zoo (1938).

National Zoological Park Delhi

The National Zoological Park (originally Delhi Zoo) is a 176-acre (71 ha) zoo near the Old Fort in Delhi,
India. A 16th-century citadel, a sprawling green island and a motley collection of animals and birds, all in
the middle of a burgeoning urban Delhi. The zoo is home to about 1350 animals representing almost 130
species of animals and birds from around the world. The zoo can be seen on foot or using a battery-
operated vehicle which can be rented at the zoo. Visitors are not permitted to bring any food other than
drinking water, but there is a canteen in the zoo. In 2014 a visitor was killed as he had fallen into the
white tigers enclosure, leading to questions about visitor and animal safety at the zoo.

ZooAmerica

ZooAmerica is a zoo located in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. The zoo was founded in 1910 by
Milton S. Hershey with a few animals, including bears, birds, and deer. Today, the zoo covers 11 acres
and is home to more than 75 species and 200 individual animals, including some that are rare and
endangered.The zoo is privately controlled by the Hershey Trust Company and is connected to Hershey
Park. ZooAmerica is also an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and the
World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).

n 1905, Franz and Louise Zinner moved to Lebanon, Pennsylvania, from Weisenberg, Germany. Mr.
Zinner was unable to keep the 12 prairie dogs which he had been given by a friend, so he gave them to
Milton S. Hershey who went on to use them as an attraction at Hershey Park. In 1910, Mr. Zinner
received a black bear from the same friend and once again, it was given to Hershey. With the acquisition
of another animal, Hershey decided to build a zoo that included bears, birds, deer, and other animals.

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After a century (1932) of the establishment of the first zoo in the world, due to the hubby of then rulers
the Jawalekhel zoo was started which is the only zoo of Nepal. Community forests also initiated the
animal facility areas for the protection of orphanage and injured wildlife. To address the community-
based initiations; recent strategies & plan and government decisions are providing priorities to establish
modern zoos. To conserve threatened flora and fauna and to educate people

The 'Earth Summit' in Rio in 1992 set out 27 principles for sustainable development, including Agenda
21, and the subsequently developed ISO 14000; these principles address environmental management
and pollution prevention. Then the role of zoos expanded from living museums to one of modern
conservation centres, where education, research and captive breeding and reintroduction programs are
undertaken, over and beyond purely recreational activities.

1.2.3 In Nepal
To date, Nepal government has officially declared only 3 zoos in Nepal so far. These are, the central zoo
Jawalkhel Lalitur National Zoological garden, Suryavinayak Bhaktapur and Bhanubhakta zoological
Garden, Tanahu. The area occupied by these Gardens are 6, 245.16 and 400 ha respectively. The Central
zoo can be categorized as a Mini Zoo where as the other two zoos can be categorized as Large Zoo on
the basis of land area occupied (CZA, 2014).

Only one zoo that is in operation currently in Nepal is the central zoo at Jawalakhel , Lalitpur. Other two
zoo are still under construction and may take time for its functionaning. Only these limited number of
zoos are not sufficient to address and educate the increasing population of Nepal; further such
recreation and education centers are lacking outside kathmandu valley.

The Central Zoo is situated Jawalakhel, Lalitpur district Nepal. It is home to some 1050 animals 0f 118
species, including 15 of 38 endangered local species including Royal Bengal tigers and One-horned
rhinoceros, as well as many animals from around the world including hippos, siamang, ostriches, and
many birds. It also includes an aquarium for subtropical fish. Mammals : species 33 and number of
animals is 264. . Reptile: 9 species and number of animal is 31. Birds: 52 species and number of animals
is 694. 24 species and number of fishes is 70and is operated by the National Trust for Nature
Conservation (NTNC). Although it was originally a private zoo, it was opened to the public in 1956.
During the Bhoto Jatra festival, celebrated near the zoo, the zoo may see upwards of 34,000 visitors in a
single day after they come to see a historical jeweled vest at the culmination of the Rato
Machchhindranath jatra. The Central Zoo was established in 1932 by Rana Prime Minister Juddha
Shumser as a private zoo, and came under government control in 1950. It was opened to the public in
1956, and in December 1955 government handed over responsibility of the zoo to the National Trust for
Nature Conservation. Although work is not complete, the NTNC has been upgrading the facilities so that
animals can live in larger enclosures that simulate their natural environment. It is also working towards
turning the zoo into a research and educational facility, as well as remaining a tourist attraction.

The human population of Nepal becomes about 28 million. Only a mini zoo has been in full-fledged
function. Three of the zoos, two has been established in Kathmandu valley but the majority human
population are residing outside the Kathmandu valley. Only these above zoos could not provide the
service for the people of whole country.

Our country is a mountainous so the people living in the remote village can’t visit Kathmandu easily and
visit the zoo. Wild animals are mostly confined to the protected areas and in the forest areas so very few
people have been getting chance to observe the wild animals such as Bengal tiger, rhinoceros, bears and
other animals. The human can be empathized on wild animals’ after the observation in the zoo which
contributes wildlife in In-situ conservation.

Principally, the zoological garden should manage its area by allocating 30 percent as green belt, 30
percent for animal enclosures and exhibits and 40% for the parking, entrance and exit gates, rest rooms,
drinking water for visitors, veterinary hospital and rescue center, administrative buildings, etc. Sufficient
water supply, electricity, enough space, and trained administrative and technical staffs are prerequisites
for establishing a zoological garden (Indian Zoo, 2014)

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 Federal Government of Nepal brought a policy and budget program for Fiscal year 2016/17 to establish
Zoological garden/Park in each province of Nepal. This study was started in March 2019 after the
agreement between CODEFUND and National Zoological Garden, Suryavinayak. The wildlife expert,
Zoologist/Zoo expert, veterinarian experienced in wildlife management, botanist, architecture and
landscape engineer and GIS expert were involved in this feasibility study. A workshop was conducted in
Hetauda sub-metropolitan city hall and 33 participants of different disciplines (representative of political
parties, executive members of BZCF and CF, representative of Ministry of Commerce, Tourism and Forest
and Environment, Chief conservation officer and Assistant conservation officer of PNP) participated in the
discussion. Most of the participants agreed to establish the Zoological garden in the proposed area.

Today when wildlife habitats are under severe pressure and a large number of species of wild fauna have
become endangered, the zoos have not only to sustain their own populations but also augment the
depleting populations of endangered species in the wild. This new role has been acknowledged by the
global conservation community and Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The existing Shahid Smarak (SS) is located in the base of Churia range. So the area is undulating and
sloppy. The most of the areas out of 21 ha have been occupied by the recreational facilities, such as
Stambha, children park, swimming pool, Shahid research centre, picnic spots, marriage and ceremonial
huts and a very little space is available for display and animals enclosures. The extension of SS as a
zoological garden needs extra suitable landscape. The expert team visited the most feasible optional
areas -Dangdunge CF which is adjacent to the east of SS which is suitable for the small animals and a
15.6 ha. area is available; the 2nd optional area, the Parivartan Buffer Zone Community Forest (BZCF)
located 2 km south of the SS is a suitable area for the large animals where 69.3 ha forest land is
available. The third optional area is Gumba and Mandir Religious Forest adjoined to the Parivartan BZCF
where 54 ha forest land is available and the fourth option is some portion land is Brindavan Botanical
Garden which is connected with the Parivartan Buffer Zone Community Forest.

Growing social consciousness and understanding for the protection of wild animal with their habitats led
to concern on animal welfare which directed to a fundamental change in the role of modern zoos.
Culminating with the Río Earth Summit (1992)1 which increased awareness of civil society provided some
directions in the zoo sector. The 'Earth Summit' in Rio in 1992 set out 27 principles for sustainable
development, including Agenda 21, and the subsequently developed ISO 14000; these principles address
environmental management and pollution prevention. Then the role of zoos expanded from living
museums to one of modern conservation centers, where education, research and captive breeding and
reintroduction programs are undertaken, over and beyond purely recreational activities.

1 Safari park, aquaria, roadside zoos, petting zoos and animal theme park
2 Rio Earth Summit (1992) pursues “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components
and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources...” Under Article 9
of the CBD, zoological parks can play a valuable role in the conservation of biodiversity, especially in relation to the
measures to be adopted regarding ex-situ conservation. This Article outlines the ex-situ conservation measures that
each contracting party of the CBD shall adopt. Zoos can contribute specifically to measures (b), (c) and (d). Article 9,
Convention on Biological Diversity- Ex situ Conservation Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as
appropriate, and predominantly for the purpose of complementing in situ measures:

a. Adopt measures for the ex-situ conservation of components of biological diversity, preferably in the country of
origin of such components;
b. Establish and maintain facilities for ex-situ conservation of and research on plants, animals and micro-
organisms, preferably in the country of origin of genetic resources;
c. Adopt measures for the recovery and rehabilitation of threatened species and for their reintroduction into their
natural habitats under appropriate conditions;
d. Regulate and manage collection of biological resources from natural habitats for ex situ conservation purposes so as
not to threaten ecosystems and in situ populations of species, except where special temporary ex situ measures are
required under subparagraph (c) above; and Cooperate in providing financial and other support
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After a century (1932) of the establishment of the first zoo2 in the world, due to the hubby of then rulers,
the Jawalekhel zoo was started which is the only zoo of Nepal 3. Community forests also initiated the
animal facility areas or rescue centers for the protection of orphaned and injured wildlife. To address the
community based initiations recent strategies & plan and government decisions 4 are providing priorities
to establish modern zoos. To conserve threatened flora and fauna and to educate people, Nepal
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020)5 directed to establish three modern zoos by 2020.

1.3 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINE

Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020)6 directed to establish three modern zoos by
2020. The national and international Act, Guideline and policies related to the Zoological garden were
reviewed .Following are some guidelines and act are given below. For detail some Policy, Guideline and
strategies are given in Annex 1

1. National Parks and Conservation Act 2029 (Fifth Amendment 2073) Following Clauses of the Act
permits to the people;

a) As per Clause 15 (Ka), Nepal Government can provide permit to rear wild animals for the research
work, breeding and commercial purposes.

b) Article 15 (Kha) of NPWC Act, 2029 the (5th Amendment 2073), has provided rights to rear particular
species of wild animals for research work or educational exhibition on prior permission of Nepal
Government.

c) Article 15 (Ga) of NPWC Act 2029 (5th Amendment 2073), have provided rights to community forestry
to establish Zoo, Wildlife Rescue Centre, and Animal Hospital with prior permission of Nepal Government.

2. The National Zoological Garden Operation Guidline VS 2072 Nepal was approved approved by
Honorable Minister, Nepal Government.

3. Design Guidelines for Zoos, Rommel Mehta PhD , Published by the Central Zoo Authority B-1, 6th
Floor, Pt. Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003.
2018https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.aazv.org/resource/resmgr files/ aazvveterinaryguidelines 2016.pdf

4. General Guidelines for Preliminary Feasibility Studies (fifth edition) December 2008 Public and Private
Infrastructure Investment Management Center (PIMAC) https://www.kdi.re.kr
/kdi_eng/kdicenter/general_guidelines_for_pfs.pdf

5. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, Master plan 2012-31, National Zoological
Garden New Delhi , India http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/ zoos/plan/english/nzpmp.pdf

1.4 RELEVANCY OF STUDY

Our country is a mountainous so the people living in the remote village can’t visit Kathmandu easily and
visit the zoo. Wild animals are mostly confined to the protected areas and in the forest areas so very few

3.-------------------------------------------------------------------Missing

4
Budget plan of FY 2016/17 announced to establish at least one modern zoo in each federal state (n = 7).
5
NBSAP (2-14-2020): Under theme 5.4.2 Management of Forest Biodiversity outside Protected Area; FB Strategy E3
stated “strengthening ex-situ conservation of threatened fauna by establishing at least two new, modern zoos at
suitable locations”.

Under theme 5.5.13 Communication, Extension and Outreach; CEO Strategy B2 stated “use of multipurpose
nurseries, modern zoos, freshwater aquarium and botanical gardens to educate people about the ecology and
behaviors of indigenous and threatened flora and fauna and their relation to human being”.

11
people have been getting chance to observe the wild animals such as Bengal tiger, rhinoceros, bears and
other animals. The human can be empathized on wild animals’ after the observation in the zoo which
contributes wildlife in In-situ conservation.

Federal Government of Nepal brought a policy and budget program for Fiscal year 2016/17 to establish
zoological garden/Garden in each province of the country (Budget speech FY 2016/17, point 142 page
16).

Zoos in the 21st century acknowledge the need to conserve biodiversity. Mankind cannot foresee the after
effects of collapsing ecosystems, therefore zoos aim to cooperate with colleagues all over the world to
support a large range of conservation efforts. A lot of plant and animal species have become threatened
with extinction due to human activities. Zoos highlight flagship species - charismatic animals that
represent an ecosystem, the conservation of which would protect the future of less charismatic species
that share the habitat.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The overall objective of the study is to conduct feasibility study and detail survey with conceptual
framework for Zoological garden in Hetauda sub-metropolitan city at Shahid Smarak (Box-1). The
specific objectives include:

 Collection of baseline information on physical, biological (Flora and Fauna), socio-economic and
cultural aspects of the area.

 To carry out the study of the landscape of the area for the necessary infrastructure development
in the zoological garden.

 To find out the suitable wildlife species in the exhibition for the zoological garden.

 Assess the areas needed for each animal species to be kept in the zoological garden.

 Assess of Food and water availability for Zoo and orphan animals
 Assessment of Area for animal Enclosures, hospital, rescue center and disease control and visitor
safety issues
 On the basis of feasibility study make recommendation to prepare a master plan for Shahid
Smarak Zoological garden.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Three zoological gardens avobe mentioned are not abundant for the countries’ requirement to provide
recreation and education to the peoples of every part of the nation. The Central zoo is confined in only 6
hectare at the central core populated business area of lalitpur district with no obvius possibility of
extension for improvement and modernization of animal exhibits and visitor facilities. Government of
Nepal has declared to establish at least one Province level zoological garden in seven Province of the
country. According to that a reconnaissance survey and short feasibility study has been carried out to
establish the province level zoological garden at Shahid Smarak which is situated in Hetauda Sub-
metropolitan city-11, Nawalpur land of Sarashwati Nawlpur Basahamadi Community Forest. So it is
rational to conduct a detailed feasibility study which further directs the the preparation of a Master plan
for the Zoological garden at Hetauda.

Endangered animals’ population is depleting day by day due to habitat loss, emerging diseases, poaching
and effects of climate change and human wildlife conflicts despite tremendous efforts of conservation by
the respective governments all over the world. The establishment of Zoological garden can help well for
the conservation of gene pool of the endangered species by preserving them in the captive conditions. In
general, the scope of the consulting service includes carry out feasibility study of the Zoological garden,
but not limited to the followings:

12
  Assess the feasibility study of the site chosen for the abovementioned objective for the Zoological
garden.

 Recommended recreational sites inside the Zoological garden.

 Assess water supply scheme and sanitation facilities for the Zoological garden.

 Identify the site to establish Wildlife Hospital and rescue Centre.

 Assess the Floral and Faunal species of the area.

 Analyze the other facilities (e.g. nature trail, conference hall, view towers, picnic spots etc.)
feasible to develop in the Zoological garden.

 Assess the role of conservation Education Centre for the visitors

1.7 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

The TOR were noticed by NZG Suryavinayak , Bhaktapur , late and time was also elapsed while granting
approval for the project. Thus, expert team had to perform all due activities in a rush.Literatures on
national and regional zoo management were found lacking therefore had to depend upon literatures and
management plans of the international zological gardens.

2. TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

The multidisciplinary expert team were mobilized to undertake feasibility study. The study was persued
on the site by collecting information and interactive meetings and informal interviews among
stakeholders.

2.1 GENERAL
The consultants proceeded as a team for this study as guided by the Terms of Reference (ToR)

3.2 METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.2.2 Desk review and direct/indirect consultation

Relevant literatures (published and unpublished) like reports from national/international articles;
international practices; and other relevant literatures were reviewed. Consultation with Jawalkhel Central
zoo and National Zoological Garden Suryavinayak Bhaktapur was conducted. Semi-structured
questionnaire; email; and power point presentation were applied as tools. This avail concerns and issues
in prior of field assessment and observation which was helped to fine-tuning assessment
methods/process, and to identify key issues and threats to Zoological garden.

2.2.3 Synthesis of desk review and consultation

Extensive analysis and synthesis of desktop review was conducted which form the foundation to provide
further direction toward major responses for Field Assessment in the Zoological garden. The steps
categorized priority issues and structures (component of garden, zonation, Land related hazards, habitat
suitability etc); develop and finalize questionnaire; prepare frame for Stakeholder consultation, Key
Informant Interview (KII), and data collection matrix; and set criteria to identify target sites for field
study/assessment.

2.2.4 Field planning and assessment

Field plan was prepared and arrangement made based on regular consultation with National Zoological
garden and SS office Hetauda. Field study/assessment was conducted to refine desk review and
consultation findings and generate ground information on Zoological garden. Such information included
flora of the area, topography, land related hazards, habitat suitability etc. The tools used for these steps
were Focus Group Discussion, Key Informants Interview; Formal and Informal Discussions; Field

13
Observation; Interaction and Workshop; Transect Walk; Direct/indirect Evidences, etc. These processes
enriched preliminary findings and consolidated the feasibility study of zoological garden.

