Mitigation of Switching Effects on Induction Motor
under Star-Delta Scheme Based Energy Conservation
R. Raja Singh1, Student member IEEE; Thanga Raj Chelliah1, Member IEEE; Pramod Agarwal2, Member IEEE
1
Hydro Electric Systems Group, Department of Water Resources Development and Management,
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
rrajasingh@gmail.com, thangfwt@iitr.ac.in, pramgfee@iitr.ernet.in
Abstract— Enhancement of cost effective energy conservation
technology plays a vital role in process industries. Hence
acquiring star-delta based energy conservation scheme for
induction motors is common in industries. But the impact of
transient and vibration during switchover are the main
hindrance of the star-delta based energy conservation scheme.
Thus, analyzing the effect of transient and vibration is
mandatory for predicting the machine’s life and to provide
proactive solution to mitigate these upshots. Therefore, this paper
analyzes the effects of switching and excogitated the mitigation
technique (an economically best strategy). In additional to this,
the relative analysis is carried out between existing energy
conservation scheme and the proposed strategy.
Keywords— Energy conservation; Squirrel cage induction
motor; Switching effects; Transient analysis; Vibration analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally the process industries are chasing towards cost
effective energy conservation scheme. As most of these
industries are equipped with induction motors (IM) for its
reliability and robustness, they have been running out
inefficiently to avoid high budget energy conservation scheme.
Therefore, economic energy conservation scheme is essential
and receiving significant attention from academia and
industries. In view of literatures on energy conservation, the
star-delta concept is proposed in the induction motor winding
to reduce the magnetizing current [1], and this star-delta
configuration have been adopted for energy conservation in
[2]. Laterally, automation of star-delta configuration has been
developed to operate the IM in star connection during light
load region and delta connected during heavy load region [3].
As well, through modifying the winding arrangement [4] and
using micro controller [5],[6] the power factor and the
performance of the IM is improved. In addition to these, the
power electronics drive technology also been followed in EC
scheme which impact on their economic perception and
harmonic generation [7].
As far as the quality of end products in any industry is
concerned, the transient effects must be considered for smooth
and reliable operation. However, in existing star-delta based
energy conservation scheme, during the switchover, the sudden
variation in energy level induces the machine to react in the
form of transient and vibration at large magnitude. Frequent
transient and vibrations may cause harm to the machine and the
parts attached to it [8]. Hence, analyzing the switching effect is
mandatory for predicting the machine’s life and to provide
978-1-4673-6540-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
proactive solution and to mitigate these upshots. Therefore, this
paper analyzes the switching effect on IM under a star-delta
based energy conservation scheme and an economic strategy
(resistance influence strategy) is adopted to mitigate these
effects. In additional to this, the relative analysis is carried out
between existing energy conservation scheme and the proposed
strategy. In overall, paper contains energy conservation on IM
using Υ-Δ scheme in section-II, experimentation in section-III,
effect of switching on IM during Υ-Δ based energy
conservation scheme in section-IV, mitigation of switching
effects in the section-V, result and discussion in section-VI
and concluded in section-VII.
II. ENERGY CONSERVATION ON IM USING Υ-Δ SCHEME
Oversized motors are the most important cause for
inadequate power factor in the power system network. In fact,
an increase in efficiency and power factor leads to a diminution
in operating costs of motor. The efficiency improvement has a
direct impact on the electricity bill. In practical terms, the
increase in power factor decreases reactive energy bill (better
exploitation of the electrical installations) and reduces the
losses (extends the machine’s life). Usually star delta energy
conservation scheme is adopted in industries with variable
loads e.g. textile industry, roller mills, and other process
industries. For energy conservation, the motor must operate in
star connection during light load region and delta connection
during high load region. The deviation in efficiency depends
upon iron losses during light load and copper losses during
high load region. The efficiency-load curve (Fig.1) is obtained
experimentally by fulfilling IEEE Standard 112TM -2004 [9].
The efficiency profile and energy consumption of IM operated
under star and delta connection are shown in Fig.1. The
intersection point of star and delta is considered as a
switchover point (Ψ). The motor at star mode is efficient until
it meets Ψ subsequently it fails to produce sufficient torque
(leads more iron loss) to satisfy the load demand. Hence, the
motor switched into a delta mode after it meets Ψ concerning
efficiency and better performance. The lightly loaded machine
with a star connection consumes less current to create the flux
for providing sufficient load torque. In addition to the energy
conservation, there are other beneficial effects like, power
factor improvement, reduction in current, reduction in thermal
effect,etc.,
 Hall Effect
Sensors PQA Contacttors SCIM

