1.

ABSTRACT
It is a cooling system that uses technology of evaporation to bring air cooling to buildings
and other crowded places. A number of air cooling technologies have been incorporated
to come up with effective cooling machines called industrial coolers. They are economical
and efficient cooling systems that are best for indoor and outdoor use. They are classified
into tent coolers, swamp coolers, and desert coolers.

Most swamp cooler fall under the category of tent coolers because they are based on
evaporative technique of cooling. This cooler allows air to flow within the machine over a
cooling pad containing water and a cooling agent. Hot air absorbs water allowing cold air
to be emitted out of the machine for a cooler environment.

2. INTRODUCTION

An air cooler serves to cool down the hot air in a room or vehicle. Air cooler cools the
atmospheric air in a room or vehicle by adding water to the air. The water is added in the
form of minute droplets. The air cooler has a fan installed in it that pulls the warm air
from outside through a water wetted filter medium. The water in the cooler is evaporated
by the warm air drawn by the fan. The evaporated water releases in the room. The
temperature of the room comes down because the warm air is drawn by the fan of the air
cooler.

An air cooler is not the same as an air conditioner. The air cooler does not use compressor
and refrigerant gas. We can say that though the air cooler is not as effective as air
conditioner, it is not harmful for the environment and is cost effective. The air coolers
cool the atmospheric air mostly by the process of evaporation of water.

2.1 The temperature of the room falls owing to several reasons

such as:-
1. Relative Humidity Level
2. Air temperature
3. The size of the room
4. The amount of cross ventilation

2.2 Application of air coolers

The widespread use of air coolers is to cool homes as this form of cooling can be afforded
by most of the people. The costs of installation and repairs are all cheap. The air coolers
are also used in commercial kitchens, industries, laundries, dry cleaners, construction
sites, factories, sports events, confinement farming etc. So there is vast number of uses of
air coolers.
A fact that one should never forget is that air coolers should never be covered. Inability to
circulate air can cause overheating and cause a disastrous scenario.

The temperature is 40 degrees in a room and the relative humidity is 50 percent in the
morning. The temperature rises to 60 degrees and the level of humidity falls. This will
improve the evaporating cooling mechanism.

2.3 Kinds of air coolers

The various types of air coolers are:-

1. Wet air coolers

2. Dry air coolers

3. Deep water source cooling system

4. Absorption air coolers

5. Ground-coupled heat exchanger

6. Air and water-coupled heat pumps

2.4 Merits of air coolers

1. As there are only fan and motor pump in the air cooler, it can be easily repaired in case
of any fault. The costs involved in the repairs are also very less.

2. The expense related to the installation of an air cooler is quite less. The cost of
installation of air conditioner is relatively very higher.

3. The power consumption is of fan and motor pump. Very less cost of electricity is
accrued as compared to the cost of air conditioners.

4. Air coolers increase the levels of humidity and it will be good in dry weather.
2.5 Demerits of air coolers

The disadvantages of the air coolers are as follows:-

1. Air coolers increase the humidity. It will become uncomfortable in summer season due
to increased level of moisture.

2. Another problem is that the air cooler becomes a home for mosquitoes. It leads to
spreading of diseases.

3. People having asthma should have to be more cautious regarding the cleanliness of the
air coolers.

Home care tips to maintain the air cooler.

2.6 The workings of the air cooler can be improved by applying

few simple home care tips:-

1. Ample water supply to the cooler should be available to avoid any dry spots or motor
overheating.

2. The float valve within the cooler should always be checked to maintain a constant level
of at least 3 inches of water in the reservoir section.

3. The windows should be kept open for cross ventilation and aeration.

4. Ice should be added in the air cooler a couple of times during the cooling season so as
to increase the longitivity of the cooler.

5. It is best to have a cooler within built thermostat. If not then it is best to switch on the
pump before turning on the cooling fan within. This allows even water permeation of the
pads.

6. The water should be changed at regular intervals.

7. Don’t let any dust accumulate on the air cooler. Especially within the machinery or the
panels. Special Air Cooler solutions are available that can be used to clean the coolers.

8. An approximate optimal temperature of 80 to 90 degree should be maintained to avoid

any electrical over exertion.

9. Regular removal and cleaning of the basin and filter pads should be done to avoid dust
and fungus build up within.
10. It is best to clean the pipe ways, drain tubes and external waterways at least 2 to 3
times during the entire season to prevent formation of any unwanted products like salts
and fungus within.

11. The V belt should be perfectly fitted and must be replaced if any sign of tear or break
is visible.

12. The pump impellers and other motor parts should be lubricated and checked at regular
interval. Special motor oils are available for air cooler lubrication purpose.

13. Never use a Air cooler with an Air Conditioner parallelly.

14. It is always best to keep the air cooler in an spacious area. Cupboards, attics and closed
space are a strict no.

15. Though air circulation is necessary, it is best to keep the doors of unused rooms closed
when the cooler is at work.

Introduction of Single Phase Motors:

These are small motors having an output power less than one horse power and are
generally operated on single phase AC supply. These motors perform varieties of service
in the home, office, business concerns, factories and farms and in a number of other
applications where single phase supply is available.

Single phase motor is not self-starting. Hence, it is provided with an extra winding known
as auxiliary or starting winding in addition to main or running winding. These two
windings are spaced 90° electrically apart and are put in parallel, so that a rotating field
is produced.

The explanation of
single phase motor is
made from double
revolving field theory.
The pulsating field
produced in single
phase AC motor is
resolved into 2
components of half the
magnitude and rotating
in opposite directions at
the same synchronous
speed.