2.2.2 Field study and primary data collection

Field Survey

The expert team conducted a field survey aiming to map the proposed Zoological garden. The field
survey was also concentrated to find the available water resources, landscapes, vegetation of the site,
wildlife found in the forest. Field survey was conducted by expert’s team to collect site specific data
regarding the ZG establishment. During the field survey information regarding the presence of other
small wild mammals, such as jackal, porcupine, spotted deer, wild boar, rhesus macaque, hanuman
langur, jackal, jungle cat, civet cat and hare were also collected. Field surveys were conducted in April
2019 for pre-summer season. Forest user group of Parivartan Community Forest supported the experts
in the field visit. The team recorded GPS points of major events and activity areas in the field.

Direct observation

Field visit: Multi-disciplinary team (Wildlife Biologist, Zoologist, Zoo experts, GIS specialist, Botanist,
Veterinary Doctor) Based on schedule April 3-5, 2019 set as field visit date. First day 3rd April the team
moved for Hetauda and reached around 13 hr in Hetauda by vehicle. After visited Sahid Smarak Park
where mini zoo is already established since 2052. The team interacts with Park Manager Mr. Ram
Chandra Neupane. He briefed about parks history, current management practice, visitor flow, wildlife
management, financial management and recreation activities and future plans of the park.

Interaction with community leaders and stakeholders:

An integration was held Brindavan Botanical herbal garden community forestry user group. After briefing
the team jointly visited sites. About 29 ha area is cultivated by Botanical herbal Garden and remaining
portion of forest 69.3 ha managed by Parivartan Buffer zone Community Forest User Group. Nowadays
people are not practice fuel and fodder from forest and it should be use more productive mode that could
be Zoological Garden. Chairman appreciated government plan to establish Zoological Garden.

The expert team focused on technical feasibility. The team observed directly on the site and mainly
focused on size and composition of forest, water sources, free from pollution, access road, electricity
availability, potential vulnerability and natural disasters, potential site for extension, community response
are considered as major criteria for zoological garden site selection. In addition legal, institutional and
financial are also included in the site selection.

Organized Workshop in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City Meeting Hall: 4th April 2019 we had stakeholders’
workshop about Zoological Garden and presentation done about rapid field study report for feasibility.
Mr. Narayan Rupakheti Director for National Zoological Garden Suryabinayak Bhaktapur briefed about
why Zoological Garden in Hetauda. Team leader Mr. Baburam Prasad Yadav present about global
context, important, trend and context of Zoological Garden and Dr. Bhuwan Keshar Sharma presented
quick field visit report. Within very short notice more than 30 participants from GOs and NGOs
stakeholders from Makwanpur District attended the workshop. More than 10 participants shared their
views and provided written suggestions to the team. It was productive workshop because all participants
had unified voices for new zoological garden at Hetauda.

GIS Application

During field visit, reconnaissance survey of potential sites of the zoological gardenswill be carried out.
With the help of GPS receiver exact boundary of the potential sites will be delineated in field and any
prominent features like ponds, streams, existing foot trails, roads, other physical structures and ground
control points (GCPs) will be also recorded for image ortho rectification.

Information of hydrological, soil, climate/microclimate, and vegetation survey data will be integrated with
the main geodatabase for final site planning.

After the field visit, corresponding digital geospatial data (like land use land cover, contour, spot height,
river/streams, road/foot trails) will be acquired from department of survey.

14
Besides that, recent high-resolution satellite image will be downloaded from Google Earth Pro.
Downloaded satellite image of the potential sites will be ortho rectified with the help of height
information and ground control points. With the help of ortho rectified satellite image recent land use and
land cover database will be created. By comparing then (topographical maps) and recent land cover data
vegetation changing pattern will be assessed. Database will also give idea of area needed for additional
plantations, space allocations for different sections of the zoological garden.

From topographical data acquired from survey department, digital elevation model, DEM, will be
generated from which aspect and slope maps will be derived.

From expert group panel, different types of animal habitat suitability criteria will be developed for the
potential sites of zoological garden. With the help of developed criteria, different sections will be
allocated in potential sites.

Considering the nature of soil, topography all zoo components (Enclosures, structures, services,
circulations etc.) will be accommodated in available landscape of zoological garden.

Draft map of proposed zoological will be presented to different experts and stakeholders. Feedbacks
from them will be incorporated to produce a final detailed map of zoological garden.

Expert team were applied GIS tool during assessment as the tool gains capability to store, restore and
analyze high memory data to produce maps and other results. The data like location of the specific
wildlife sites form basic information for GIS software to lead the process for the feasibility study. The
data like geological features, elevation information in terms of Digital Elevation Model (DEM),
river/stream morphology, river related problems (e.g. gully erosion), socio-economic,
biodiversity/ecology/forest information and land use data (including agriculture suitability) etc. could be
the basic information for the GIS software through which various information required for the preparation
of Feasibility study can be obtained through the analysis of the data.

2.2.3 Data analysis and results

Data were revisited, analyzed and synthesized, and updates all information from verification and
triangulation processes by incorporating inputs from the field assessment and observation. Interpretation
of all data was done and fine-tuned and deliver this report.

15
 3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Available literatures were reviewed to get the secondary information regarding establishment of
zoological garden in the project area. The following were the main documents which were collected and
reviewed to get information about different aspects of zoo establishment.

In modern zoos, there is a trend to create separate gardens for plants. The aim can be different, but it
provided the different habitats for zoo animals. Like in Jacksonville zoo and Gardens (USA) separate
garden are prepared for specific plants. e.g. Asian Bamboo Garden, Palms garden, Succulent species
garden, and Exhibits.

As the figure of 2005, some 1000 zoos in the world receive more than 600 million tourists annually.
Among them family oriented leisure activity for a single day (Ryan & Saward, 2004) is fascinating and
children are said to be determinants of zoo tourism. Basically, people especially kids like active and
charismatic mega wildlife like elephant, rhino, tiger as well as birds and deer species (Turky, 2001).
Therefore, in Nepal, such rare, unique, and active wild animals are kept in the central zoo in order to
draw attention of visitors for their satisfaction and create visitor’s awareness on their conservation
(personal communication with Dr. Chirijivi Prokhrel, Zoo director). Ramapithecus Zoological garden at
Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City-13, Belvas, Rupandehi may also select such beautiful animals for
promotion of tourism in the region.

In the history since twelfth century onwards collecting exotic animals and kept in favorite courtly in
Europe. By the eighteenth century, travelling beast shows or menageries were exhibited on fairgrounds
with Bostock and Wombwell's Royal Menagerie established from the late 1780s onwards.

One of the earliest menagerie collections open to the public was the Royal Menagerie of Louis XI,
founded at Versailles in 1664. This was open to the public and the scientific community until the French
Revolution, where opposition to princely collections resulted in the animals being sent to the Jardin des
Planetes, a botanical garden in Paris. The combination of a botanical and animal collection for scientific
study open to the public formed the model for zoological gardens throughout Europe and America.

Often situated within former pleasure gardens, the first zoological collection opened as a commercial
venture in the United Kingdom was Edward Cross's Menagerie (1773-1829). Cross's Menagerie featured
animals and animal acts which were exhibited in a building on the Strand. It was one of the first
opportunities for people in London to seen lions, tigers, monkeys, a hippopotamus and a sloth.

Zoological gardens became increasingly popular in the United Kingdom and Europe throughout the
nineteenth century. One of the largest collections outside London was to be found in Belle Vue Pleasure
Gardens near Manchester (1836) and Leeds (1840). Zoos opened in cities throughout Europe as civic
institutions competed against each other to follow the examples of Paris and London. Collections were
open to the public in Amsterdam (1838), Brussels (1851), Rotterdam (1857) and Berlin in 1870.
According to Eric Baratay and Elizabeth Hardouin-Fugier in Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the
West:"The spread of the zoological gardens was so rapid and extensive because of the added political
dimensions of competition between nations. This was also a case of urban elites emulating each other, a
zoological garden being seen as an indispensable tool in the confirmation or maintenance of a city's
status".

The craze for entertainment often outweighed the pretensions of research, with many cities combining
the commercial aspect of the pleasure garden with the fascination for the "other" and exotic, where one
would promenade around the landscaped gardens and be both educated and amused.

Zoological garden in Nepal is also influenced by European style. Late Pri-minister Juddha Samsher JBR
established it as a private zoo in approx. 6 ha area at Jawalkhel, Lalitpur in 1932. It is also called Central
Zoo and opened for public in 1956. Government of Nepal had been managing zoo since its ownership
came under the government jurisdiction but management authority was handed over to National Trust
for Nature Conservation in Dec. 1995 for 30 yrs. (NTNC annual report, 2017).

Government of Nepal declared modern zoo establishment in the country on 12 th Feb 2015. It is named
National Zoological garden and is located in Surya Binayak, Bhaktpur. It is modern zoological garden
16
with an area of 245.17 hector. It is under construction (National Zoological Garden Annual Report,
2018). After this government of Nepal brought a policy and budget program for Fiscal year 2016/17 to
establish "One State, One Creature" in other words zoological garden in each province of country (Budget
speech FY 2016/17, point 142 page 16).

Some policies and Guidelines that were reviewed during the report writings are as follows:

1.The National Zoological Garden, Suryavinayak , Bhaktapur, Nepal

The National Zoological Garden, Suryavinayak is a newly established Zoo and has an area of 245.165-
hectare (about 613-acre) zoo in Bhaktpur, Nepal. It is governed by the Ministry of Forest and
Environment since its beginning in 2073 (2016). Previously, its area was administered by several
community forest user groups. It is also working towards turning the zoo into a research and
educational facility, as well as remaining a tourist attraction. This zoological garden is going to be a
model for Nepal where fusion of animal exhibits, breeding, conservation and touristic activities can been
seen in future. The Master plan of the zoological garden has already been prepared in 2018 but still in
approval process in the Ministry of Forest and Environment. According to the master plan, the total area
has been divided in 7 zones (NZG Master Plan, 2018)

2. Proposed Mini Zoos in Nepal

National Zoological Garden, Suryavinayak has collected and supervised the data of the proposed mini
zoos in the country. The team has identified 20 proposed mini zoos in the country. The team also
recorded the animal species in these proposed Mini zoos. The data were collected in 15 headings. The
detail data regarding the Mini zoos are listed in designated format developed by NZG Suryavinayak (see
in Appendix 4.4 in Annual report NZG Suryavinayak, 2075).

3. Master Plan of National Zoological garden, Suryavinayak, Bhaktapur, Nepal 2018

4. Guidelines on Minimum Dimension of Enclosures for Housing Exotic Animals of Different Species (CZA,
2011).

5. EAZA Standards for the Accommodation and Care of Animals in Zoos and Aquaria Approved by Council
27 September 2014 (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria).

6. Zoos in India 2014: Legislation, Policy, Guidelines and Strategy .Central Zoo Authority (Statutory Body
under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India) Edited & Revised by:
B.S. Bonal, Inder Dhamija, B.R. Sharma,S.C. Sharma, Brij Kishor Gupta.

This document was found useful to classify different kinds of zoos. It provides norms and standards for
the classification (1) For the purposes of deciding standards and norms for recognition of zoo and
monitoring and evaluating its performance, the zoo, on the basis of area, number of visitors, number of
species and animals, endangered species and number of animals of endangered species in its collection
shall be taken into consideration and the zoo shall accordingly be classified into several categories
(Annex 2).

This document was followed as a reference to decide about dimensions and size of animal enclosures.
The land area to be given to any animal exhibit enclosure should be decided having due regard to the
maximum number of animals that can be displayed in the animal enclosures. Sambar, Spotted deer,
Swamp deer, Sangai and some other ungulates can live in large social groups. Enclosures for such
species can easily be designed for displaying 15-20 animals. However, the maximum number of animals
that can be displayed in a single enclosure of Chinkara, Chousinga and Barking deer and similar species
should not exceed 5-7.

The document published by Central Zoo Authority of India was also referred for development and
planning for a new zoo which has following suggestions: 1) Every zoo shall prepare and get the master
plan approved (2) Zoos which are in operation at the time of the commencement of new rules, shall
prepare and get the master plans approved from competent authority within one year from the date of
commencement of the rules. (3) The master plan include all round development of the zoo for a period of
twenty years which shall be revised every ten years along with a detailed layout plan prepared on the
basis of the theme adopted by the zoo, indicating the locations of green belts, lawns, gardens, animal
17
display area, visitor facilities, support infrastructure for animal upkeep and healthcare, buildings for
administrative and maintenance unit. (4) At least 30% of the area earmarked for the zoo shall be kept
under green belt and natural vegetation and the area for animal housing shall not exceed 30% area of
the zoo.

7. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, Master plan 2012-31, National Zoological
garden New Delhi, India .

8. Kamala Neharu Zoological Garden Ahmedabad Masterplan Proposal 2012-2022. Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation Navranpura, Ahmedabad.

9. The Modern Zoo: Foundations for Management and development, EAZA Executive Office Amsterdam,
the Netherlands, September, 2013

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Historical background of Province 3

Province No. 3 is one of the seven provinces of Nepal established by the country's new constitution of 20
September 2015. The province covers an area of 20,300 km 2, about 14% of the country's total area, and
has an altitude low enough to support deciduous, coniferous, and alpine forest and woodland.
Temperature varies with altitude. Rainfall takes place mainly during the summer.

The Province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Province No. 1 to the east,
Gandaki Pradesh to the west, and both Province No. 2 and the Indian state of Bihar to the south. As per
the decision of 17 January 2018 Federal cabinet meeting, Hetauda has been declared the interim state
capital. The most populous province of Nepal, it possesses rich cultural diversity, with resident
communities and castes including Tamang, Sherpa, Tharu, Chepang, Jirel, Brahmin Kshetri including
Newar. It hosted the highest number of voters in the last election for the House of Representatives and
Provincial Assembly, which took place in 2017.

The province has 110 provincial assembly constituencies and 35 House of Representative constituencies.
Province No. 3 has a unicameral legislature, like all of the other provinces in Nepal. The term length of
provincial assembly is five years. The Provincial Assembly of Province No. 3 is temporarily housed at the
Regional Education Directorate in Hetauda. Province No. 3 has 13 districts namely Bhaktapur, Chitwan,
Dhading, Dolakha, Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchok, Lalitpur, Makwanpur, Nuwakot , Ramechhap, Rasuwa
and Sindhupalchokt. The municipalities include three metropolitan cities, one sub-metropolitan city and
41 municipalities. There are 74 rural municipalities in the province.

Makawanpur district

Makawanpur District is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Hetauda as its
district headquarters, covers an area of 2,426 km² and had a population of 392,604 in 2001 and 420,477
in 2011.

The following table describes the geography and climatic Zone of Makwanpur district.

Climate Zone Elevation Range % of Area

Lower Tropical below 300 meters (1,000 ft) 7.2%

Upper Tropical 300 to 1,000 meters (1,000 59.00%

to 3,300 ft.)

Subtropical 1,000 to 2,000 meters 28.90%

(3,300 to 6,600 ft.)

18
 Climate Zone Elevation Range % of Area

Temperate 2,000 to 3,000 meters 4.9%

(6,400 to 9,800 ft.)

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makwanpur_District

Hetauda Sub-metropolitan city is located in province-3 in Churiaya physiographic region of Nepal. The
areas of Makawanpur district is 140,301 ha. and human population of this district is 420,477. This district
has been harboring 89,996 ha of forest and 1682 ha other wooded land. Hetauda sub-metropolitan city
is the famous town of Makwanpur district. The Shahid Smarak proposed as the Zoological garden of
Hetauda sub-metropolitan city is located at about 57 km far in north of Birganj the gate-way of Nepal.
The mosaics of tropical and subtropical forest included deciduous Sal (Shorea robusta) and other
associated species like Terminalia alata exist in the proposed Zoological garden area.

Shahid Smarak Park

It was established in 2052 and is located Hetauda Metropolitan City-11 Makwanpur. It is 1.6 Km north
from East West Highway. The park covers 21 ha area within the Nawalpur Saraswati -Bashamadi
community forest. It is developed as a recreation center for city dwellers and outside visitors. In this
park some parts are botanical gardens, mini zoo, statue gardens, and sculptures of democratic
movement fighter in Nepal. The some sculptures are late leader Madan Bhandari, suspension bridge,
swimming pool, children parks, picnic spot, horse riding side, photo session, Martyr study center, visitors
facilities such as restaurant, resting bench, meeting hall, handcraft stalls are main structure in the park.
It was opened for public since 1994. Visitor flow is raising and till now 3-4 hundred thousand visitors per
year. In park more than 32 permanent staff actively involved to operate daily activities in the park.
Visitor entrance fee enough to sustain the regular staff and development fund received from government
and non government donors. It is one of the main tourist destinations of the district. Record shows third
country tourist also visits but most of them are Indian tourists from Bihar. According to the Park
Manager, the park does not have any approved master plan, and management plans. All the facilities are
building as per the insights and thoughts sought appropriate by the political and managerial leaders. The
details of existing wildlife are tabulated in Annex 1.