3 I V Main
n
Supply
Signal Υ ΔR Δ
Conditione
r

Relay and
Current & Voltage Driver Circuit
DAQ
Stop ATSAM3X8E Speeed
Micro Controller
Reset Reef

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of experim

mental arrangement
Fig. 1. Efficiency and energy profile test motor on Υ and Δ connection TABLE I. SPEFICIATIO
ON OF IM AND DC GENERATOR

Machine particulars Inductioon Motor DC Generator

Rated voltage 415 vollts 220 volts
III. Experimentation
Rated current 4.7 ampps 12 amps
A. Experimental Arrangement Rated frequency 50 Hz -
Rated power 2.2 kW 2.2 kW
Adopting the experimental arrangement as a shown in Fig. 2, Rated speed 1400 rppm 1500 rpm
the performance of the machine during swittching is analyzed. Excitation voltage - 220 volts
Also the mitigation of switching effect is executed with the Excitation current - 0.6 amps
same arrangement. The experimental setupp consists of a 2.2 No. of poles 4 poles 4 poles
kW, squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) cooupled to a 2.2 kW Type Squirrell Cage Shunt
DC generator (Benn Make) with a lamp looad, the rating of Induction Machinee Parameters in ohms
machines is tabularized in Table I. The implementation
i of R1 = 9.3, R|2=12.82, X1 = X2|= 15.8, Xm = 385.6
automatic Υ-Δ scheme employs Hall Effecct current sensors R1 and R|2 are the resistance of rotoor and stator, X1 and X2| are the
reactance of rotor and stator, Xm is the magnetizing reactance.
(LEM make) with signal conditioning circcuit to deliver the The machine is considered as class A for empirical distribution of
digital signal to controller. Atmel microcontroller leakage reactance [9]
(ATSAM3X8E) with driver and relay unit iss used to drive the
four contactors. The four contactors (MN NX9) are (i) main B. Transient Analysis
contactor, (ii) star-Y contactor, (iii) delta resistor-ΔR contactor In order to analyze the transient effect during
and (iv) delta-Δ contactor. The resistors are of 1000 watt experimentation, the power quuality analyzer is set in inrush
Nichrome alloy (Cr20Ni80). Transients annd other electrical mode. The recorded trend is imported to personal computer
quantities of the motor are measured usingg a power quality using Fluke view software for offline analysis. For validating
analyzer (Fluke-435). Also the transient andd speed is recorded the obtained results, the Haall Effect current and voltage
for offline analysis using Hall Effeect sensors and sensors with signal conditioninng circuit is connected in series
tachogenerator with the high speed interfaciing card (dSPACE and parallel to the machine innput respectively. The output of
1104). In addition to this, the vibration of thhe machine during the sensor circuit is conneccted to the ADC channel of
switching are measured and recorded using piezoelectric interfacing card. The current and
a voltage signals are recorded
titanium accelerometers (4533-B-002) andd data acquisition using control desk new generattion software with the sampling
system (DEWE-43). The schematic diagram m of experimental rate of 1,000 samples per second. The recorded data are
arrangement shown in Fig. 3. plotted and analyzed using C+++ graphical software.
C. Vibration Analysis
The data acquisition system (DAQ) is used as an interfacing
device between the sensors atttached to the machine and the
computer for converting the annalog output of the sensor into a
digital data. During experim mentation, the vibration of the
machine is measured on both horizontal
h and vertical axis using
piezoelectric titanium accelerom
meters with the sampling rate of
50,000 samples per second. Thee acquired data from the DAQ is
stored in the personal computeer are filtered using IIR filtering
technique to attenuate the noise
n and undesired frequency
component. The obtained vibrration signal of the machine is
analyzed by two functions; time domain and frequency
domain. Using the computattional algorithm (Fast Fourier
Transform) in C++ graphical sooftware, the time domain signals
are converted into the frequencyy domain.
Fig. 2. Snap shot of experimental setup
 IV. EFFECT OF SWITCHING ON IM DURING Υ-Δ BASED
ENERGY CONSERVATION SCHEME
In general, the switching effects on any electric motor is in
the form of transient and vibration. The transient behavior of
the IM during the switching process is a major impart to torque
transients and the mechanical system coupled to it [10]. Hence,
the effects of transient and the effect of vibration are
considered for analysis.
A. Effect of Transient
Induction motor with star-delta based energy conservation
scheme could produce transients in higher magnitude during
switchover. In the course of switching transition, two switching
operations are executed, (i) opening a winding terminal (R2, B2,
