University of Aden

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical engineering Department

Thermal Section

Course Project II

IN
Fuel System

Prepared by:
Name:Murshed Abdulnoor Muhammed Reg.NO:141043

Class:B4MT

Supervised By
Dr.Fahmi Azazi
Month Year

24/4/2018

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 Contents

Subject Page
Introduction 3
Gasoline 4
Petrol properties and changes proposed 4
Fuel supply system in spark ignition system 5
Types of Fuel system in petrol engine 6
Carburetor Theory And Tuning 6
venturi principle in operation 7
Function of Carburetor 7
Fuel Injection 8
Basic Function of fuel injection 9
Types of fuel injection system 10
References 14

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 Fuel system in petrol engine
1. 1 Introduction:
The purpose of the gasoline fuel system is to provide a mixture of fuel and air to
the engine. The air-fuel mixture must be in proportion to the speed and load placed on
the engine. Major parts of the system include: fuel tank and cap, emission controls,
fuel line, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, and intake manifold as well as the fuel
gauge, which indicates the amount of fuel in the tank.

The function of the fuel system is to store and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber
where it can be mixed with air, vaporized, and burned to produce energy. The fuel,
which can be either gasoline or diesel is stored in a fuel tank. A fuel pump draws the
fuel from the tank through fuel lines and delivers it through a fuel filter to either a
carburetor or fuel injector, then delivered to the cylinder chamber for combustion.

Fig.(1) Parts of fuel system.

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1. 2 Gasoline:
Gasoline is a complex blend of carbon and hydrogen compounds. The two most
important features of gasoline are volatility and resistance to knock (octane).
Volatility is a measurement of how easily the fuel vaporizes. If the gasoline does not
vaporize completely, it will not burn properly (liquid fuel will not burn). If the
gasoline vaporizes too easily the mixture will be too lean to burn properly. Since high
temperatures increase volatility, it is desirable to have a low volatility fuel for warm
temperatures and a high volatility fuel for cold weather.

petrol is bought at service stations and almost all of it (98%) is used in transport – in
cars, motorcycles, light trucks, tractors, and watercraft. Petrol is also used in
agricultural machines, chainsaws, motor mowers, weed eaters and other small
engines; Petrol is a fuel produced by refining crude oil and is a mixture of hundreds of
individual hydrocarbons, Current petrol specifications impose controls on the physical
and performance properties of petrol and on a few individual constituents.

1.2.1 Petrol properties and changes proposed:

 The quality of the fuel mainly depends upon the following properties:

1. Volatility of the fuel

2. Calorific value of the fuel
3. Ignition quality of the fuel

Volatility: Volatility of fuel has considerable effect on the performance of the engine
by affecting the following:
 Ease of starting the engine.
 Degree of crankcase oil dilution,
 Formation of vapour lock in the fuel system,
 Accelerating characteristics of the engine,
 Distribution of fuel in multi-cylinder engine

Calorific value: The heat liberated by combustion of a fuel is known as calorific

value or heat value of the fuel. It is expressed in kcal /kg of the fuel. The heat value of
a fuel is an important measure of its worth, since this is the heat which enables the
engine to do the work.
Ignition quality: Ignition quality refers to ease of burning the oil in the combustion
chamber. Octane number and cetane number are the measures of ignition quality of
the fuel.
Octane Number: Octane number tells us about petrol’s resistance to abnormal or
uncontrolled combustion. The most common symptom of uncontrolled combustion is
detonation or “knock”, caused by the spontaneous combustion of a portion of un burnt

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 air-fuel mixture, Knock can occur when using fuel with too low an octane rating for
the engine, and severe knocking can cause engine damage. The higher the octane
number of a petrol, the greater its resistance to knocking , Using fuel of higher octane
than required does not affect engine performance – it just costs more.