Shahid Smarak (SS) was established in 2052 and it was inaugurated by the late Prime Minister
Manmohan Adhikari. This SS has been managed by SS Development Committee, Nawalpur, Hetauda-11
and is bound to comply with fulfilling the following objectives:

 Conservation and management of the Smarak (memorial stone)

 To cordial respect to the real patriots of the country

 Control environmental pollution and soil erosion through plantation, and contribute to
environmental balance

 Develop as an unique touristic destination

 Introduce the park to prominent individuals and academic and research institutions for
development support

 Overall, make a proud Hetauda City park and develop it as tourism attraction center

This Shahid Smarak is located about 57 km North of the gate way of Nepal Birgunj. It is located 4 km
west of Hetauda City near Nawalpur and 1.5 km north of the National high way on the south facing at an
altitude of 500 meters above Sea level. The Buffer Zone of Parsa National Park is about 2 km south from
this Shahid Smark. Every year thousands of Indian and Nepali tourists visit to the Chitwan National Park
passes nearby this Shahid Smarak through East West Highway.

Tourism in Shahid Smarak

Existing visitors inflation at Shahid Smarak at Hetauda SMC

Year 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 Total Average

19
 Visitors 196577 214134 189710 333110 355490 1289021

Visitors
increase/de
crease 17557 -24424 143400 22380 158913 39728.25

Visitors
increase/
decrease
rate (%) 0.089314 -0.114 0.755 0.067 0.798 0.199

Nawalpur Saraswati -Bashamadi Community Forest:

Community Forest with an area of 365.1 ha was handed over to SCFUG in 205/03/03. It is located at an
altitude of 510-950 meters from the sea level. The landscape slope is 5 to 550°. The average rainfall in
the area is 1300 mm to 1800 mm. The average temperature is 160° F to 240° F (Mangsir-Magh) and
300° F to 390°F (Baishakh to Ashad). Out of the total areas of SCF a 21 ha forest areas of Sarswoti
community forest were provided to the Shahid Smarak by Saraswoti Nawalpur Basamadi Community
User Group. The flora and fauna of this CF are: Sal (Shorea robusta) Saj (Terminalia tomentosa), Jamun
(Sizizium cumini), Simal ( Bombax cieba), Baro (Terminalia belerica), Haro (Terminalia chebula)
Kyamuna, Botdhangero (Lagerstromia parviflora), Amala (Phylanthus emblica) etc. Fauna are spotted
deer (Axis axis), Wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Wild boar (Sus scrofa, Monkey, Jackal, Martes flavigula,
Squirrel, Wild cat, Porcupine, and birds like Blue rock pigeon, parakeets, green pigeon , etc.

Parivartan buffer zone community Forest:

Established in 2061 and renewed 3 times and third review of the operational plan was done in 20171 for
the duration of FY 2014/2015 to FY 2018/2019. The total area of the PBZCF is 69.58 ha. Boundary are:
East: Brindavan botanical garden, West: Chisodhara Kholsi, settlements of 1, 5 and 9 wards of former
Padampokhari VDC, North: Rapti River and South: Dhungana Kholsi, way to Sigreni-Kotra-Ramantar
settlements and the proposed Panchkanya BZCF. The landscape slope is 5° to 100°. Average rainfall is
1300 mm to 1800 mm. The average temperature is 160° F to 240° F (Mangsir-Magh) and 300° F to
390°F (Baishakh to Ashad).

The flora and fauna of this CF are: Sal (Shorea robusta) Saj (Terminalia tomentosa), Chilaune (Schima
walichii), etc. Fauna are spotted deer (Axis axis), Monkey, Jackal, Martes flavigula, Squirrel, Wild cat,
Porcupine, and birds like drongo, wood peckors , parakeets, green pigeon, etc.

Dangdunge Community Forest User Group (DCFUG):

Established in 2062 and total areas of the DCF is 194.47 ha. Boundary are: East: Way to Bhairab Danda
(from Rapti bridge), West: Damai Kholso and Dangdunge settlements, North: Watershed of Nakauli
Danda, South: East-west high way from Rapti bridge and Thanabhanjyang settlements. Executive
members are 13 and advisors are 3. Total Households (HH) in this CF is 389 and the population was
2078. The user groups comprises of 191 Brahmin, 80 Kshetri, 28 Tamang, 26 Newar, 21 Magar, 6
Thakuri, 22 Kami, 3 Damai, 2Gurung, 1 Rai, 1 Praja and 8 other households (Hh).

The extension of SS as a zoological garden needs extra suitable landscape. The expert team visited the
most feasible optional areas -Dangdunge CF which is adjacent to the east of SS which is suitable for the
small animals and a 15.6 ha. area is available; the 2nd optional area, the Parivartan Buffer Zone
Community Forest (BZCF) located 2 km south of the SS is a suitable area for the large animals where
69.3 ha forest land is available. The third optional area is Gumba and Mandir Religious Forest adjoined
to the Parivartan BZCF where 54 ha forest land is available and the fourth option is some portion land is
Brindavan Botanical Garden which is connected with the Parivartan Buffer Zone Community Forest.

20
 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The existing Shahid Smarak (SS) is located in the base of Churia range. So the area is undulating and
sloppy. The most of the areas out of 21 ha have been occupied by the recreational facilities, such as
Stambha, children park, swimming pool, Shahid research centre, picnic spots, marriage and ceremonial
huts and a very little space is available for display and animals enclosures. The extension of SS as a
zoological garden needs extra suitable landscape. The expert team visited the most feasible optional
areas -Dangdunge CF which is adjacent to the east of SS which is suitable for the small animals and a
15.6 ha. area is available; the 2nd optional area, the Parivartan Buffer Zone Community Forest (BZCF)
located 2 km south of the SS is a suitable area for the large animals where 69.3 ha forest land is
available. The third optional area is Gumba and Mandir Religious Forest adjoined to the Parivartan BZCF
where 54 ha forest land is available and the fourth option is some portion land is Brindavan Botanical
Garden which is connected with the Parivartan Buffer Zone Community Forest.

Recreational facilities that has already been established at Shahid Smarak such as Shahid Smiriti
Stamba, Shahid Gallary, Madan Batika, Democratic Park, Thaha Stupa, Communication center, mini-
zoo, Water fountain, Observation tower, Children garden, Devi temple, Marriage and picnic shades huts,
Green houses, Swimming pond can be kept intact if it is upgraded to a Zoological garden.

A total of 33 administrative and technical staff (16 permanent, 3 temporary, 8 on contract and 6 on daily
wages) are working at SS Hetauda. Out the main source of incomes are members fees, parking fees,
swimming pond fees, picnic shade fees, film shooting fees, entry fees, shutter on rent fees, children park
fees, marriage and Bratavandh fees and seedlings sales.

The study found the following findings and results on the basis of field survey , direct observation, and
integration with stake-holders. Based on TOR objectives wise findings, results and discussions are
described on following headings sub-headings.

5.1: ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL

ASPECT

5.1.2 Physical aspects of the area:

The Parivartan CFEC and Dangdunge CFEC have decided to provide 69.58 ha and 15.6 ha forest areas
respectively for the expansion of the Sahi Smarak to establishment of Zoological gardensin Hetauda Sub-
metropolitan City-11 Nawlpur and Brindavan . The boundary of the proposed site for the expansion of SS
are; Privartan BZCF, East: Brindavan Botanical Garden and Settlements, West: Chisodhara Kholsi and
Shetlemtnsts of Padampokhari North: Rapatikhola and South: Dhungana Kholsi settlement and proposed
Panchaknaya BZCF. Boundaries of DCFUG are; East: Way to Bhairab Danda (from rapti bridge), West:
Damai stream and Dangdunge settlements, North: Watershed of Nakauli Danda South: East-west high
from Rapti bridge and Thanabhanjyang settlements. The expert team visited the whole areas of the
proposed site. The team found the following physical substances such as boulders inside the forest and in
the rivulets, which can be useful in the construction of infrastructure of the ZG. Two rivers the Rapti and
Kukhureni are surrounded the proposed site from three direction (East: Kukhureni Khola, North : Rapti
river.

Water Supply Sources: The team observed and found the water sources is enough for the ZG. Rapti and
Kukhureni rivers are a perennial source of water for the animals of the zoo and its administration. The
water of these rivers will also serve the water pond for boating, visitors and the staff of the zoo. There is
also possibility of ground water for the extra demand of water supply.

Physiographic zone: The proposed site of ZG is situated in sub-tropical physiographic zone. Most of the
proposed site for ZG is confined in the inner Bhabar zone. The proposed Dangdunge Community forest is
situated in Churia range. Soil is sandy and gravel mixed in the proposed site. The soil condition of the
site are Loamy sand in north of Chure, Sandy loam in Bhavar area and on the side of the river there is

21
sandy and sandy loam. The altitude ranges of Parivartan BZCF are 200 to 450 meters from the sea level.
The boulder and sandy soils facilitate to percolate the water in the area. This resulted comparatively dry
land in the northern side of the proposed area.

Geology: Sedimentary rock made of by Shale (60%), Sandstone (20%) carbonate

(15%) and all other (5 was found in Churia range near the proposed Zoological
garden.

Climatic zone: The proposed site for the ZG falls under sub-tropical climatic zone. The minimum
temperature has been recorded 5.750C and maximum is up to 33.70C in the Makawanpur district. The
average rainfall is 1391 mm. It shows that the tropical and sub-tropical animals are only allowed to be
housed in this site.

5.1.3 Biological (Flora and Fauna)

Climate and topography

The proposed sites for zoological garden are located in conjunction with Chure and Middle hill
physiographic region of Nepal. The boulder and sandy soils in the Shahid Smarak facilitate to percolate
the water in the area. This results into comparatively dryness in the soil of the proposed area in Shahid
Smarak. The Pariwartan Buffer Zone Community Forest and Brindavan Botanical Garden are located in
the north-western aspect of Chure and include relatively wet area than the Shahid Smarak. The northern
site these forests are bordered with the Rapti river.

Land use
a. Forest

Broadly the area included four forest types. They are Sal, Schima, and Mixed.

i) Sal forest: This forest is dominating the area. In association with the sal (Shorea robusta) other
associated tree species tike asna (Terminalia alata), harro (Terminalia chebula), barro (Terminalia
bellerica) are available in this forest.

ii) Schima forest: This forest is scattered in relatively wet places of the study area, as small patches. The
major species of this forest is Schima wallichii (Chilaune).

iii) Mixed forest: Few patches of the mixed forest were available in the northern side of Shahid Smarak.
The forest is intermixing with Schleichera oleosa, Semecarpus anacardium, Mallotus phillippensis,
Mangifera indica, etc.

b. Grassland

The grasslands are distributed along the courses of Rapti River. These tall grassland mainly included
Saccharum spontanum as main species.

c. Open areas

Some open patches, inside the forest and along the forest border were available. This area included
some forb species (like Ageratum houstonianum) and grasses (Digitaria sp.).

d. Other

Open spaces with less or no vegetative covers are also available in the area. These habitats were formed
due to the flood or landslide. In the Shahid Smarak and Brindavan Herbal Garden built-up area are also
available.

Flora
In the study area 356 species of vascular plants were recorded. Larger number of species are
accumulated in the dicot (n= 287) followed by monocot (n = 62), gymnosperm (n = 6), and ferns (n =
1). The recorded species are amassed into 188 genera. Dicot included larger number of genera (n = 134)
followed by monocot (n = 48), gymnosperm (n = 5), and fern (n = 1). Moraceae is the largest genera
having 9 species followed by Euphorbia with 7 species. The recorded species belonged to 98 families and
188 genera. Larger number of families belong to dicot (n = 80) followed by monocot (n = 12),

22
gymnosperm (n = 5), fern (n = 1) respectively. Fabaceae is the largest family with 36 species
Astaraceae with 23 species (Box – 1, annex 1). Box 1. Number of plant species recorded
5.3.1 Life form

Climber, herb, shrub, and tree are the major life

form of vascular plants reported from study area.
Among the recorded plant species 142 (39.9%)
were herb; 98 (27.5%) were tree; 88 (24.7%)
were shrub; and 28 (7.9%) were climber. The
number of climber species was higher (n = 23)
followed by monocot (n = 5). No climber was
recorded from gymnosperm and ferns & fern allies. Herbaceous species were higher in dicot (n = 97)
followed by monocot (n = 44), and fern (n = 1) respectively. No herbaceous plant was reported from
gymnosperm. Dicot incorporated larger number (n = 77) of shrub species followed by monocot (n = 9),
and gymnosperm (n = 2). Shrub species was absent in fern and fern allies. Tree species was higher in
dicot (n = 90) followed by monocot (n = 4), and gymnosperm (n = 4). No tree species are recorded from
fern and fern allies.

Sub-divisions Groups Med Orn Rattans Food Weed Tim Fodder Rubber

5.3.2 Uses
Dicot 252 26 -- 1 3 2 2 1
Medicine, ornamental, Angiosperms
rattans, food, weed, timber Monocot 35 22 1 1 1 -- 2 -- and
fodder were major used
Gymnosperms 4 2 -- -- -- -- -- --
categories of the available
plants. Majority of plant Fern 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
species (n = 292) were
useful for medicine. Some Total 292 50 1 2 4 2 4 1

other species were used as

Note: Med-Medicine; Orn-Ornamental, Tim-Timber
ornamental (n = 50),
rattans (n = 1), food (n = 2), weed (n = 4), timber (n = 2), fodder (n = 4), and rubber (n = 1). Among
the medicinal plants (n = 292) 252 species were dicot, 35 species were monocot, 4 species were
gymnosperm, and 1 species was fern. The ornamental plants were 26 species dicot, 22 species monocot,
and 2 species gymnosperms. Only one monocot species was used for rattan. Similarly, one species of
dicot and monocot each were used as food. Among four weed species three were dicot and one was
monocot. Two dicot species were used for timber. Similarly, one dicot species was used for rubber and 2
dicot and 2 monocot species were used as fodder.

5.3.3 Conservation significance

Based criterion developed by international organizations and treaty like the Conservation Assessment
and Management Plan (CAMP); International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); and the

23
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) there are
conservation significance of available plant species. As per the CAMP 6 dicot species were protected; 5
dicot species were vulnerable; 3 dicot and 2 monocot species were endangered; and one dicot species
was rare. According to IUCN categories 2 dicot species and 1 gymnosperm species were least concern; 1
dicot species and 1 gymnosperm species were vulnerable; and 2 dicot species were near threatened. In
total 21 available plant species were enlisted in CITES appendices. Among them 8 dicot and 12 monocot
species were enlisted in appendix II and 1 species of gymnosperm was included in appendix III.

Table 4.1 Conservation significance of the available plant species

CITES
CAMP IUCN
Sub-divisions Groups Appendix

P V E R LC V NT II III

Dicot 6 5 3 1 2 1 2 8 --
Angiosperms
Monocot -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12 --

Gymnosperms -- -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 1

Total 6 5 5 1 3 2 2 20 1

Note: P-Protected; V-Vulnerable; E-Endangered; R-Rare; LC-Least Concern; NT-Near Threatened

5.4 Fauna
On brief survey, interactions with locals and field visit, the zoologist noted majority of wildlife that occur
naturally in the proposed site; this included rabbit, axis deer, barking deer, jungle cat, civet cat, jackal,
porcupine, monitor lizards, krait, cobra, rock python, fishes and birds like common maina, jungle
sparrow, ring rosed parakeet, drongos, swifts, Himalayan griffons, kestrel, barn owl, green pigeons,
egrets, pond heron, etc.

5.3.4 Socio-economic and cultural aspects of the area

Hetauda sub-metropolitan city is situated in the confluence of the two prominent national highways viz.
Tribhuvan highway and Mahendra highway. It was declared a municipality in 1969 A.D (2026 B.S), but
development was sluggish. Momentum increased when the city became headquarters of the Makwanpur
district in 1982 A.D (2039 B.S). It is now striving to be the regional headquarters of the central
development region. It is regarded as a “Green city” because the city has planted trees on either sides of
the road.

Lying in the central development region of the nation, it is properly situated at the center of the
Makwanpur district. It lies in the 27°25' N latitude and 85°02' E longitude and is situated at a level of
300-390m above the sea level. The total area of the city is 261 km 2 where around 254 km2 (97%) is
land and the remaining 7 km2 (3%) consists of water. Boundary: East: Chhatiwan V.D.C West: Manahari,
Haandikhola and Sarikhet V.D.C North: Naamtaar, Bhainse and Makwanpurgadhi V.D.C South: Bara and
Parsa District, the city is surrounded by three rivers-the Rapti to the west, the Samari to the north, and
the Karra to the south -and is part of important industrial regions. The settlement developed because of
its location along the Tribhuvan Highway, and was later linked to another major national thoroughfare:
the Mahendra Highway, also known as the East-West Highway.

Geography

The city is situated in a unique geographical structure called Doon, giving it a valley-like geography. It is
surrounded by mountains, with the Mahabharata Range to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south.
The rivers Rapti, Samari, and Karra run through the city and flow southwest to meet the Narayani, one
of the bigger rivers of Nepal.