Y2) (Fig.5) from star connection and (ii) energize the winding
terminals (R2, B2, Y2) (Fig.5) with delta connection. During the
first execution, the stator winding voltage drops to zero, but the
rotor current continues to flow, this in turn results in the
generation of less frequency voltage in stator than the line
voltage. So that there will be a constant change in the phase
relationship with the line voltage. Similarly, at the second
execution, the magnetic flux seems to lag and the stator voltage
increases rapidly from zero to a maximum value. The current
transient build upon the resultant of phase relationship and
potential difference [8]. Also the magnitude of transient
depends upon the time constant (τ = L/R) which rely on the
design parameter of induction motor. Generally, switchover
transition delay (100 to 200 msec) brings down the flux from
33% to 20% that shoot up the current up to 6 times of rated
value.
In the laboratory, the current transient of the test motor (2.2
kW SCIM) with 0.33 p.u load reached 5.63 times of rated
current with 130 msec transition delay shown in Fig. 4. It is
also observed that, the increase in transit delay cause increase
in transient magnitude. In view of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, the increase in relative speed during
switching transition cause transient in large magnitude.
Generally, in star delta energy conservation scheme 5 to 15
percentages of slip frequency occur during transition. The
speed of the test motor with 0.33 p.u load gets dropped to 1308
rpm (136.9 rad / sec) during switchover i.e. 12.8 percentage of
Fig. 4. Current and Speed profile during switching transition
slip, shown in Fig. 4, Fig. 6 and Table II.
Owing this impact, the stator is forced to have high current,
causing considerable heating effects which extend to high Cu
loss, winding damage and deterioration of insulation [11].
Apart from this, adverse effect on other loads connected to the
same bus like voltage dip, voltage unbalance, flickering and
circuit breaker malfunctioning. Another cause for large
switching current is load torque, more energy is required to
overcome the inertia to set into rated speed. This is
accomplished by drawing off large current during switching at
a given system voltage in accordance with the fundamental
torque relation as in (1).
TM αJ TL (1)
where, TM and TL are motor torque and the load torque
respectively, α and J are angular acceleration and moment of
inertia respectively.
These transient may cause stress beyond the endurance
limit of the machine, leading to mechanical failure in the motor
and its associated parts. To mitigate aforementioned transients
various technologies like resistance or reactance insertion
technique [12], power electronic switching technique [13],
modular contactor technique [14], Point on Wave (POW)
technique [15] can be adopted. In this paper, the resistance
insertion technique is adopted as it is economically best
suitable strategy for the machine with existing Υ-Δ starter
based energy conservation scheme.
B. Effect of Vibration
In the viewpoint of energy conservation law, the excited
energy to an electrical motor transform into mechanical energy
through an electromagnetic coupling. In addition to the energy
transformation, these electromagnetic and electromechanical
forces bring forth vibration in the motor [16]. The vibration of
electromagnetic origin is governed by Maxwell stress tensor
law (2) in terms of flux density,
B
F (2)
µ
where, B is the flux density and μ0 is the permeability of
air. During transient, the induced rotor current creates a
stronger magnetic field and, distribution of magnetic flux is not
uniform around the circumference of the air gap, due to the
dissymmetry in the flux the vibration is created in large
magnitude [17]. As the fundamental flux wave superimposed
by the harmonic fields, the air gap field is represented as a
series of rotating field harmonics. This leads to a significant
tangential force applied to stator teeth and hence the vibration
magnitude gets amplified [16]. At particular stator tooth, the
forcing frequencies of magnetic force are given in the equation
(3)
F f R (1 s) 2f (3)
where, f is the line frequency, n is the order of frequency, p
is the number of pole pairs, R is the number of rotor slots, s is
the slip, 2f is the radial electromagnetic force wave with
twice the line frequency which is the major source of vibration
in the induction motor [18].
 As the machine vibration depends upon the electrical
S w itch in g Log ic Star Delta + R Delta 3Φ supply
quantities, mainly flux linkage, hence it matches the previous
subsection. In general 100 to 200 msec of transition delay Switch Position R YB
Load
during switchover brings down the flux by 33 to 20 percentage Main Δ+R Δ
MAIN