1. 3 Fuel supply system in spark ignition system:

The fuel supply system of spark ignition engine consists of:

 Fuel tank: Fuel tanks today have internal baffles to prevent the fuel from
sloshing back and forth.
 Fuel pumps: Two types of fuel pumps are used in automobiles; mechanical
and electric. All fuel injected cars today use electric fuel pumps, while most
carbureted cars use mechanical fuel pumps
 Fuel filter: The fuel filter is the key to a properly functioning fuel delivery
system. This is more true with fuel injection than with carbureted cars. Fuel
injectors are more susceptible to damage from dirt because of their close
tolerances
 Fuel lines: Steel lines and flexible hoses carry the fuel from the tank to the
engine. When servicing or replacing the steel lines, copper or aluminum must
never be used
 Carburator: is a device that mixes fuel and air together and delivers them to

fig.(2) View the component of fuel system

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 the intake manifold in IC engine

 Intake manifold: the pipe at which through air and fuel mixture is drawn in to
cylinder

1. 4 Types of Fuel system in petrol engine:
the purpose of carburetion and fuel- injection is the same preparation of
combustible charge . but in case of carburetion fuel is atomized by processes relying
on the air speed greater than the fuel speed at the fuel nozzle , whereas, in fuel
injection the fuel speed at the point of delivery is greater than the air speed to atomize
the fuel.

1.4.1 Carburetor: the process of formation of combustible fuel-air mixture by

mixing the proper amount of fuel and
air before admission to engine cylinder
is called carburetion and the device in
which this process take place is called
carburetor.
The purpose of the carburetor is to supply
and meter the mixture of fuel vapor and
air in relation to the load and speed of the
engine.

Fig.(3) carburetor.

1.4.1.1 Carburetor Theory And Tuning:

If look at a carburetor, will notice a rather large hole going from one side to the
other. This is called a Venturi. Air passes into the engine through this hole (Venturi).
As the velocity of the air entering the carb (and then the engine) increases, it's
pressure decreases, creating a low pressure or vacuum in the venturi. This vacuum
moves around in the venturi, as the throttle is opened, and sucks gasoline through the
different jets in the carb.

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 1.4.1.2 venturi principle in operation:
The air is drawn into the engine by the pumping action of the pistons. As the air enters
the top of the carburetor, it passes through a venturi, which is nothing more than a
restriction in the throttle bore. The air speeds up as it passes through the venturi,
causing a slight drop in pressure. This pressure drop pulls fuel from the float bowl
through a nozzle into the throttle body. It then mixes with the air and forms a fine
mist, which is distributed to the cylinders through the intake manifold.
The pumping action of the pistons creates a vacuum which is amplified by the venturi
in the carburetor. This pressure drop will pull fuel from the float bowl through the fuel
nozzle. Unfortunately, there is not enough suction present at idle or low speed to
make this system work, which is why the carburetor is equipped with an idle and low
speed circuit.

1.4.1.3 Function of Carburetor:

 The main functions of the carburetor are:

(i) To mix the air and fuel thoroughly
(ii) To atomize the fuel
(iii) To regulate the air-fuel ratio at different speeds and loads and
(iv) To supply correct amount of mixture at different speeds and loads.

1.4.1.4 The Fall of the Carburetor:

For most of the existence of the internal combustion engine, the carburetor has
been the device that supplied fuel to the engine. On many other machines, it still is.
But as the automobile evolved, the carburetor got more and more complicated trying
to handle all of the operating requirements. For instance, to handle some of these
tasks, carburetors had five different circuits:

Main circuit - Provides just enough fuel for fuel-efficient cruising.

Idle circuit - Provides just enough fuel to keep the engine idling.

Accelerator pump - Provides an extra burst of fuel when the accelerator pedal is first
depressed, reducing hesitation before the engine speeds up

Power enrichment circuit - Provides extra fuel when the car is going up a hill or
towing a trailer.

Choke - Provides extra fuel when the engine is cold so that it will start.

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  Problems existing on the system:
 Maintenance
 Tuning of the Carburetor

 Results of those problems:

Because those problems exist in
carburetor system, and the air-fuel engine
must be
strictly controlled under all operating
conditions to achieve the engine
performance, emissions, drivability and fuel
economy desired, it was left behind and was
developed the electronic injection system.

Fig.(4) Tuning of the Carburetor.

1.4.2 Fuel Injection:

Fuel injection is a technology used in internal combustion engines to mix the fuel
with air prior to combustion, fuel is converted to a fine spray and mixed with air.
The fuel-injection system replaces the carburetor in most new vehicles to provide a
more efficient fuel delivery system. Electronic sensors respond to varying engine
speeds and driving conditions by changing the ratio of fuel to air. The sensors send a
fine mist of fuel from the fuel supply through a fuel-injection nozzle into a
combustion chamber, where it is mixed with air. The mixture of fuel and air triggers
ignition.

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 Fig.(5) fuel injector.