Flora and fauna

The sal tree (Shorea robusta) is very common in and around the city. On the banks of the Rapti and
Karra rivers, the rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo) can be found interspersed with sal and other tropical
species. The ashoka tree (Saraca asoca) is also part of the city's greenery. Community groups work to
24
preserve the area's natural resources; the Rani Community Forestry User Group in particular is well
known in Nepal for its intensive sustainable forest management.

Several governments bodies-including District Forest Office, Soil Conservation Office and District Plant
Resources Office, under the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Forest and Environment-are
headquartered in Hetauda. Some international non-governmental organizations support the sustainable
development of forest resources in the area.

Economy

The Hetauda Industrial District (HID) is one of the biggest industrial districts in Nepal housing large,
medium-scale, and cottage industry. Three of the major national paint factories are situated in HID,
including Asian Paints, Berger, and Yeti Paints. Because of political events in the past decade however,
HID has been shrinking as industries (such as the former textile industry) either move to other countries
or shut down.

The city is mostly a working-class residential town, and therefore a sizable portion of the population is
employed by industry or government. Trucking, since most goods bound for Kathmandu pass through
Hetauda, and individual entrepreneurship are other means of livelihood. Recently, passenger service to
Kathmandu using Indian Tata Sumo SUVs has taken hold. Poultry, livestock and agriculture is also well
developed.

Attractions

One of the most popular attractions of Hetauda is Martyr Memorial Park or Shahid Smarak which was
completed in 1994. The park honors Nepalese martyrs, from those who lost their lives in the British
colonial wars to those who overthrew the autocratic Panchayat system in 1989. A series of sculptures of
these martyrs sit on a large boulder; their faces were sculpted by student volunteers from Lalit Kala
Campus. The park is also popular as a picnic spot and as an escape from busy city life. It has a
swimming pool and a zoo that houses some common wild animals.

Another major site is Makwanpur Gadhi in the east of the city, a fort of historical importance dating back
to the unification of Nepal. King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who led the unification process, was married to
the princess of Makwanpur, whose father was a king of the Sen Dynasty that ruled the region. Historians
say that this marriage was a political strategy by the king, who saw that an alliance with Makwanpur
could encircle Kathmandu Valley.

Other nearby tourist attraction is Chisapani Gadhi, View Tower, Pathivara Temple, Palung Valley, Daman
Simbhanjyang, Manakamana Temple, Banaskhandi Temple, Gumba Danda, Kusmanda Sarowar Triveni
Dham, and Bhutandevi Mandir.

Transport

Hetauda is an hour's drive from the Nepalese border city of Birgunj, which is adjacent to Raxaul, India.
Both of the existing highways to Kathmandu-the Tribhuvan Highway and the Mahendra Highway-traverse
the city. Hetauda's economic prominence began with the construction of the Tribhuvan, the first highway
built in the country. The eradication of malaria from the region's tropical forest paved the way for a
settlement to grow.

A proposed and long-discussed new highway would, through a series of tunnels, reduce the driving
distance to Kathmandu from 133 km to less than 60 km. Such a route, if built, could make Hetauda a
transit point for trade between the fast-growing economies of India and China. Two unpaved roads
currently provide a shorter route to Kathmandu for light vehicles; one goes through the villages of Fakhel
and Pharping, and the other through Markhu and Sisneri. Another future transportation project that could
link to the city is the Kathmandu-Nijgadh fast-track, planned to stretch approximately 77 kilometers
long.

The nearest airport is Simara national Airport and Nijgadh international airport (in construction process)
about a 30-50 minute drive from the city.

25
Education

Education in Hetauda started with the establishment of Shree Bhutan Devi Secondary School (now Shree
Bhutan Devi Higher Secondary School). Today, higher education institutions and University include
Agricultural and Forestry University, Institute of forestry, TU, Siddhartha Secondary School, Hatiya
Janapriya Multiple Campus (Technical School), Shree Bansha Gopal College, Makwanpur Multiple
Campus, Hetauda School of Management and Social Sciences, Hetauda City CollegeSolidarity
International Academy, Zenith International College, Nawodit Nepal College, Shree Jana Jyoti Higher
Secondary School , Mahendra Multiple Campus , Narayani medical and technology, Siddhartha Shishu
Sadan Secondary School, Gyanodaya Bal Batika Academy, Bal Jagriti School, Ujjwal Shishu Niketan
Secondary School, GS Niketan, Shree Pragati Higher Secondary School, Reliance English Boarding
School, Arniko Higher Secondary School, Hetauda Modern English Secondary School, and Shree Balbodh
higher secondary school.

Health Services

There are 9 well known hospitals in Hetauda namely Hetauda Hospital(Governmental) , Hetauda
Community Eye Hospital, Chure Hill Hospital, Devi Hospital, Hetauda Samudiyek Hospital, Hetauda
Oriental Hospital, Hetauda Agriculture Hospital, Hetauda Orthopaedic and General Hospital, Makwanpur
Sahakari Hospital and many more private clinics.

Media

Manakamana FM (92.9 MHz) was the first operating radio station of the city. Currently Hetauda has
several community radio stations: Shakti FM (103.4 MHz), Radio Makwanpur FM (101.3), and Radio
Kalash (89.4). Private sector FM radio stations include Hetauda FM (96.6 MHz), Radio Thaha Sanchar
(99.6), and Radio Sarobar (92.5). Radio Sarobar is currently the only comedy station broadcasting from
Hetauda. There are several local newspapers-Hetauda Sandesh, Hetauda Today, Samridha Samaj,
Hetauda Wapau, Sajha Kura and Pradesh Dainik, Hetauda Khabarpatra weekly and a television channel
known as Team TV.

Tourism perspective

The proposed Zoological garden will provide additional facilities for enjoyment to some visitors who bring
their own food and drinks, and want to get engaged in picnic gatherings. The other important aspect is to
manage huge space vehicle parking for growing visitor numbers. Parking space will be 300 m X 150m
near the existing SS and Brindavan Area. Its capacity will hold 55 buses, 55 cars/jeeps, 450 motor bikes
and others like cycles, auto rickshaws, moped vans, etc.

Table 4.3: Analysis for Parking Space

Vehicle Type Space/Vehicle Total Space Pax No of Vehicle No of

Sq.m Visitors
Capacity

Bus 60 60X50=3000 30 50 1500

Car/jeep 21 21X150=3150 4 150 600

Motor Bike 6 6X400=2400 2 400 800

Auto Rickshaw 8 8X100=800 4 100 400

Cycle 3 3X200=600 1 200 200

Others 100 100 100

1050 1050 900 3600

Hetauda, is centrally located in the country and bordered to the Bihar state of India. It is one of the
fastest-growing cities in Nepal for education, infrastructure, highway, marketing, health and safety,
communication, trade and banking sectors. It has connections to two national parks- Parsa and Chitwan,
26
East-West highway, Indian border at Raxaul and Birgunj- the gate way of Nepal and a hill station the
beautiful place- Daman tower. Raxaul is a tourist entry point from India. Hetauda is witnessing huge
investments in the hospitality sector as well. There are more than 24 schools and colleges at Hetauda.
Most schools, colleges and boarding schools organize environmental education events, Zoological garden
could be the important place for school children.

Table 4.4 Analysis of visitors in Shahid Smarak and proposed ZG

Years 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079

Shahid Smarak Park

Annual Visitors 355490 423033 444185 475278 522805

Daily 987 1175 1234 1320 1452

Monthly 29624 35253 37015 39606 43567

Percent increment 19% 5% 7% 10%

Proposed Zoological garden

Years 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084

Annual Visitors 601226 703435 844122 1055152 1371698

Daily 1670 1954 2345 2931 3810

Monthly 50102 58620 70343 87929 114308

Percent (Rate of increase) 15% 17% 20% 25% 30%

Source: Filed work

The holistic management the physical, geological, biological and socio-cultural environment of proposed
components will enhance attractive qualities of the Zoological garden. The characteristics of the flood
plains, forest composition, flat land, water bodies, wildlife, socio-cultural qualities, proximity to the big
human settlements, cities, tourist destinations like CNP and PNP and closer to Indian border, accessibility
by road as well as air confirm proposed Zoological garden highly feasible to be established and operated
in Sarswoti (Sahid Smarak), Dangdunge, and Parivartan Community Forest and Brindavan Herbal Garden
area.of the Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City in Province 3.

5.2 ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE FOR INFRASTRUTURE DEVELOPMET AT ZG.

The integrated expert team visited all the areas and has done a detail study on Landscape. The GPS
survey was done moving through boundary and inside. Proposed areas for the expansion of SS are
situated in the Churia and Bhavar zone. These sites are positioned between the latitude 270-24"48.67'-
270-25"23.17' and Longitude is 840-59"38.8' to 850-23"54.96' (Shahid Smarak) and another area
Parivartan Buffer Zone Community Forest (PBZCF) and Brindavan Herbal Garden (BHG) are located
between the latitude 270-26"18.29' - 270-26"46.26’ and Longitude is 840-59"38.8' to 850-23"54.96'.
The proposed extension area Dangdunge Community Forest (DCF) 15.6 ha is located east of the SS. The
proposed extension site is the positioned at the lower part of Churia.

27
 Fig. 1. Map showing Sahid Smarak Park and Proposed extension area in Dangdunge Community Forest

The areas can be subdivided in three parts such a green belt, enclosure spaces for the animal’s species
and for the recreational centers, parking and administration. Standard zoological practices allocate 30%
of the total zoo area for each of green belt and animal enclosures; remaining 40% is allocated for the
rest of the other activities respectively (Zoo in India, 2014).

Expert of GIS has prepared a map of the proposed extension areas for the expansion of Sahid Smarak
into a Zoological garden (ZG). Two proposed community forest areas and part of the Brindavan Herbal
Garden have been delineated in the map for the expansion of SS (Fig.2). The proposed alternative
community forest for expansion is Parivartan BZCF and Dandunge CF whose areas are 69.3 ha and 15.6
ha respectively. Based on the above principal about 317,400 sq.m can be allocated for the green belt and
maximum 317,400 sq.m for animal enclosures and remaining 423,600 sq.m area can be allocated for the
administration buildings, office premises, veterinary hospital, animal rescue or quarantine center,
recreational blocks, ponds, picnic spot, vehicle parking and entrance and exit gates.

Fig 2 . Map showing Brindavan Herbal Garden, Parivartan Community Forest and Gumba- mandir Religious Forest

28
5.3 EXPLORING SUITABLE WILDLIFE SPECIES FOR EXHIBITION IN ZG
Zoos must provide diet to each species, which should be similar to its feed in nature. Where for
unavoidable reasons any ingredients have to be substituted, due care will be taken to ensure that the
substitute fulfills the nutritional requirement of the species. For the well being of the animals, round the
clock supply of portable drinking water need to be made available to all animals kept in the zoo. With the
objectives of avoiding human imprinting and domestication of animals, zoos shall prevent physical
handling of animals by the staff to the extent possible. Zoos shall not allow any animal to be provoked
for tortured for the purpose of extracting any performance or tricks for the benefit of the visitors or for
any other reason.

The ZG will aim to display animal keeping in view of the local habitat, climatic conditions and resources
available. The following table can be regarded as guidelines for animal collection in large zoos.

Species of the local area/ecosystem 30% of the total species displayed

Species of the region 30% of the species displayed

Selected species of nation 30% of the species displayed

Selected exotic species 10% of the species displayed

Source: CZA, India

It is very difficult to stick to above ratio due to non-availability of required species, display area and
resources; however efforts should be directed in the collection plan to come close to this ratio as much
as possible. Based topography and climate following are some important animal species to be collected
for the zoological garden exhibition (Table 4.5 and 4.6).

Table 4.5 Animals for the exhibitions

Behavioral Categories Common and Scientific name

Categories

Herbivores Large Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Elephant (Elephas

herbivores maximus),Gaur (Bos Gaurus), Arna (Bubalis arnee), Blue bull
(Boselaphus tragocamelus)

Deer family Spotted deer (axis axis), Swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli), Sambar
deer (Cervus unicolor),Hog deer (Cervus porcinus),Barking deer
(Muntiacus muntijack)

Monkey Rehusus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Hanuman Langur

(Semenopithecus entellus)

Carnivores Large Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris), Common leopard (Panthera
carnivores pardus).

Small Wolf (Canis lupus), Hyena (Hyena hyaena), Jackal (Canis aureus),
carnivores Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Large Indian
Civet (Viverra zebetha) cat, Bats.

Omnivores Bears Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)

Exotic
mammals
(International
animals)

Lemurs Lemuroidea

29
Behavioral Categories Common and Scientific name
Categories

Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius

Zebra Equus

Lions Panthera leo

Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus

Giraffe G. c. tippelskirchi

Reptiles Snakes Python (Python molursus), King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah),

Common cobra (Naja naja),

Lizards Golden monitor lizard (Varanus flavescens),Bengal Lizard (Varanus

bengalensis)

Crocodile Ghariyal crocodile (Gavialis gangeticus), Mugger crocodile

(Crocodylus palustris)

Turtle Indian soft turtle ( Nilssonia gangeticus), Indian Peacock soft shell
turtle (Nilssonia hurum)

Table 4.6 Birds for the exhibitions

Common name Scientific name

Crested serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela

Black vulture Sacrogyps calvus

Grater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

Sarus crane Grus antizoe

Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes

Great hornbill Buceros bicornis

Bengal Florian Houbaropsis bengalensis

Red jungle fowl Gallus gallus

Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus

Ostrich Struthio camelus

Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae

Health Care

Zoos shall ensure availability of the highest standards of veterinary care to all the animals in their
collection. Adequate measures should be followed for the implementation of wildlife health and
quarantine rules and regulations. Appropriate vaccination program shall also be taken up for
safeguarding against infectious diseases. Timely action to isolate infected animals from the zoo
population shall be taken to avoid further spread of disease.

30
5.4: EXPLORING AREA FOR ANIMAL SPECIES IN ZG.
Space and area

Housing wild animals in a well-designed enclosure is essential for their welfare. When designing an
animal enclosure, the species it will hold and the way the species lives in the wild should be considered.
One species may have totally different needs than the other. An enclosure must provide enough space
and enrichment materials for the animal to express natural behaviour. Animals need space to move
around and places to feed, sleep/ rest and to hide from group members or from the view of visitors. For
most species it is advisable to make the enclosure look as natural as possible. Natural substrates (sand,
woodchips, logs, branches, plants etc.) may be used to make an enclosure look the environment as
natural as possible. This also makes the enclosure more appealing to visitors and shows them how the
species lives in the wild. An enclosure decorated with natural materials will enrich the lives of the animals
and can make their lives more comfortable. The optimum temperature, humidity, ventilation and lighting
of the enclosure should be considered for all species.

The current areas delineated for the proposed expansion areas of SS for ZG is 1,059,000 sq.m.
Maximum 30 percent of the total areas are 317,700 sq.m which may be enough for constructing
standard animal enclosures. The standard space requirement for each animal species is presented in
Table 1-3.

Mammal Section
Table 1 : Minimum prescribed sizes for outdoor enclosures for important mammals in
captivity

For Nepal ZG INDIAN Zoo Authority

Extra area Minimum size
Outdoor
per additional of outdoor Minimum extra area
enclosure (per
animal enclosure (per per additional animal
pair) (Square
(Square pair) (Square (Square meters)
meters)
Animals/ Species meters) meters)

Tiger 3000 500 1000 200

Common Leopard 1500 300 500 100

One horned Rhinoceros,

Elephant , Gaur , Wild water 10000 1000 2000 400
buffalo , Blue bull

Spotted deer , Swamp deer,

Sambar deer Hog deer, 3000 500 1500 100
Barking deer

Four horned antelope,

3000 500 1500 200
Blackbuck

Sloth bear 2000 500 500 100

Wolf lupus, Hyena, Jackal ,

Jungle cat , Wild dog, Large 1500 200 1000 100
Indian Civet , Bats

Monkeys and Langurs 1000 200 400 100

Exotic mammals species

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Hippopotamus 1000 500

Giraffe 2500 500

Zebra 1500 500

Lemurs 500 200

Chimpanji 500 200

Orangutan 1000 300

Lions 3000 1000 1000 200

Black rhinos 10000 1000

Source : Indian Zoo 2014

Bird Section

Table 2 : Minimum prescribed sizes for outdoor enclosures for important birds in captivity

Minimum size of Minimum size of the

Minimum Height of aviary
Animals/ Specie aviary (Square water body within the
(Square meters)
meters) aviary (Square meters)

Birds of prey 500 1o 20

Pheasant 200 10 15

Water birds mixed (with a

species enclosure)
500 10 100m (with depth of 1.5m)

Flying birds (mixed species

enclosure)
500 10 50

Flying birds (single species)

200 10 10

In case of Peafowl the aviary size should be kept 500 sq. m

Reptile Section

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 Table 3 : Minimum prescribed sizes for outdoor open enclosures for each important reptiles
and amphibians

Minimum size of aviary Minimum Height of aviary

Animals/ Species
(Square meters) (Square meters)

300 (with a depth of 3

1000
Ghariyal crocodile Mugger crocodile meters)

Python 300 15

Cobra, Rat snake, Vipers 300 15

Sand boas 100 15

Golden monitor lizard, Bengal

300 20
Lizard

Chameleons and Small lizards 150 15

Tortoises 200 15

Indian soft turtle, Indian Peacock 80 (with a depth of 2.5

200
soft shell turtle meters)

15 (with a depth of 1.5

Amphibians 100
meter)

* In case of Water monitor lizard the size of water body should be kept at 100 sq.
meters with a depth of 2 meters.