and sudden rise to 100 percentage after energizing. On such

period, the unbalance magnetic pull and dissymmetry in the air OFF State 0 1/0 0 0/1
S.C
gap create the vibration in higher magnitude. Since the Light Load 1 1 0 0
switching vibration is in large magnitude, it brings forth other
Before - Ψ 1 1 1 0 Υ ΔR Δ
physical effects like, loosing of machine parts, mechanical rub,
electrical short circuit and occurrence of catastrophic failure in At - Ψ 1 0 1 1
machine housing and its support structure. In additional to this, R
After - Ψ 1 0 0 1
the vibration could cause permanent deformation of the
machine and deterioration of the machine’s life. Hence, in this High Load 1 0 0 1
paper, the mitigation of vibration effect is carried out. The Ψ – Switch over point
reduction in vibration with the resistance insertion strategy are Ү – Star connection
R 2 Y 2 B 2 R1 Y 1 B 1
briefly discussed in the section V. Δ + R – Delta connection with Resistor LOAD

Torque (N-m)
Δ – Delta connection
An experimentation is carried out in the test motor (2.2 kW SCIM
SCIM
SCIM) for analyzing the vibration effect during switchover. Time (hrs)

From the results shown in Fig. 6a, it is evident that the

magnitude of vibration during switchover is 2.63 times, i.e. 62
percentage higher than the starting vibration. According to the
ISO 10816 standard the vibration during switching are
unacceptable. Hence, there is a possibility of a catastrophic
failure in the machine and the associated parts of it due to
frequent switching. In addition to this, the frequency domain
analysis evidences that the frequency during switchover (795
Hz) is higher than the starting frequency (646 Hz), shown in
Fig.7
V. MITIGATION OF SWITCHING EFFECTS
The effect of switching on any electrical circuit depends
upon switching interval and load parameters, this switching
effect can be reduced by increasing the switching speed and
influencing the circuit with more impedance. Usually, current
transient exists before the establishment of new steady-state
due to the difference in magnitude of the instantaneous values
of the steady-state currents before and after the instant of
switching-ON. The shoot up of the transient current depend on
the value of inductance and resistance in the circuit [12]. In this
paper, the mitigation strategy (insertion of resistance) is
employed in the existing Υ-Δ starter based energy conservation
scheme, since it is economically suitable.
In the Υ-Δ starter based energy conservation scheme, an
auxiliary contactor with delta connected resistance is imparted
as shown in Fig.5. From the standpoint of operation, just before
changeover the auxiliary contactor (ΔR) get closed and ensures
that the current flow via resistors into the machine. These
resistors are removed once after the changeover (shorted by the
delta contactor). Aforementioned feature is important to the
motor to establish required starting torque after an unplanned
shutdown/ interruption during the process. In additional to this,
safe restarting in the high load region is done through delta
connection with resistors.
A. Operational Algorithm
The controller program for induction motor under Υ-Δ scheme
me based energy conservation with the influence of resistance
on starting and switchover is developed in the following
methodological constraints.
Fig. 5. Star-delta starter based EC scheme with the influence of resistance
Step 1: Check for previous shutdown, process completion
(manual shutdown) or interruption/ unplanned shutdown. In
case of process completion (manual shutdown) go to step 3. In
case of any interruption/ unplanned shutdown go to step 2.
Step 2: Check for previous interrupt mode and go to the
corresponding stage of operation. Mode-I for (Υ-connection)
light load region go to step 3 and Mode-II for (Δ-connection)
high load region go to step 6.
Step 3: Start the motor with star connection (Mode-I) and
continuously monitor the speed/ current to reach reference
value.
Step 4: Switch ON the auxiliary contactor (ΔR) with star
connection once it reaches the reference speed.
Step 5: Switch OFF the star contactor and switch ON the
delta contactor, then go to step 7
Step 6: Start the machine with auxiliary (ΔR) contactor and
switch ON the delta contactor after 20 msec
Step 7: Switch OFF the auxiliary (ΔR) contactor and wait for
an overload/ manual stop interrupt to switch OFF main
contactor.
B. Selection of Resistance
The resistance in the circuit plays an important role in
limiting the transient magnitude. The damping effect of
switching is practically examined with different value of
resistors and tabularized in Table II with the corresponding
speed and slip.
From the table, the optimum value of resistor can be
selected for mitigating the switching transient. The priority has
given to minimum transient current for selecting the optimum
resistor. Also, it is noted that the selected resistance value (46
ohms) depends upon the machine design parameter value. In
case of different machine the optimum resistance value is
subjected to change.
 TABLE II. SELECTION OF OPTIMAL RESISTANCE percentage and the level of this switchover transient is 16.96
Current (Amps) Speed (rpm)
percentage lesser than the starting transient. Hence the impact
Resistance Value of switchover transient is effectively reduced by resistance
Current Transient
(Δ + R) Current
Speed dip Slip (%) influenced strategy. Fig.6 shows the transient characteristics of
Without R - 26.43 1308 12.80 existing and proposed schemes. The observed variation in
25 ohms 9.79 10.34 1430 4.67 transient and speed are tabularized in Table III.
32 ohms 8.6 7.38 1364 9.07
46 ohms 5.12 6.56 1370 8.67 TABLE III. RESULTS OF TRANSIENT EFFECT ON TEST MOTOR
50 ohms 4.67 7.95 1368 8.80
100 ohms 3.93 8.89 1369 8.73 Parameters Existing scheme Proposed scheme Variation
200 ohms 2.72 9.7 1373 8.47 Transient peak 26.43 Amps 6.53 Amps ↓ 75.29 %
300 ohms 2.42 11.74 1358 9.47 Speed dip 1308 rpm 1370 rpm ↑ 4.7 %
Starting current of IM with star connection is 7.9 Amps
↓ decreased from the existing scheme
For calculating the resistance value theoretically, the following ↑ increased from the existing scheme
equation (4) can be used [12]
In conventional star-delta scheme, the vibration of the
cos( ) cos( ) (4) machine during switchover is 163 percentage higher than the
starting vibration which is unacceptable by the vibration
standards ISO 10816. But in the case of resistance influenced
strategy, the switchover transient is considerably reduced by
where, EM is the crest value of the applied voltage, r, x and 46.41 percentage from the conventional scheme, i.e. only 41
z are the resistance, reactance and impedance of the machine percentage higher than the starting vibration. The variation of
respectively, θ is the phase angle of the voltage. During acceleration and frequency on both existing and proposed
starting of transient (at θ = 0) and the current i0 is equal to i. schemes are tabularized in Table IV and depicted in Fig. 7.