1.4.2.1 Basic Function of fuel injection:

The fuel injector, which acts as the dispensing nozzle, injects liquid fuel directly
into the engine. This usually requires an external pump. These are only two of many
components that comprise a complete fuel injection system. The process of
determining the amount of fuel, and its delivery into the engine, are known as fuel-
metering. Early injection systems used mechanical methods to meter fuel. Modern
systems, nearly all EFI, use an electronic injector to inject the fuel, and a CPU to
calculate the quantity of fuel. A carburetor uses minute differences in air pressure to
emulsify (premix fuel with air), and then to push the mixture into the engine’s air
intake. The carburetor itself generates its own air pressure differences using the
venturi principle. A carburetor is a self-contained fuel metering system, and is cost
competitive when compared to injection.

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1.4.2.2 Types of fuel injection system:
At first, carburetors were replaced with throttle body fuel injection systems,
also known as single point or central fuel injection systems. That incorporated
electrically controlled fuel-injector valves into the throttle body.Those were almost a
bolt-in replacement for the carburetor, so the automakers didn't have to make any
drastic changes to their engine designs.

i. Single point injection System:

Definition: A type of electronic fuelinjection system that uses a single injector or
pair of injectors mounted in a centrally located throttle body. The throttle unit
resembles a carburetor except that there is no fuel bowl float or metering jets. Fuel is
sprayed directly into the throttle bore(s) by the injector(s). With single point injection
it is possible to achieve a lambda regulated
exhaust emission control using only few
components.
1) Fuel Entrance;
2) Air intake;
3) Throttle plate
4) Admission;
5) Injector;
6) Engine

ii. Multipoint Injection System:

In the Multipoint Injection System, we have one injector per cylinder, the
injector injects the fuel into the admission valve which admits the fuel and air into
the cylinder. This gives an individual control on this cylinder, improving the fuel
consumption in relation of the Single point injection.

Components:

1) Fuel Rail
2) Air
3) Throttle
4) Intact manifold
5) Injectors
6) Engine

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In the Multipoint injection system, there are two ways of deliver the fuel to the
injectors, one is by a fuel distributor with individual pipes or tubes to feed each
injector and the second possibility that is the mostly use is a fuel rail.

Fig.(6) Multi Point Injection System.

Multi Point Injection System applied to emission regulation:

The best matching enables to reduce exhaust emission, to be lower fuel
consumption, to be high drive-ability, with the technologies for intake air control, the
atomizing fuel injection, the variable valve control, the high efficient catalyst, high
reliability,low cost and emission regulation.

iii. Gasoline Direct Injection:

gasoline direct injection on the port fuel injection system used in most gasoline
engines today, the injectors spray fuel into the intake port behind the intake valve,
Fuel enters the combustion chamber only when the intake valve is open. In a gasoline
direct injection (GDI) engine, the injectors are mounted in the cylinder head, and they
spray fuel directly into the combustion chamber when the valves are closed.
Compared with port fuel injection, GDI is more difficult and expensive. Fuel pressure
must be higher than compression pressure, which requires a high-pressure fuel pump.

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 Fig(7). Gasoline Direct Injector.

 Major characteristics of the GDI engine:

Gasoline direct injection System Achieving Fuel Economy and Low Exhaust
Emission, This system is an improved version of the Hitachi 1st Generation DI-G
System. The 2nd Generation has been developed to provide a wider stratified
operation area and also reduce the amount of liquid fuel that reaches the piston. These
improvements were accomplished using an intake air tumble mechanism and
improved injector spray pattern. Injector spray optimized based on Hitachi
combustion analysis technology.

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  Some features of GDI system:
Direct benefits, include a more even fuelair mixture (with no fuel left behind
in the runner or on the back of the valve) and a cooling effect inside the cylinder.
1)Fuel injector spray pattern optimized for incoming air.
2)Stratified charge operational area increased up to 4000 r/min.
3)Reduced HC, NOx Emission.

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 References

1) James E. Duffy, Modern Automotive Technology Seventh Edition, The

Goodheart- Willcox Company, Inc., 2009. (ISBN 978-1-59070-956-6)
2) William H . Crouse and Donald L . Anglin, "Automotive Engines" , Fifth
Edition , U.S.A , 1976.

Webs:
1) www.fuel injection Definition and Much More From Answers_com.htm.
2) www.hitachi.co.jp/Div/apd/en/products/ems/ems_001.html .
3) www.catagne_v58n1.pdf .

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