5.5. ASSESSMENT FOOD AND WATER AVAILABILITY FOR ZOO AND ORPHAN
ANIMALS

5.5 .1 Space and area

Housing wild animals in a well-designed enclosure is essential for their welfare. When designing an
animal enclosure, the species it will hold and the way the species lives in the wild should be considered.
One species may have totally different needs than the other. An enclosure must provide enough space
and enrichment materials for the animal to express natural behavior. Animals need space to move
around and places to feed, sleep/ rest and to hide from group members or from the view of visitors. For
most species it is advisable to make the enclosure look as natural as possible. Natural substrates (sand,
woodchips, etc) and logs, branches, plants, etc. may be used to make an enclosure look the environment
as natural as possible. This also makes the enclosure more appealing to visitors and shows them how the
species lives in the wild. An enclosure decorated with natural materials will enrich the lives of the animals
and can make their lives more comfortable. The optimum temperature, humidity, ventilation and lighting
of the enclosure should be considered for all species. The minimum outdoor space requirements for the
common mammals are presented in Appendix 1.

33
5.5.2 Fodder and Grasses
Hetauda Municipality holds 4924 cattle, 1804 buffaloes, 116 sheep, 8706 goats and 490 pigs (MOLD,
2017). The Ward No 11 of the Municipality is the Shahid Smarak area which has been developed inside
the Nawalpur Saraswati (Basamadi) Community Forest, a proposed site for the establishment of the
Zoological garden. The exact quantity of fodder and grasses production in the community forest is not
estimated hence data is lacking where as fodder and grasses are most necessary commodities if a
zoological garden is to run successfully and more cheaply. Furthermore, the forest products including
fodder and grasses are intended to support the livelihood of the community people thus may not be
available for the zoo animal supply.

Major animal species of the zoological garden consist of the herbivores- elephant, rhino, nilgai, gaurigai,
jarayo, barasinga, chital, laguna, banel, and many more. Even some species of avian fauna prefer
grasses in their diet.

Nepal has surplus green forage during the monsoon period, but for the remaining six months, over the
winter and spring, there is a serious shortage. The forage deficit for livestock in the Terai of Nepal is
42% (Sharma, 2015; 2018). Preservation of surplus Monsoon green grasses as well as commercial
production of green grasses, hay and silage for animals has not yet been developed in the country. This
is why the zoological gardensor gardens must enable themselves to feed and take care of their herbivore
animals by growing suitable grasses and tree fodders. Certain area in the Zoological garden should be
identified and segregated for cultivation of grass crops. The Zoo should plan from the beginning for
animal food (specialized wildlife such as Koala - Phascolarctos cinereus, which feed on only Eucalyptus
leaves or Red Panda -Ailurus fulgens, which lives only on certain species of Bamboos) if it intend to bring
specialized wildlife in its possession in future.

For generalist herbivores, cultivation of grasses is possible. Forage oats (Avena sativa) can be grown to
feed herbivores in the winter if the zoo has enough land with sufficient moisture. Napier grass
(Pennisetum purpureum) can be grown around field edges and other open areas. As summer fodder
jowar (Sorghum bicolor) and teosinte (Zea mays sub sp. mexicana) can be grown. Tropical legumes such
as Cassia rotundifolia, Desmodium intortum Desmodium uncinatum cv. Neonotonia wightii and
Stylosanthes guianensis and joint-vetch, Aeschynomene americana, stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)
molasses (Melinis minutiflora), mulato hybrids (Brachiaria ruziziensis x B. decumbens x B. brizantha) can
also be cultivated for this purpose of green fodder.

Common fodder tree species such as Ficus roxburghii, Ficus lacor, Ficus auriculata, Ficus semicordata,
Ficus glaberrima, Ficus benjamina, and Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia variegate, etc. can be planted and
used (Pariyar, 2008). A list of tree fodder plants and ground forage cultivable grasses for Hetauda area is
given in Appendix 2 and 3.

Two community fodder seed cooperatives are established at HSMC Padampur to help farmer buy and sell
of forage seeds (FY 072/73). Makwanpur district has started cultivating forage crops in a small scale; the
common species are oat, barseem, vetch, teosinte, vajra, napier, stylo and molasses. In the FY 073/74,
5800 Kg of oat, 5,300 Kg of Teosinte, 700 kg of of stylo, 300 Kg of molasses seed and 3 lac stalks of
Napier grass were produced in the district (DLSO, Makawanpur, 2073). This shows that in future, forage
grasses may be commercially available for the zoo animals.

5.5.3 Meat, fish and fruit market

The potential source of products that may be required for Hetauda zoo to feed its wildlife is Sub-
metropolitan City. However, numerous other progressing towns such as Bhimphedi, Manahari, Lothar,
Chhatiban, Phaparbari, Chaughoda, Okharbajar, Daman, Hatia, Bastipur, Bajrabarahi, Markhu,
Kulekhani, Namtar and Harnamadi may also serve as a source of some fruit, vegetable and meat
products in future (District Profile, Makawanpur, 2074). The proposed international airport at Nijgadh of
Bara district links this Zoo's marketing ability to Kathmandu and several other international business
centers. Fish farming is well grown in Nepal with an annual production of 64700 tons in 2013 (FAO
NASO, 2014; Labh et al., 2017) the quantity needed to feed birds and crocodiles can easily be obtained
through contact with farmers or through a contractor. Makawanpur district itself produces 2895.75 mt. of
buffalo and 2405 mt. of chicken meat annually and twenty one meat selling shops at Hetauda have been

34
granted public funds to improve the hygienic conditions during slaughter and processing of meat since FY
062/63 to 072/73) (DLSO, Makawanpur, 2073), so hygienic meat are available for carnivores.

5.5.4 Specialized food production within the zoo

Zoos must be able to produce foods for animals with specialized food habits. Some animals are
insectivorous and depend upon only on insects. Thus capacity and skill of insect culture within the zoo
help to keep such special animals live. Mealworms (Enebrio molitor) are the commonest insect culture
and are excellent food for fish, birds, bats, amphibians, and reptiles. If it is not feasible for the zoo to
produce mealworms, it may collaborate with private agencies for culture and daily supplies.

5.5.5 Water source and supply

A considerable amount of clean water is necessary in a Zoological garden and recreation centre to
function well. Animals in the zoos need water for drinking and cleaning purposes. Water is also required
for filling the aquatic habitats and moats and fountains made for visitor attractions. After the
establishment of the park, the focus will be given on how to enhance visitor number which further
increases the demand of water supply in restaurants, gardens, grass croplands, toilets, etc. The sources
of surface water for this proposed Hetauda Zoological garden is Damai Kholsi (Belchaur Kholsi) a tiny
river in the eastern border and Saraswoti kholso in the western side of the Community forest. The water
output of the Damai Kholsi was calculated to be 5760 liter per 24 hours in Chaitra 20, 2075. The spring
water of Damai Kholsi is also shared for Community drinking water for Belchaur Village, Ward No. 11
Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City residents. The current population of this ward is 7863
(http://hetaudamun.gov.np/ne/ward) and will rise definitely in future. The source of water is sufficient
for the time being but if claimed by the locals in future, problem may arise particularly during winter
months and serious draughts. The municipality administration has already explored underground water
by a deep boring near Rapti River, and lifting about two kilometers up to the top area of Shahid Park,
collects into a 100 thousand liter water tank and supply to the Community peoples as well as meet the
current need of water at Shahid Park.

The Zoological garden must think about storage of rain water during monsoon, keep intact the watershed
area and plan accordingly to avoid water deficit.

Water requirements of larger zoos have been found very extensive. The Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens in
the USA has an area of 47.75 ha, approximately 18000 animals and 1000 varieties of plants in it,
650,000 annual visitors, has an annual water spending of 379 million liters (Fagan, Brown & Chabot,
2011) where as Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens (22 ha) with 5000 animals and about 1.5 million
visitors in Australia uses 176 million litre of potable water every year (https://www.zoo.org.au/ saving-
water).

Attention must be paid to use automatic water delivery systems in animal enclosures, wallows, moats
and administrative and public buildings to save water (e.g. Lixit® water systems, Nelson® drinkers).

5.5.6 Safety
5. 5.6.1 Animal Enclosures
The design of animal enclosures is one of the most complex aspects of zoo development. Each different
species has its specific needs when it comes to housing and caring for it. When designing an enclosure it
is important to design it in a way that guarantees safety and comfort for animals, staff and visitors. An
enclosure should be suited for animals to live in, suited for staff to work in and suited for visitors to look
at. Animal enclosures must meet needs of animals, staffs, visitors and safety issues. It should prevent
the escape of animals, easy and safe to clean and feed. There should be provisions to shift animals from
one compartment to another while feeding, watering or cleaning. Therefore there should be several
separate enclosures that can all be locked individually. When operating any hatches or gates, the
keepers should be able to see all animals in the enclosure. This is most important when keepers need to
go inside the enclosure for cleaning. The keepers need to see if all the animals have moved through the
hatch/ gate to prevent any animal from still being inside the enclosure. It is also important that the
particular hatch can be seen from the point where it is operated. This will allow the keeper to close or
open the hatch as he/ she sees the animal has passed through. If there is a walkway for keepers next to
35
or between animal enclosures, it is important that there is enough space for the keepers to stay out of
reach of the animals. Especially with primates, cats and bears this is important as these animals can
seriously harm a person through the bars of the enclosure. Doors that give access to outside areas
should open to the inside of the enclosure. By doing so, the animal cannot simply open the door by
jumping at it if it is not properly locked.

The floors of the indoor compartments should not be slippery but easy to clean. The enclosure should
have water and electricity supply. A small utility storage room should be attached along with wash basins
and proper drainage systems. Enclosures should be connected to animal transport boxes/crates as well
which is extremely useful for during examination, treatment or other procedures.

5.5.6.2 Barriers
Barriers must be designed, constructed and maintained to contain animals within the enclosure. Animals
that can fly (birds, bats), climb (e.g. primates, cats, bears, small mammals) or jump high (e.g. antelope,
deer or leopards) must be kept in enclosures secure enough to prevent escape. It should be designed
and evaluated as per the size, strength and behaviour of the species concerned.

5.5.6.3 Visitor safety

Zoos must ensure that visitors are kept well away from enclosures that house potentially dangerous
animals. Gates and doors to areas where visitors are not allowed must be securely locked to prevent
unauthorized access. Proper signage at strategic places helps to prevent peoples crossing barriers and
dangerous areas.

5.5.6.4 Weighing beams and restraint crates

Fitting of these structures is typically done in the passage from the indoor housing to the outdoor
enclosures. This gives a better estimation of weight gain or loss of the animal, reflecting quality of
nutrition and growth monitoring as well as calculating drug dosages for medications. It must not be
forgotten while designing enclosures for large carnivore and herbivores.

5.5.7 Animal welfare

Modern zoo must follow five ethical principles and maintain the highest standards of animal welfare in
order to establish and sustain viable populations of healthy animals for conservation purposes and to
convey credible conservation messages to the public. These principles are to keep animals’ freedom from
thirst, hunger and malnutrition, freedom from fear and distress, freedom to express normal behavior for
the species, freedom from discomfort due to environment and freedom from pain, injury and disease
(Kohn, 1994).

5.5.8 Emergencies
5.5.8.1 Animal escapes, earthquakes, fires and explosions
Animal escape is the most serious emergency in many zoos. Animal escapes has occurred in many world
renowned zoos despite well known facilities but has been addressed tactfully. Dangerous carnivores,
large primates and elephant escape has created hue and cry for zoo management. The zoo must train
its own staff with police or army for handling weapons as a member of the emergency team to deal with
animal escape emergencies. The primary goal should aim at immediate evacuation of visitors from zoo
grounds to safe buildings, sealing of perimeter and control of the escaped animal by using tranquilizers;
or if the animal starts attacks on visitor or employees - shooting, as a last resort (EAZA, 2013). Zoo
should always ensure commitment of visitor, staff, and volunteer safety; and also ensure the safety of
the animals in collection. Other emergencies such as fire, flood, or explosion must target to protect the
public.

5.5.8.2 Risk assessment and risk prevention plans

Potential animal risk should be identified and solution and measures to prevent that risk must be
implemented immediately.

36
5.5.8.3 Emergency preparedness plans
Every zoo should prepare a detailed plan to deal with crisis in management, arising out of natural
disasters like cyclone, flood, drought and earth quake or accidental happenings like fire, animal escapes,
out- break of diseases, etc. The crisis sometimes may also arise out of vandalism by unruly visitors,
strike by the staff, and stoppage of supply of water, power and animal feed due to circumstances beyond
the control of the zoo management.

5.5.9 Animal Health

5.5.9.1 Veterinary hospital
Every zoo should have veterinary facilities appropriate to the size and type of the animal collection and a
full-fledged veterinary unit with all basic diagnostic facilities, comprehensive range of drugs, operation
theatre and in-patient wards. It must have large well-lit examination, x-ray and surgical spaces in an
efficient floor plan that allows staff to provide diagnosis and treatment with minimal movement of the
animal (Mehta and Singh, 2018).

The zoo hospital should be located away from the enclosures and other zoo buildings such as the office,
interpretation centre and any areas of public use etc. to keep the noise away from the animals under
treatment. Zoo hospital should be close to the boundary of the zoo, having separate entry and exit, other
than the visitors’ of the zoo. The hospital should have separate areas for examination and treatment,
surgery, quarantine, radiology, laboratory, storage of medicines also a safe lockable storage for narcotics
based on the requirements of the concerned government department, area for food preparation, staff
uniform storage and locker room with attached showers, reference library, in-patient and out-patient
wards. Besides these areas, there should be adequate space for storage of capture and restraint
equipment, surgical equipment, anaesthetic equipment, and autoclave facility.

Essentially the animal holding areas must be completely separate from the personnel areas such as
rooms of the veterinarian, store rooms, meeting and audio visual rooms or conference rooms etc. central
air conditioning system should be separate for animal and veterinarians/ officials rooms and spaces.

Animal holding areas should be designed for adequate number of air changes per hour to remove odours
and keep the areas fresh and free of disease. Circulation beginning from outside the hospital to areas
within should be separate for animals and staff.

Zoo veterinary hospital must be under the control of a qualified and experienced veterinarian. It should
have mobile squeeze cages, syringe projector and immobilisation drugs apart from the common
pharmaceutical and surgical equipment and other sundries used in the veterinary hospitals. Other tools
of physical restraint must be stocked. A good clinical lab must be available, X-ray unit and other modern
diagnostic equipments help in diagnosing and treating diseases. A compendium for drug dosage for the
different taxa should be made available and all medications must be used in accordance with local, state,
provincial, and federal regulations and must be administered in accordance with the relevant veterinary
practice act (Carpenter et al., 2016).

5.5.9.2 Medical Records

Complete medical records must be maintained on all animals in the collection that have received
veterinary attention. The records must indicate all, surgical procedures, anesthetic procedures, results of
all laboratory tests and immunization records with all relevant dates (Carpenter et al., 2016)

5.5.9.3 Special Veterinary drugs and equipment

Wild animals either captive or free ranging needs to be restrained and controlled for various reasons.
Small animals can generally be restrained by physical means where as larger animals are restrained by
chemical methods. Application of chemical methods requires special equipments and drugs such as blow
pipes, jab sticks, projectile guns, dart syringes and tranquilizer drugs. As these equipment and drugs are
not commonly used in domestic animal practice, they have to be imported from abroad suppliers. The
domestic process for permits to import takes a while, thus zoo administration should be aware in time.

37
5.5.9.4 Disease control
Wild animals and birds in the zoological gardensdiffer from domestic animals in terms of behaviour. The
wild behaviour of wild birds and animals do not allow us to frequent and easy handling as domestic
animals. Firstly, it is not wise to handle wildlife frequently because handling induces stress on them;
secondly, it is costly because it requires special equipments and drugs and safety procedures which are
costly. Therefore it is wise to put a disease prevention plan basically a regular vaccination program
against major infectious diseases and deworming programs against parasitic diseases and a strong bio
security mechanism. Surveillance of the diseases can be carried out upon serum samples collected
opportunistically while performing other procedures.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) will be a threat to zoo bird collections. Therefore HPAI response
plans need to be prepared and establish a close contact with Department of Livestock Services and its
provincial units. Similarly, Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection (EEHV) is one of the most
significant disease threats to young captive Asian elephants. Mammalian tuberculosis still occasionally
occurs in zoo collections, and routine screening of primates, hoof stock, elephants, and keeper staff is
indicated.

Zoo animals are susceptible to a number of diseases that also affect domestic and production animals.
Stray domestic animals roaming on zoo grounds may directly or indirectly transmit disease to or from
zoo animals. Therefore perimeter fencing and security measures should be constructed and maintained
which minimizes the opportunity for stray animals to gain access (Reiss and Woods, 2011).