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION TABLE IV. RESULTS OF VIBRATION EFFECT ON TEST MOTOR
In this paper the impact of transient and vibration during Parameters Existing scheme Proposed scheme Variation
switchover is analyzed and compared with the proposed Acceleration 56.90 m/sec2 30.49 m/sec2 ↓ 46.41 %
topology. Frequency 795 Hz 787 Hz -
During the switchover (Ψ) from star to delta, the resistance The magnitude & frequency of starting vibration is 21.62 m/sec2 & 646 Hz
↓ decreased from the existing scheme
influenced strategy cut down the transient current by 75.29

D OA → Is Starting transient (1.7 p.u)

Current (Amps)

I 1308 rpm OB → Ts Starting transient time (40 msec)

B → IΥ(nl) No load current (Υ- connection)

BC → Light load region

C| → Swapping of Υ-Δ connection with 20 msec delay
A D → I Switching transient (5.63 p.u)
Is
Stand Still C|E → Tst Switching transient time (15 msec)
IΔ+R ( )
D| 1370 rpm
BR → Light load region
1413 rpm R| R → IΥ(0.33 p.u) 0.33 p.u. load current (Υ-connection)
IΔ+R
R → Switching ON (delta R) contactor
R| → IΔ+R Current during delta R (1.08 p.u)
R| → Swapping of Υ-Δ connection with 20 msec delay
F D| → IΔ+R ( ) Switching transient with delta R (1.39 p.u)
Ir (1 p.u) 1430 rpm C|E → Tst Switching transient time (15 msec)
RE → T Switching transition time (180 msec)
E
IΔ (0.33 p.u)
1465 rpm E → IΔ(0.33 p.u) 0.33 p.u load current (Δ-connection)
EF → High load region
C 1416 rpm
IΥ (0.33 p.u) R F → Ir Rated current (1 p.u) (Δ-connection)
FG → Process completed.
B → Motor speed
IΥ (nl) 1480 rpm C| 1343 rpm G → Existing Scheme
O Ttr Time (sec) → Proposed Strategy
TS Light Load Region T High Load Region
TP

Fig. 6. Transient charactreistics of star-delta scheme based EC scheme with and without influence of resistance
 60
60
Υ−Δ EC Scheme with R
Typical Δ−Υ EC Scheme Upper Envelop
Upper Envelop 40 Lower Envelop
40 Lower Envelop

During resistance insertion

20

Vibration (m/sec2)
Vibration (m/sec2)

20
Star Connection Delta Connection
Star Connection Delta Connection

0 0

Startup vibration Switchover vibration

-20 Startup vibration

5
Switchover Vibration -20 2.0 2.0

2.0
FFT
4
FFT 1.5 FFT 1.5 FFT
1.5

Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude
3
-40
Amplitude

1.0 1.0
-40 1.0
2
0.5 0.5
0.5
1

-60 0.0
0 500 1000 1500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-60 0.0
0 500
Frequency
1000 1500
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency Frequency (Hz)
Frequency

Light Load Region ΤΨ High Load Region

Light Load Region ΤΨ High Load Region

TP TP
(a) Existing Scheme (b) Proposed Scheme
Fig. 7. Vibration charactreistics of star-delta scheme based EC scheme with and without influence of resistance

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