5.5.9.5 Health threats to zoo animals

The proposed Hetauda Zoological garden is located near East west high way (7 Km from Hetauda). It lies
within Ward No 11 of Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City which has an area of 9.66 Km2 and 1709
households with a total population of 7970 (http://hetaudamun.gov.np/en/node/398) and is surrounded
on all of its three sides by huge human settlements. The peoples in these settlements are mostly farmers
and house cattle, buffalo, goats, pigs and poultry. Diseases of the domestic animals such as Foot and
mouth disease (FMD), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), Classical swine fever, Canine distemper of dogs,
highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of poultry, etc. may pose a threat to the animals and birds of
the zoo. However, a close cooperation with local veterinary authority to control diseases of domestic
animal such as mass vaccination, application of biosecurity measures and education of the farmers
greatly reduces the threat of transmission to animals at the zoo (Reiss and Woods, 2011). In 2004 an
outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza caused the death of 45 tigers and leopards in Thailand (Tiensin et al.,
2005).

5.5.9.6 Health threats to nearby residents

Emerging infectious diseases (EID) are increasingly originating from wildlife, due in part to increasing
urbanization, globalized trade, habitat loss and other environmental changes. Many of these diseases
have significant impacts on human, domestic animal and wildlife health and biodiversity. Recent
examples of emerging infectious diseases in humans with a wildlife origin include severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, avian influenza, Marburg virus and
Ebola virus. Wildlife can act as a source and reservoir of diseases of domestic livestock such as bovine
tuberculosis and avian influenza, and can result in significant economic losses (Cox-Witton et al., 2014).
It is estimated that 75% of EID are zoonotic and, of these, 70% originate in wildlife populations
(Robinette et al., 2017).

Unless otherwise the waste disposal and carcass disposal is carried out in a scientific and disciplined way,
there should not be any threats to public health because of the presence of the Hetauda Zoological
garden the Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City, Shahid Smarak area.

5.5.9.7 Emergency closure of the park for public visit

Zoological gardens and recreation centers are normally open to visitors 7 days a week. However, in case
of severe weather conditions like extreme heat and cold, storms, flood, etc., it may be closed for a short
period considering the safety of visitors, animals and staffs. Extreme weathers may damage the zoo
infrastructures and may need time to perform repair and restoration of services. Availability of backup

38
power supply and emergency plans for natural disasters will help quick restoration of structures and save
its animals, birds and aquatic wildlife.

5.5.9.8 Disposal of dead animals

It is natural that some animal die in any zoo due to old age, diseases or accident in captivity. The dead
animals must be disposed off paying due respect according to our culture and tradition. Normally,
carcasses of dead animals are subjected to post mortem examination and sampling for determining
cause of death. Depending upon the species it is wise to follow the instructions provided by the federal or
provincial laws. There are two options- one incineration, the other- burial. Incineration is preferred but
there must be an incinerator established while the burial is cheaper method but should ensure complete
disinfection to control infection and filch of skeleton or other body parts by unauthorized persons. Some
specimens may also be processed for taxidermy or skeletal specimens for research and educational
purposes.

5.5.9.9 Pest control

Pests, including insects, rodents, nuisance birds, and certain mammals, may be common in zoos because
of availability of shelter, food, and water. Control of pests is a critical aspect of preventive medicine at
zoological gardens(AAZV, 1999). Pests are vectors or reservoirs of disease that can adversely affect zoo
animals. For example, cockroaches are intermediate hosts for GI parasites of primates and birds; rodents
can harbor and spread Listeria, Salmonella, and Leptospira spp. and Francisella tularensis. Pests can also
significantly degrade the aesthetic quality of the park and cause economic loss from damage to stored
foods and to physical facilities. Key pest management issues at zoos are rat and mice control, insect
(primarily cockroach) control and identification of nonchemical alternatives. Because of relay toxicity
risks, trapping is preferred over baiting for removal of vertebrate pests (Spelman, 1999). Sanitation and
proper storage and removal of solid waste (bedding, feed, enrichment items, dirt, and debris) are
important steps in pest management (AAZV, 1999). Appropriate food storage bins that are well sealed
will reduce potential pest problems. Chemical use should be considered a last resource for pest
management.

5.5.10 Animal quarantine and rescue center

Zoological garden needs to design and build a facility within its premises called Animal quarantine and
rescue centre. Quarantine facility and rescue centre should be away from the display area and the zoo
hospital. It should be located such that can be reached without having to pass through the main zoo
enclosure area or any public area. In the due course of time, it should have space and facility for
keeping, caring and feeding the most probable wildlife in the province No 3. The most likely rescued
species for the Hetauda Zoological garden by its geographical location will be common leopard, large
Indian civet, small Indian civet, jungle cat, jackal, stripped hyena, leopard cat, yellow throated marten,
porcupine, rhesus macaque, wild pig, sloth bear, Indian and Chinese pangolin, turtles, huchil, cranes,
eagles, Himalayan griffon, and many more species of birds. As the population of wild herd of elephant is
increasing in Nepal and developmental works such as irrigation canals and road construction is massively
increasing there is also chance of getting elephant calves abandoned or fallen in the canals being brought
to the zoo for fostering. Also the wildlife that are ecologically adapted in higher altitude and cold climate
can be kept and displayed in the zoological garden but it need to develop controlled temperature within
the enclosure and take care of food they are adapted with.

Rescue centre must have several types of cages, crates, feeding bottles, heating devices and veterinary
equipment and drugs. Injured animals may be released into the wild after recovery or adjusted in the
exhibits. Seriously injured animals may need life time management in the rescue centre. The isolation of
rescued animals is also necessary to keep them stress free by housing them away from other animals
and vice versa. Quarantine shelter helps the animals to adapt themselves to the new environment,
recover from the stress of capture and transportation. Animal under quarantine should be carefully
observed for any abnormal behavior, appetite, or symptoms suggestive of any disease (Cheeran, 2008).

The zoological garden's quarantine and rescue centre must function as a centre of excellence in the care,
rescue and rehabilitation of wildlife. The rescue centre must play an important role in treating and
rehabilitating wildlife brought in by the public as well as those confiscated animals by the provincial

39
authority. The expertise of the team of wildlife professionals with good experience should be able to
deliver first class care to a wide range of Nepalese wildlife.

4.5.11 Training
Zoological garden itself is a full organization. Its staffs consist of varied disciplines. The core peoples look
after the wild animals that the zoo is keeping. They are primarily responsible for cleaning and checking
animal enclosures, feeding, watering, handling and watching normal and abnormal behaviours for signs
of illness, injury or stress and giving first aid when required. They are also involved in maintaining proper
records of the animal's health and behaviour, and occasionally deliver briefing to visitors and monitor
visitor and animal interactions. Since the zoo will be having a wide variety of animal species, these staff
needs to know about food, behaviour, care and conservation, welfare, psychology, enrichments as well
as the rescue and rehabilitation of wildlife in captive environments. This knowledge can be achieved only
through proper trainings. Hence, zoo administration needs to train specific staffs frequently on particular
species management followed by volunteers for future employments.

5.5.12 Waste disposal

5.5.12.1 Solid waste

A wide variety of solid waste materials accumulates in the zoo during all phases of construction and
operation. Aluminium cans, broken glass and bottles, plastic substances and packing papers will be the
major one. Recycling of these can be done through a contractor or coordination and cooperation
agreement can be done with the Hetauda sub-metropolitan City for the management and settlement.

5.5.12.2 Liquid waste

A substantial amount of liquid waste is generated from the zoo which consists of animal and human
excreta; floor washings, leftover animal foods, washings from food stalls and residence and hospital. This
waste cannot be released into the nature without treatment because it may contaminate the
underground water and pasture and pollute the environment. Hence, an organized sewerage system
should be in place at the zoo with a network of pipelines connected to a sedimentation pit system where
suspended solids settle out. The water is then diverted to the treatment plant and released in the
surface. Water quality testing and monitoring at regular intervals should be incorporated in the activities.

5.5.12.3 Rainwater drainage

Haphazard flowing of rain water during Monsoon may damage zoo infrastructures. Therefore some
attention must be given while carrying out designing or layout work.

5.5.13 Public relations

Zoo must be able to maintain an ideal relationship with its neighbouring citizens (wards, tols,
communities, clubs, schools and local leaders as well as security officials). This would assist the
management during crisis such as visitor's death and staff accidents, vandalism, social unrest/disputes
for sharing of resources, disease epidemics in the locality or during natural disasters. This can be
maintained through inviting them in meetings repeatedly or by involving them in the management board.

5.5.14 Wildlife species in the exhibit at Shahid Smarak

Major area of the Shahid Smarak is occupied by monuments, view tower, gardens; children’s play
grounds, swimming pool and picnic shades. Animal species displayed are leopard, barking deer, chital,
rhesus macaque, rabbits and gunea pigs (mammals); owl, griffon, peacock, emu and pigeons (birds);
turtles and a gharial (reptiles). The enclosures and other facilities for their welfare issue are far below
normal standard.

There is some potential area of the community forest on the north-eastern part, but it is undulating and
sloppy. Animal exhibits can be built in this area but may be expensive during construction due to need of
excavation, gabion walling, roads and erosion control.

40
If the land of the adjoining Dangdunge Community Forest could be utilized, and the encroached area
could be taken back by the community forest, then only it is feasible to establish a zoological garden in
this area. Because of the constraint of the land and its undulating sloppy topography, it is not feasible for
displaying mega herbivores such as rhino and elephants. However, with the magnificent view from the
park and unique forest and topography, small mammals, aquatic animals and birds can be
accommodated in this park to aid attraction of the visitors.

5.5.15 Administrative and Staffing Pattern

The management authority should appoint an officer of appropriate rank as “whole time in-charge” of the
zoo with powers to take decision and ensure that adequate financial resources and infrastructural
support is made available to such officer for proper housing, upkeep and healthcare of the zoo animals
and managing the zoo in a planned manner.

The authority should also provide adequate scientific and technical staff to support the officer-in-charge
of the zoo in carrying out the responsibilities of housing, upkeep and healthcare of zoo animals, research
and visitor education. The following positions are advised (Table 12).

S. Category of staff Large Medium Small Mini Zoo

No. Zoo* Zoo Zoo

1 Curator 1 1 1 Mini Zoos shall avail the

assistance of appropriately
2 Veterinarian 2 1 1
qualified individuals available
Education locally
3 Officer 1 1

4 Biologist 1 1 1

* In case the scientific and technical posts are filled by direct recruitment, the recruitment rule for such
posts shall provide for their career progression including the benefit of flexible complementing scheme
for their promotions.

5.5.16 Feasibility Study Concluding Section

SWOT Analysis of proposed ZG in Hetauda

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning technique that involves analysis of strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats relative to a goal. A list strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the
proposed areas in a given situation is analyzed and pointed out. It typically begins as a brainstorming
session that populates a 2x2 grid according the SWOT criteria:

5.5.16.1 Strengths
Space: There is an enough alternative areas accessible to establish a large size of Zoological garden in
PBZCF and DCF

Existing infrastructure for Recreation: The Shahid Smarak has developed the most of the
infrastructure regarding recreation Centre. So it can establish ZG easily

Possibility of Collaboration: Possibility to encouraging partnership with local communities and

stakeholders, including national and global conservation organizations.

Water sources: Necessity of water for the zoo and animals obtainable in the perennial source in Kukreni
Khola and Rapti River

Connectivity: The proposed Zoological garden is very close connectivity (1.5 km) to the East-West
highway. Hetauda city is situated about 4 km from this proposed site.

Topography: The proposed site for the ZG consist diverse topography- Chure and inner Doon zone, so
the climatic condition is also diverse. The faunal and floral species diversity is also high.

41
Electricity: The surrounding areas of the proposed ZG are electrified so there may be little investment
for electricity infrastructure in the zoo.

Close to urban centre: Urban centers, Birgunj, Simara and some places of India is closer from this
proposed ZG site. So the goods and services can be easily found to manage the proposed ZG

International airport: Access to the proposed under construction international airport Nijgadh is about
35 km about 1 hours drive up and down.

Suitable for tropical/subtropical species: The climatic condition of this site is sub-tropical to tropical,
so the ZG management has the opportunity to put here subtropical and tropical animal species in this
zoo

Budget allocation: MITFE, FD, Province-3, CFUG, Hetauda sub-metropolitan City and Birganj tourism
board can allocate budget for the construction of the Zoological garden.

Priority project: Expansion SS of as a Zoological garden at Nawalpur is the priority project of provincial
government-3, why because it will become only the zoological garden at provincial level

Commitment of People: There is a strong commitment of local community to establish the ZG in SS,
DCF and PBZCF

Act and Regulations: National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 (Amendment, 2073) provide
to establish Zoo on the request of any individuals or institutions. The CFUG has own rule in work plan to
introduce eco-tourism in the CF

5.5.16.2 Weaknesses
Rivulets flowing upstream: The two rivers Rapti and Kukreni Khola in the North East may produce
flash flooding.

Water percolation: The areas for the proposed ZG are positioned in Bhabar and Churia hills and the
soil is sand and sandy loam. The water percolation is high in this area. The cost will be high for the water
collection in ponds and swimming pool.

Poor grass biomass production: Due to dryness of the soil, the grass and lower vegetation biomass
production is poor.

Dryness climatic regime: The climatic condition is dry due to the sub-tropical and tropical climatic
regime. The water percolation rate is high so the moisture cannot be maintained in these areas.

Resource dependency: Local people settling surrounding the proposed sites are collecting forest
product from this proposed site, they have not enough alternatives for their cooking and grazing land.

4.5.16.3 Opportunities

Increasing Number of Visitors: Expansion of eco-tourism with development opportunities of local

people and the people involved in such enterprises.

Additional support in areas extension: About 69.3 ha areas of Parivartan BZCF and 15.6 ha of
Dnagdunge CF can be incorporated for SS as a partner.

Water supply: Water supply for ZG is available. The water supply sources are Rapti River and Kukreni
Khola producing abundant surface water for drinking, irrigation in botanical gardens and lawns.

Low investment for access road: Roads: have been built up to the proposed area. Extensions roads
can be built easily, in a low invest access of wide and metal roads can be constructed.

Other recreational parks: After the establishment of Zoological garden, visitors are available for the
internal tourism. The internal visitors from the closer national parks (Parsa and Chitwan) will be attracted
in this ZG due to the introduction of large and exotic species.

Zoogeographic zones: There are two zoogeohpgrapy is available such as Churia hills and Bahvar
zones. So the biodiversity is high in these areas due to Eco tone.

Matching fund available: The provincial government is interested to establish this ZG. And two CFUG
are also interested to take responsibilities, so the matching funds are available to establish this ZG.
42
Market service available: Markets of Hetauda, Birganj and Raxaul of Bihar, India are close to this
proposed ZG. So the construction materials for the park are reachable.

Institutions can work together (Synergy): Authority of Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City, SS, Forest
directorate, DFO, SCFUG and Dangdunge CFUG can work together to establish this zoological garden.

Collaboration with academia: Makwanpur Multipal Campus, Agriculture and Forestry University, IOF
(TU) including many school and colleges are available for the academic support and opportunism of
spreading conservation education.

Institution available: Institutions are available to regulate this ZG and conduct this ZG. Such as SS,
SCFUG, and PBZCFUG has huge numbers of capable persons in their UG.

5.5.16.4 Threats
Gully Erosion: Due to the heavy rain fall a causing erosion gully may be formed in the upper part of the
SS in Saraswoti community forest.

Population increase: Human population might be increased here due the establishment of the Zoo and
regular population trend.

Erosion prone: The proposed site of ZG is surrounded by above mentioned two rivers, there may be
chance of erosion which effected the proposed ZG areas and other areas.

Chances of fire: This site is covered mostly by deciduous Sal dominated forest, due to the deposition of
Sal leave there is a chance of fire through throwing of cigarette stump by cattle herders.

Flash flood: Some time due to cats and dogs rain a flashy flood might be occurred which affect the
proposed ZG areas.

Less water holding (retention) capacity: This areas falls in Bhavar topographic zone , soil is sandy,
so the water holding capacity is poor.

Competition with other parks: There are 2 national parks CNP and PNP, so this ZG might face
completion to them.

Time taken to institutionalize: It takes little bit of time to develop as a visitor’s preferred destination.

5.5.17 Methods used in feasibility study

The expert team adapted following specific methodology to get information on the feasibility study of the
Zoological garden Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City-11, Nawalpur.

5.5.16.1 Literature review

To develop basic criteria for Ramapithecus Zoological garden and Recreational Center, feasibility survey
from literature review. Feasibility analysis is the process of confirming that a strategy (policy, plan,
scheme, approach, and tactic), plan or design is possible and makes sense. This can be used to validate
assumptions (expectations) constraints (limitations), decisions (judgment, result conclusion) approaches
(methodology, tactic) and business cases (commercial, occupational)
(https://simplicable.com/new/feasibility-analysis).

The expert team adopted the following broad criteria such as Technical, Institutional, Schedule, Market,
Regulations & Standards, Organizational, Operations (Optimization of core revenue generating
processes)., Financial, Legal, Tourism, Environmental /Climatic feasibility, and Social response
feasibility. The technical criteria were further sub divided into following headings: size of land or area,
topography (slope, flat or undulating, etc.), water sources, access road (gravel, pitched, mud road and
trail), pollution status (air, water, noise, radiation, chemical and endemic hazards), natural calamities or
vulnerability (flood, landslide, drought, fire, animal diseases, etc.), electricity, etc. were considered as
main guiding criteria for site selection.

5.5.16.2 Stake-holders Workshop

The community consultation workshop was organized at Hetauda sub-metropolitan city hall. Participants
for the workshop were invited from diverse stakeholder groups (See appendix 1). They represented
43
district coordination committee, CFUG, political parties, University or academician, journalists, Chambers
of commerce, lawyers, Government officers, local recreation centers, women groups, school teacher, and
other communities. Mr. Baburam Yadav and Bhuwan Keshar Sharma initiated discussion by giving an
audiovisual talk to the participants on local and international aspects of zoo and tourism strategy for the
park.

5.5.17 Feasibility Findings

Based on literature review, inherent experiences, and above major criteria to evaluate (technical,
institutional, financial, community response and legal, schedule, market, tourism, Regulations and
Standards, Organizational, Operations, climatic and types of animals feasibility) and field visit, for the
feasibility study of establishment of Zoological garden and Recreation Center at Nawalpur Hetauda , the
observations and discretion are presented as following:

5.5.17.1. The alternative analysis

5.5.17.2 Technical parameters

Possible Solutions for Land areas

Cost Construction on former Landscape: Construction costs of the expansion of Shahid Smarak located in
Saraswoti Community forest will be significantly higher (to account for ground settling and special
drainage treatment); thus, it is expected that construction and expansion of a zoo on this site would in
occur high cost above the "normal" costs of constructing a zoo on a site without land cutting and land fill
issues. So in addition to Shahid Smarak , the consultant conducted preliminary evaluations of other
potential sites.

Existing Shahid Smarak area:

The team had done the preliminary survey of the SS. The forest of SS is under the Saraswoti Community
forest user group, has no land use power. The areas is only 21 hectares and all most all the areas has
been occupied by infrastructure for the recreational purposes such as for picnic sites, swimming pool,
and some small areas has been allocated for animal cages. For the recreational purpose it is enough but
for the extension of animal enclosure is not sufficient.

Observation of alternatives for proposed ZG

For the management of large mammals the expert team, representatives of Shahid Smarak Parivartan
BZCF, Officer of Brindavan herbal Garden and members of Gumba Mandir Religious Forest were visited to
find out the alternatives on the following sites.

Option 1.Dangdunge Community Forest: It is located eastern part of Shahid Smarak. As the expert
identified the areas for small mammals and bird section in the extension site the eastern of the Shahid
Smarak and the western portion of Dangdunge community forest. The expert team extensively rakes up
the western portion of the Dangdunge community forest and found about 15.6 ha areas out of 194.47 ha
for the expansion. If these areas will add with SS old areas then it will be feasible for the extension of
small animals' enclosures.

Option 2.Brindavan Harbal Garden, Hetauda , Makwanpur area: For the next potential areas the team
visited the Brindavan Herbal Garden established for Non-timber forest product production. It is situated
south of Rapti River and east of the Parivartan BZCF. These areas could be added for the establishment
of zoological garden as part of botanical or herbal garden in a collaborative working model. The
department of botany might be the stake-holder in the management of zoological garden.

Option 3.Pravivartan Community Forest: Expert team also visited the Buffer zone Privartan community
forest (69.3ha) This BZCF has been handed over to the Privartan user groups for the conservation of
biodiversity and forest utilization by Parsa National Park. The members of the Executive Committee
including chairperson of the BZCF are committed to create zoological garden in this area.

Option 4.Shree Gumbe Tatha Mandir Religious Forest: The last site for the alternative was also observed
the Gumba tatha Mandir religious forest (54 ha). This forest has been handed over to the Gumba Mandir

44
Religious users group for the purpose of conservation as a religious a forest. This might be the last
alternative of extension.

The Most Feasible Solution

The most feasible solutions are as follows; Western portion about 15.6 ha of Dangdunge community
forest is most feasible solution for the expansion of SS for small animals. The most feasible solutions for
the large and endangered species are the Parivartan Buffer Zone Community forests areas of 69.3 ha.

The alternative analysis of feasibility study for the areas concluded that:

The current 21-heatare areas of the Shahid smarak are not sufficient for the expansion as ZG. The
changing exhibit requirements, increasing operating costs, and stagnant revenues, are resulting in a mini
zoo that offers fewer exhibits. Parking is limited and cannot fully accommodate visitors on weekends or
during busy seasons. Only Shahid Smarak is not well suited for the establishment of a large zoological
garden. The site poses a number of tough challenges (e.g., building new access roads and constructing
zoo facilities).

5.5.17.1.2 Possible Solutions for other than Land areas

Topography

Saraswoti community forest area do not have flat area where Shahid Smarak has been established. All
most all areas are situated in southern part in the base of Churia hill. Topography of proposed site
(Parivartan CF) is appropriate for the establishment of Zoological garden. The flat areas of Parivartan are
69.3 ha and are available for the further extension of SS. So the land areas feasibility for the zoo
establishment becomes not a problem.

Water availability

The proposed CF has two permanent surface water sources. In the north Rapti River with perennial flow
of water and in the east Kukhureni Khola water during even in the spring season. One of the river
Kukhureni khola source is located in Chure foot hill in the south. In addition perennial ground water
sources is also available (CF nursery area) where as water can be lifted from Rapti River. Potable water
is inevitable for animals, moats, peoples and plant, fountains and ponds for boating, water birds and
Gharial crocodile in the Park.

Access road

The proposed site is located 1.5 km from East- West High Way at Nawalpur, almost 4 Km from Hetauda
Bus Park in the north-west. A fairly wide link road already exists from Jabalpur to the SS area. Thus,
transportation of visitors and construction materials is quite easy.

Electricity availability

There are many settlements close to the community forest. The area is already electrified; hence, three
phase electricity power supply is easily available.

Natural calamities/vulnerability (possibility of disasters and hazards)

The expert team assessed the minimum impacts from vulnerability such as disasters and hazards. The
proposed area is located in flat and gentle slope topography; therefore there are fewer chances of
landslides. In Monsoon, chances of flash flood from Rapti River and Kukhureni Khola may occur,
however, damage may be at minimum. Chances of forest fire are observed, but it is preventable.
Similarly, endemic animal diseases such as Foot and Mouth disease and Avian Influenza of birds can be
controlled through proper plan and biosecurity measures.

Forage and fodder availability

Currently, a shortage of fodder and forage grasses has been observed in the area at winter; however, it
can be supplemented by planting fodder trees and cultivating quality grasses in the area as the irrigation
and sufficient land is available.

45
Pollutants

All potential sources of air, water, sound and chemical pollution were assessed. Human settlement,
industries and public vehicles are main sources of pollutants to environments. The site is fairly away from
Industries and public transportation services; furthermore, the settlement is below the sources of water
and its catchment area. There are no sources of radiation at this time and hence, the team concluded
that the site is free from impacts of pollutions.

Institutional feasibility

Sarswoti , Parivartan and Dangdunge Community Forest User Group Committee are legal body formed
under the Forest Act 2049. The SCFUG , PBZCF and DCFUG have an approved working document; an
active executive committee, advisors, periodic plan and; its activities are controlled and regularly
monitored by Government forest office. There are 29 members in Executive Council including 140 council
members of Shahid Smarak Development Committee is conducting the SS from 2052. It has 33
permanent (16), Temporary (3), on contract (8) daily wages (6) working staff are in SS.

In addition, the amendment of Forest Act 2049 has provided authority to CFUG to establish and run eco-
tourism promotion programs within community forest. On this basis, SSDC, SCF, PBZCF and DCF have
strong institutional framework for the establishment and running of the proposed zoological garden and
recreation center. Existing institution mainly SSDC has been conducting the SS as mini zoo and
recreational center so it is feasible for institutional requirements.

Financial feasibility

The SSDC has been earning money from entrée fee, swimming pond, children garden, picnic spot, and
marriage huts. The SSDC also getting funds from, sub-metropolitan city, provincial government and
tourism board, Birgunj. The location, accessibility and uniqueness in the province 3 have a great
potential of attracting thousands of visitors. In the long run, fund can be generated from spill over
visitors of Chitwan National Park and Parsa National Park. The Chief Minister is supporting to establish
this zoological gardensso Provincial Government MITFE is the main source of budget for establishing the
ZG. Potential donors such as individual, Trust, ADB, WB, other donors or financial institutions, etc.
Willingness of investors: local, provincial, federal and other sources such as Non-Residential Nepalese
Association (NRNA), Banker, Industrialist, Animal lovers, etc. Investment modality can be adopted
(private, public, private public partnership, etc.). Capacity on financial, institutional and human resources
availability in local community.

Legal feasibility

Establishment of ZG in Hetauda sub-metropolitan City is legally feasible on the basis of following Acts
and policies.

National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2029 (Fifth Amendment 2073) has provided the private and
public sector to rear wild animals for the research work, and educational exhibition, commercial purposes
and can establish zoo. Followings articles of Act 2029 give rights to the people for running wildlife rescue
centre and animal hospital:

a) On the permission of Nepal Government, NPWC Act 2029 the 5th Amendment 2073, the article 15
(Ka) can provided rights to rear wild animals for the research work, breeding and commercial purposes.

b) On the permission of Nepal Government, NPWC Act 2029 the 5th Amendment 2073, the article 15
(Kh) can provided rights to reared particular wild animals for the research work or for the educational
exhibition.

c) On the permission of Nepal Government, NPWC Act 2029 the 5th Amendment 2073, the article 15
(Ga) can provide rights to establish zoo, wildlife rescue centre and animal hospital.

d) Saraswoti, Dangdunge and Parivartan Community Forest constitution and working plan is approved by
respective DFO and Chief Conservation Officer.

Community response feasibility

SSDC was found very active and committed to new program and projects. The pro-activeness was
demonstrated by their team members while we were there for field work; the executive members
46
responded very well our presence, organized and participated in discussions, interactions and at the
community consultation workshop. It seems that there is a very good faith among the chairman other
executive members. In this context all members of the advisory committee and even the local political
leaders were found active and responsive for this project. All of them are committed to work voluntarily.
These are all indicators of good community response to new projects and program.

Tourism Feasibility

SS is visited by many local tourist, students, children and adults. More than 400000 visitors visit this SS
annually. It earns about 20 million rupees from the visitors. Spill over tourist from CNP and PNP will visit
after the introduction of large and endangered animals in ZG. Thus, people in this region are adapted to
recreation and thus have high potential of tourist visits to the proposed zoological garden and Birgunj is
one of the highly populated town about 52 Km in the south and it is the gateway of Nepal. The additional
benefits for being nearer to Indian border Raxaul of India are fostering the growth of the region in
tourism.

Environment /Climatic feasibility

Putting any wild animals in the zoo enclosures the zookeepers should aware about the behaviors and
habits of the rescued animals. Recognize the places, habitat, of the rescued animals before introducing in
the zoo enclosures. The proposed RZG zoo can't put animals from Himalayan and from high mountain
areas such as Snow leopard, Himalyan black bears, Red panda, and Musk deer etc. The RZG has
available many sources of tropical and sub-tropical animals in the flat land. Six tropical protected areas
have been established in Terai and Bhavar zone of the country. Some animals from outside protected
areas may be available for the proposed ZG.

Schedule feasibility

It is a process of validating that a goal is possible with time constraints. The goal is to establish a large
size ZG in Province-3. The related organizations such as Ministry of Commerce, Tourism and Forest and
Environment, Forest Directorate, Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City and Chief Minister are supporting to
establish the proposed ZG. So it will be established in its scheduled time. So bigger constrains may not
occur as hindrance in the establishment the ZG.

Market feasibility

The proposed ZG will be the only a large type of Zoological garden established in province 3 outside
Kathmandu valley where large and endangered animals will be introduced. Exotic species like lions,
Zebra, Giraffe, Black rhinos, hippo attract most of the visitors from other parks to see the wild animals.
Visitors of CNP and PNP will be forced to visit the exotic animals. Potential visitors from local and
provincial sites will be visited.

During the establishment of ZG needed a lot of local, regional, national and international materials for
construction of infrastructures. Markets for the construction materials are available in Hetauda , Birgunj
and Raxual of Bihar India .So the material feasibility through market is available.

Operation feasibility

The feasibility of organizing and operating the ZG project is easy. Cost and technical challenges
associated with operating and maintaining the ZG is not a difficult work because cost for the
establishment will be provided by provincial government, CFUGS, Sub-metropolitans city. The operating
cost will be also full filled through the entry fees, camping fee, boating fees, picnic spots, children park
fees, etc.

5.5.18 Cost Benefit analysis

Cost Benefit Analysis Example (CBA Example)

The purpose of applying Cost Benefit analysis is to calculate the ratio of benefit over costs. It is a simple
technique that can be used for financial decisions. Simply put a Cost Benefit Analysis is made to identify
how well, or how poorly, a project will be concluded.

47
https://www.google.com/search?q=What+is+a+cost+benefit+analysis+example%3F&sa=X&ved=2ahUK
EwjVgo-GhpbiAhWKtY8KHYO6AOwQzmd6BAgNEAo&biw=1536&bih=754 Feb 13, 2018

Direct Costs Examples-The following are a few examples for direct costs:

 Laborer’s wages, wood, glass, cement, concrete, rebar, etc. , handles, locks, hinges, direct
materials, consumable supplies, freight in and out, sales commissions, royalty payment, patent
holder, consultants, tools, etc.

Indirect Costs Examples-The following are a few examples for indirect costs:

 Advertisement costs, project management costs, operational costs, insurance, depreciation,

manager’s salary, indirect costs related to transport, administration cost, indirect employee’s
salaries, security cost, office cost, selling and distribution cost, etc.

Direct /tangible Benefits Examples

S.No. Types of benefits Number of visitors Rate Amount

1 Entry fee 5000 200 1000000
2 Boating 2500 200 500000
3 Camping fees 1000 400 400000
4 Picnic spot charge 200 5000 5000
5 Swimming fee 500 250 125000
6 Children Park 500 100 500000

Indirect /intangible Benefits Examples

Wildlife conservation, visitor’s satisfaction, health improvement through entertainment, O 2 production

and make healthy, vegetation cover increased, carbon sequestration, etc.

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS

The main purpose of the feasibility study was conducted survey on the existing Shahid Smarak existed
as a recreational center with some rescued animal cages, for the extension as a provincial zoological
garden. Seven expert of different expertise (Wildlife and tourism expert, Zoo expert/Zoologist,
Veterinary and wildlife expert, Botanist, engineer) were extensively involved in the study for the
extension and development of the existing SS as a Provincial Zoological garden and Recreational Centre
in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City , Makwanpur Province-3. The sub-tropical climatic condition with less
water percolation capacity of soil specialize some species of plant to grow in this area. Few of them have
good nutritive value and highly palatable for herbivores.

Technical feasibility, financial feasibility, legal feasibility, tourism feasibility, animal management
feasibility, climatic feasibility and alternatives options for the areas needed for large and small mammal
were analyed. The study also made the general cost benefit analysis. The existing area of SS for the
extension for the provincial zoological garden and recreational Centre is insufficient. The existing SS
areas is already occupied by the recreational infrastructure. The existing area is dry and located in Churia
hills. Water supply resources are insufficient for the management of zoological garden.

Feasible options for the land areas were carried out for the extension of SS as a ZG and RC. A 15.6 ha
land area with dominated hill Sal forest managed by Dangdunge CFUG directly attached to the east of
the SS to accommodate small mammals and birds. 2nd options for the acquisition of land areas were the
Parivartan BZCF, Gumba Mandir religious forest if necessary, and some portion of Botanical Herbal
Garden surveyed for the large mammals including exotic endangered species.

As per the desired topography, enormous possibility of land availability for building all kind of
infrastructures that will be needed in a zoological garden. Paribartan Buffer zone Community Forest

48
having an area of 69.3 ha and about 500 household as users. The latter is under the jurisdiction of Parsa
National Park and Buffer Zone. A religious forest is also connected to the Paribartan Community Forest.
Surface water can be sufficiently available from Kukreni Khola or may be pumped from Rapti River. Here,
any size enclosures, moats, ponds, wallows or grasslands can be built for displaying even mega
vertebrate animals.Since the land is somewhat low land in between two rivers, the flash flooding in the
monsoon is the only threat if a park is established. This threat can be minimized by suitably designing
the needed infrastructures.

Though East West highway and Rapti River and some settlement are present in between the Brindavan
Herbal Garden and Shahid Smarak Park in the north, the distance is not more than 2 Km. Hence, these
two facilities can be connected by constructing a Cable car in the future to aid more attraction to the
visitors.

Ward no 12, 13, 14 and 15 of the Hetauda Sub- Metropolitan City are closest settlements from this
Brindavan Herbal Garden. The total population of these four wards is 31360
(http://hetaudamun.gov.np/ne/ward). The Padam Pokhari area of the Metropolitan holds 3482 cattle,
1082 buffalo, 348 sheep, 9444 goat and 536 pigs (MOLD, 2017). Metropolitan city and veterinary
knowledge center are located at the town are working for the control of diseases in livestock and poultry,
problems of disease can easily be settled in the zoological garden. Observed both sites are feasible for
zoological garden. It should be connect by cable car to manage visitors. Shahid Smarak Park is
appropriate for small animals and birds. The purposed extend part Parivartan Community forest is good
for large size animals.

The feasibility study concluded and recommended the following points on the basis of above said
analysis:

1. Collaboration should be made among SSDC, Sharswoti CFUG, Parivartan BZCFUG, and Dangdunge CF
to establish the Zoological garden and Recreation Centre. Benefit sharing should make available among
above said institutions.

2. Master plan of the proposed Zoological gardensis recommended to prepare soon

3. Tropical and subtropical types of animal species are recommended to introduce in the comfortable
with enough spaces exhibits

4.To increase the tourism a 30% local animal's species, 30% regional animals' species, 25% national
animal species (indigenous species) and 15% internationals animals (exotic species) can be put in the
ZG&RC.

5. In case of endangered/rare/ vulnerable species (Rhino, Tiger, Elephant, Lions) the zoo authority
should be managed security in the close harmonization with Police/Army and others.

6. Veterinary Hospital and animal quarantine should be constructed and conducted before animals
placing in the enclosures exhibits. Veterinary Doctors, Curators and other trained technician should be
recruited to conduct the hospital and lab.

7. Healthy sufficient allocated foods by curators, medicine allocated by Doctors should be supplied to the
zoo animals in time.

8. Sufficient trained technical and administrative employee should be arranged to conduct the zoo
appropriately.

9. Zoo shall provide basic civic amenities to the visitors like wash room(male, female and disable),
healthy drinking water points, shelters and first-aid facilities. Ramps shall also be provided for the benefit
of visitors in wheel chairs for approach to animal enclosure and other civic amenities.

10. In the proposed site, Shahid Smark is relatively dry with less sources of water. So, area of
Pariwartan Buffer Zone Community Forest will be suitable for the large as well as aquatic wildlife where
the food plans are readily available.

11. Attractive and effective signage methods and interactive displays to explain activities of various
species to visitors, published education material and audio-visual devices are proven methods for driving

49
home the conservation's message. A formal education programme should also be persuaded for
strengthening the education message.

12. Beside signage, the zoos shall also use guided tours, talks by knowledgeable persons and audio-
visual shows for effectively communicating the message for conservation to the visitors.

13. The zoo must work together with Sub-metropolitan City for the management of solid waste; the city
is disposing off its 20-25 mt. of solid waste daily at Bhutan Devi Community Forest in the bank of Rapti
River. Air and sound pollution is also growing up in Hetauda town due to several industries and
workshops; however the Brindavan forest will have little impact.

14. Sahid Smarak Park recommend for small mammals or wildlife and birds section.

15. Nepalese wildlife is recommended for display and international section also includes attracting more
visitors.

16. Paribartan Community forest recommend for large wildlife such as rhino, elephant, tiger, bear,
sambar, and so on.

References
AAZV (American Association of Zoo Veterinarians). 1999. Guidelines for zoo and aquarium veterinary
medical programs and veterinary hospitals. Veterinary Standards Committee: Media,
Pennsylvania.

Kohn, B., 1994. Zoo animal welfare. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz.13 (1), 233-245

Carpenter, N., Chinnadurai, S., Helmick, K., Meehan, T., Murray, M., Smith, J., Wyatt, J. 2016.
Guidelines for zoo and aquarium veterinary medical programs and veterinary hospitals. 6 th Ed.
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

Cheeran, J.V. 2008. Text book of wild and zoo animals: care and management. 2nd ed. International
Book Distributing Company. Lucknow 226 001 U.P. India

Cox-Witton, K., Reiss, A., Woods, R., Grillo, V., Baker, R.T., Blyde, D.J., Boardman, W., Cutter, S.,
Lacasse, C., McCracken, H., Pyne, M., Smith, I., Vitali, S., Vogelnest, L.,Wedd, D., Phillips, M.,
Bunn, C., Post, L. 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases in Free-Ranging Wildlife: Australian Zoo
Based Wildlife Hospitals Contribute to National Surveillance. PLoS ONE 9(5): e95127.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095127

District Profile, Makawanpur. 2074. https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2019/03

/District_Profile_Of_Makawanpur-2074.pdf. Assessed May 9, 2019

DLSO, Makawanpur, 2073/74. Annual progress Report (Including District Profile). District Livostock
Services Office, Makawanpur, Hetauda

EAZA Executive Office. 2013. The Modern Zoo: Foundations for Management and development. 2 nd ed.
Amsterdam, the Netherlands Website: www.eaza.net

Fagan, M., Brown, C. & Chabot, B. 2011. Sustainable water management: a case study at the
Jacksonville Zoo. Water and Society. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol.
153, Pp 151-157. WIT Press. www. witpress.com (on-line) doi:10.2495/WS110141

FAO NASO, 2014. FAO fisheries and aquaculture. National aquaculture sector overview (NASO), Nepal.
Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations (FAO).
http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_nepal/en (accessed 25.04.2019)

https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v17i0.19856

https://taronga.org.au/tags/rehabilitation-stories

https://www.adelaidezoo.com.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/04/Adelaide-Zoo-Plant-List.pdf

https://www.pdza.org/discover/plants/

http://www.jacksonvillezoo.org/

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https://www.zoo.org.au/about-us/vision-and-mission/environmental-sustainability/saving-water
(accessed 25.04.2019)

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Prepared by: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Consultants:CEPT University

Labh, S.N., Kayastha, B. L., Shakya, S.R., Kushwaha, M.P., Vaidya, S.R., Chitrakar, P., and Dhital,
K.S. 2017. Present status and future prospective of freshwater fisheries in Nepal: A short
overview. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2017; 5(3): 95-97

Mehta, R. and Singh, D. N. 2018. Design Guidelines for Zoos. Central Zoo Authority. Deendayal
Antyodaya Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110003.

MoLD. 2017. Livestock Statistics of Nepal. 2017. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Livestock
Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. P140. Website: www. mold.gov.np

National Research Council. 2004. Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo: Interim Report.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10932.

Pande, R. S., Sapkota, R. P., and Gautam, J. C. 2006. Potential of Canadian Forage Sorghum in
improving fodder supply for small dairy farms in Nepal. APA News No. 28 Agroforestry research

Pariyar, D. 2008. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153.
Rome, Italy.

Paudel, K. C. and Tiwari, B.N. 1992. Fodder and Forage Production: Sustainable livestock production in
the mountain agro-ecosystem of Nepal Edited by J.B. Abington. FAO Rome,
http://www.fao.org/3/T0706E/T0706E07.htm

Reiss, A. E. and Woods, R.W. 2011. National Zoo Bio security Manual. Commonwealth of Australia

Robinette, C., Saffran, L., Ruple, A., Deem, S. L 2017. Zoos and public health: A partnership on the one
health frontier. One Health 3: 1-4

Sharma, B. 2018. Forage mission for alleviating feed deficit situation of livestock in Nepal. Journal of
Agriculture and Environment, 17, 24-29.

Sharma, B., 2015. Present status and future strategy of forage development in Nepal. The Journal of
Agriculture and Environment: 16:170

Spelman, L.H. 1999. Vermin Control. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. (Eds) Fowler
M.E. and Mille, R.E., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pp 114-120

Tiensin, T., Chaitaweesub, P., Songserm, T., Chaisingh, A., Hoonsuwan, W., Buranathai, C.,
Parakamawongsa, T., Premashthira, S., Amonsin, A., Gilbert, M., Nielen, M., and Stegeman, A.
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11(11), Pp1664–1672. doi:10.3201/eid1111.050608

WAZA (World Association and Zoo Aquarium). The unifying organization for the world's leading zoos and
aquariums

51
Annexes
Existing Policies, Acts, and Regulations
• The National Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines, 1993

• Aquatic Animal Protection Acts, 1961

• National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 (Fifth Amendment Vs 2073)

• Community Forest Regulation (Panchayat Protected Forest and Panchayat Forest) 1978

• Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982

• Water Resources Act, 1992

• Water Resources Regulation, 1993

• Forest Act, 1993

• Forest Regulation, 1995

• Environmental Protection Act 1997, and Regulation, 1997

• Local Self-Governance Act, 1998

• National Wetland Policy, 2003

• Local Self-governance Act, 1998

• National Commission on Indigenous and Ethnic Communities Act, 2001

• Pesticide Act, 1991

• Plant Protection Act, 1972

• Land Act, 1964 (Fifth Amendment 2001)

• Nepal Climate Change Policy

Strategies

• The National Conservation Strategy, 1988

• Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002

• Water Resources Strategy, 2002

• National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan: 2014-2020, 2014

Plans, Action Plans and Guidelines

Different plans, action plans and guidelines have been prepared and approved from the GoN to achieve
conservation goals. Those plans and guidelines also address the mandate made in different international
conventions.

• Periodic Five-year Plans

• Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 1993

• The National Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines, 1993

• National Plan of Action, 1996

• Tenth Plan: 2002-2007, 2002

• National Water Plan, 2005

• Water Resources Sector guidelines for Power and Irrigation, 1994

• Forestry sector EIA Guidelines, 1995

• Grassland Management Guidelines for grassland management, 2010

52
• Industry sector Guidelines, 1996

• National Zoological Garden Centre Guidelines 2015

The reviewed policies are described in different heading on the basis of their main approaches. Those
policies which are addressing multiple sectors are described in the related topics. The reviewed policies
are summarized in eight headings. They are as follows:

 The importance of natural resources and their usages are recognized in different plans, action plans,
policies, and regulation

• Biodiversity as fundamental functional element of ecosystem incorporated in different policies

• Ecosystems management in watershed areas are incorporated at policy level

• Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation are combined with the betterment of environment

• Ecosystem conservation policies envisioned the broader approach to protect the ecosystem from
different influencing factors

• Ecosystem and their utilization are addressed either directly or indirectly in different policies

• Policies addressing the payment schemes for ecosystem services

• Vulnerability may caused from different disasters but the strategy to adopt will be the same

For the feasibility study of the Zoological garden at Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City-11 Nawalpur, the
following general approaches were followed -

• Mobilization of technical experts as envisioned in the ToR.

• Selection of tested and proven methods and technologies.

• Effective communication with the client and all the concerned agencies.

• Optimum utilization of the available study reports, maps, drawings, standards etc.

During the study period related and relevant stakeholders were communicated and interacted regarding
the importance and scope of this work. The relevant stakeholders were government officials of
Makwanpur including DFO, veterinary officer, and CFUGs, local political bodies, media personnel and local
people. Considering the project site location, ease of access, and seasonality, field studies were
planned carefully and conducted systematically. Emphases were given on:

• Frequent and effective co-ordination and communication with the client

• Effective coordination and interaction with the expert team members

• Excellent and reliable management of the field logistics, equipment and other support facilities

• Use of standard formats and checklists for collecting uniform and quality field data.

• Establishment of a database of the baseline data for analyses and future reference for monitoring

53
ANNEXES

SN Scientific name Vernacular name Life form

1 Achyranthes aspera Datiwan Herb

2 Aegle marmelos Bel Tree

3 Ageratum houstonianum Nilgandhe Herb

4 Anogeissus latifolia Banjhi Tree

5 Arundinella nepalensis Musekhari Grass

6 Bauhinia vahlii Bhorla Climber

7 Bpmbax ceiba Simal Tree

8 Cassia fistula Rajbrikchya Tree

9 Chilenthus albomarginata Ghadi Unau Fern

10 Cinnamomum tamala Tejpat Tree

11 Clerodendrum viscosum Bhati Shrub

12 Colebrokea oppositifolia Dhursul Shrub

13 Curculigo sp. Musli Herb

14 Cyanodon dactylon Doobo Grass

15 Cytrus maxima Bhogate Tree

16 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Tree

17 Desmostachya bipinnata Kush Grass

18 Digitallis sp Grass

19 Digitaria sp Banso Grass

20 Ehretia laevis Datrung Tree

21 Elephantopus scaber Sahasrajari Herb

22 Elsholtzia blanda Ban Silam Herb

23 Eulaliopsis binata Babiyo Grass

24 Eupatorium adenophorum Banmara Shrub

25 Ficus bengalensis Bar Tree

26 Ficus hispada Shrub

27 Ficus religiosa Peepal Tree

28 Ficus semicordata Khanyu Tree

29 Flemingia macrophylla Bansapti Shrub

30 Imperata cylindrica Siru Grass

31 Litchi sinensis Litchi Tree

32 Lygodium japonicum Janai Lahara Fern

33 Mallotus phillippensis Sindhure Tree

54
34 Mangifera indica Aanp Tree

35 Melia azaderach Bakaino Tree

36 Mucuna nigricans Kauso Climber

37 Murraya koenigii Shrub

38 Osyris sp. Noondhiki Shrub

39 Parthenium hysterophorus Herb

40 Phoenix humilis Thakal Shrub

41 Pogestemon bengalensis Rudilo Shrub

42 Pteris vittata Unau Herb

43 Saccharum bengalensis Baruwa Grass

44 Saccharum spontanum Kans Grass

45 Schleichera oleosa Kusum Tree

46 Semecarpus anacardium Bhalayo Tree

47 Shorea robusta Sal Tree

48 Solanum surattense Kantakari Shrub

49 Sonchus sp Dudhe Herb

50 Syzigium guavaja Jamun Tree

51 Syzygium cumini Jamun Tree

52 Tectona grandis Teak Tree

53 Terminalia alata Asna Tree

54 Terminalia belirica Barro Tree

55 Terminalia chebula Harro Tree

56 Trachelospermum lucidum Dudhe Lahara Climber

57 Triumfetta annua Dalle kuro Shrub

58 Wendlandia coriacea Tilka Tree

55
 Annex 1. List of plant species recorded from initial field assessment Hetauda

Annex 2: Species of fodder trees

Nepali Name Scientific Name

Badahar Artocarpus lakoocha

Bains Salix spp

Bakaino Melia azedarach

Dabdabe Garuga pinnata

Dudhilo Ficus neriifolia

Dumri Ficus racemosa

Gayo Bridelia retusa

Gedulo Ficus hispida

Ginderi Premna integrifolia

Kalo Chuletro Brassaiopsis glomerulata

Kalo Kabro Ficus infectoria

Kabro Ficus lacor

Khanayo Ficus cunia

Kimbu Morus alba

Koiralo Bauhinia variegata

Nimaro Ficus auriculata

Pakhuri Ficus glaberima

Pipal Ficus religiosa

Sami Ficus benjamina

Seto Chuletro Brassaiopsis hainla

Tanki Bauhinia purpurea

Thotne Ficus hispida

Bans Dendrocalamus spp.

Source: Paudel, K.C. and Tiwari, B.N., 1992

Appendix 3. Ground Forage species that can be grown in Belbas area

56
Name Scientific name

Amriso Thysanolaena maxima

Bajra Fodder Pennisatum americanum

Centro Centrosema pubescens

Cock's foot Dactylis glomerata

Dinanath Pennisetum pedicellatum

Joint Vetch Aeschynomene americana

Kush Desmostychia bipinnata

Lablab Lablab purpureus

Mulato Brachiaria brizantha X B. ruziziensis hybrid

Napier Pennisatum purpureum

Oat Fodder Avena sativa

Para grass Brachiaria multica

Paspalum Paspalum atratum

Seteria Setaria anceps

Siratro Macroptilium atropurpurum

Sorghum Fodder Sorghum bicolor

Stylo Stylosanthese guianensis

Teosinte Euchlaena mexicana

(Source: Pandey, R.S. 1995).

57
Annex 4

Zoo shall accordingly be classified into following four categories

sn Categories Criteria for qualifying to the zoo

of zoos

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Area of Number Number Number Number of Number of

the zoo of visitor of of endangered animals
(ha) in a year species animals species endangered
(Lakh) species

1 Large 75 7.5 75 750 20 100

2 Medium 35 3.5 35 350 10 50

3 Small 10 1.0 10 100 3 15

4 Mini Less Less Less Less Source : Zoo in India

than 10 than 1.0 than 10 than 100 2014

58
Annex 1 List of Wildlife in Shahid parks Hetauda

Mammal Birds Reptiles

SN Eng. name Sci. name SN Eng. name Sci. name SN Eng. Name Sci. Name

1. Leopard 1 Peacock 1 Tortoise

2 Spotted deer 2 Vulture 2 Crocodile

3 Ginny pig 3 Owl 3

4 Barking deer Muntjuck sp 4 Duck 4

5 Rabit 5 Kaliz

6 Monkey Rhesus sp 6 Pigeon

Annex 2 Comparative summary Table.

Criteria Sahid Smarak Park Paribartan Com. Forest/Botanical Research Remarks
Hetauda Center Bindraban

A. Technical

1. Size/area 20 Hectors 100 Hectors

2. Access road 2 line pitched road Single line pitched road for access

3. Water source Management done Rapti and Kukhreni Rivers

4. Electricity 3 phase line available Available

5. Pollution Minimum impact Slightly pollution from Cement Factory

6. Vulnerability Less vulnerability Less vulnerability but flood may raise from
Rapti river

7.Community Good response, ready Good response and happy to share the
response response to extend the area forest for garden.

8. Institution Existing institution Buffer zone Community Forest User Group

and Botanical Garden

9. Financial status Enough to manage Weak financial status

park expenses.

10. Market Established market Market has to explore and establish

59