Let φm be the pulsating field which has two components each of magnitude φm/2. Both
are rotating at the same angular speed ωr rad/sec but in opposite direction as shown in
the Figure. The resultant of the two fields is φmcosθ . Thus the resultant field varies
according to cosine of the angle θ. The wave shape of the resultant field is shown in Figure

Thus an alternating field can be represented by the fields each of half the magnitude
rotating at same angular speed of ωs radians/sec but in opposite direction. The two
revolving fields will produce torques in opposite directions. Let the two revolving fields
be field No. 1 and field No. 2. Let the field No. 1 rotate in the clockwise direction and field
2 rotate in anticlockwise direction. Clockwise torque is plotted as positive and
anticlockwise as negative. At stand still, slip for both fields is one. Synchronous speed in
clockwise direction will give condition of zero slip for field 1 but it will give slip = 2 for
field No. 2. Similarly synchronous speed in a counter clockwise direction will give
condition of zero slip for field 2 but slip = 2 for field No. 1. Now in the two curves produced
by the two revolving fields have been drawn and the resultant i.e., algebraic sum of the
two fields will give the net developed torque or resultant torque. Now if we look at the
resultant torque we see that the
starting torque (torque at slip = 1)
is zero. And except at starting
there is always some magnitude of
resultant torque, which shows if
this type of motor once started, in
any direction it will develop
torque and will function as motor.
Hence single phase motor with
single winding develops no
starting torque but if the machine
is started in any direction by some
auxiliary means, it will develop
torque in the same direction in
which it is started.

1. Split phase motor:

The main winding has low resistance but high reactance and starting winding has high
resistance but low reactance.

Current in the auxiliary winding called starting winding lags the supply voltage by lesser
angle. The current in the main winding being highly inductive lags the supply voltage with
greater angle. Now there are two currents which are not in phase with each other. As
shown in the figure Im is the current in the main winding lagging the voltage by angle φm
and Is, the current in the starting winding lagging the voltage by angle φs. The angle
between the two currents is θ as shown in the figure. The torque produced is such that it
gives circular movement to the rotor and is proportional to the sine of angle θ. A
centrifugal switch which is normally closed is incorporated in series with the starting
winding. When the motor comes up to speed about 75% of synchronous speed it opens
automatically with the help of centrifugal force and puts the starting winding out of
circuit.
Capacitor Start Motor:

The starting winding has a capacitor in series with it. The motor gives high starting torque
due to large value of C.

Air cooler cooling pad

The cooling pad material play significant role in the cooling. The hot air is first passed
through the cooling pads. The cooling pads which already absorbed the cool water are
ready to transfer the cooling to the air. The cool air came out of the cooling pads
immediately circulated outside with the help of fan. The short summary of differences are
listed below in a table.

The cooling pads are of two types.

1. Aspen wood wool cooling pads

2. Honeycomb cooling pads
Aspen wood wool cooling pads

Aspen cooling pads are often referred as Aspen cooling pads as well. Aspen cooling pads
are made up of wood shavings and synthetic fibre. They look like almost grass. The most
important aspect of Aspen cooling pads is they are
much cheaper, very economical. Because of this
price difference, the air coolers with Aspen cooling
pads are much cheaper. The only problem with the
Aspen cooling pad is they need high maintenance.
You need to clean the Aspen cooling pads very
frequently. Apart from that they are very less
durable and you need to replace it frequently. It has
observed that Aspen cooling pads are moderately
effective in cooling. In other words, Aspen cooling
pads are less effective compared to the home comb
cooling pads.

Honeycomb cooling pads

Honeycomb cooling pads are made of cellulose

material. They look like honeycomb so usually it is
referred as honeycomb cooling pads. Honeycomb
cooling pads are very effective in cooling and
requires less maintenance or cleaning. Apart from
that they are very durable compared to Aspen
cooling pads. Because of this reason most of the
high end air coolers uses Honeycomb cooling pads.
In general, desert air coolers uses Honeycomb
cooling pads for their efficiency of cooling the air at
larger scale efficiently. The only con of the
honeycomb cooling pads is they are much
expensive, this is the reason Honeycomb cooling pads usually used only in high end desert
coolers and not in the low end personal air coolers. Aspen and honeycombs cooling pads
are available in all types of air coolers like personal air cooler and desert air cooler.
Galvanized iron sheets

Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron in order
to prevent it from rusting. The term is derived from the name of Italian scientist Luigi
Galvani. Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are steel sheets which are basically coated with zinc
and include a range of hot dip galvanized and electro-galvanized steel sheets. Zinc
weathers at a very slow rate, so the coating generally has a long life. Zinc has a greater
electro-negativity than iron and hence provides cathodic (or sacrificial) protection to the
steel. This results in the zinc corroding in preference to the steel if the coating is chipped
or damaged to expose the base metal. Besides acting as galvanic protector, The other
functions of the zinc layer are as follow:

1. To retain the steel intact with its

full initial strength.
2. To provide the surface a more
pleasing appearance.
3. To increase the life of any suitable
organic finishing system applied
over it.
4. To protect the steel from corrosive
attack in most atmospheres, acting
as a continuous and lasting shield
between steel and the atmosphere.

Process of galvanizing

The process of galvanizing steel sheet was developed simultaneously in France and
England in 1837. Both of these methods employed a ‘hot dipping’ process to coat steel
sheet with zinc.

Galvanizing is carried out on cold rolled sheets/cold rolled strips. Galvanizing process is
broadly divided into hot dipping and electro-galvanizing. The hot dip process is more
suitable for heavy coating weights, and electro-galvanizing for lighter coatings. For
reasons of efficiency, galvanizing of cold rolled strip is more common than galvanizing of
cold rolled sheets.

Hot dip galvanizing – The principle of the process consists of the immersion of steel strips
in molten zinc. The zinc used for galvanizing is high grade with a zinc content of minimum
of 99.95 %. After passing through the pretreatment tanks for degreasing, pickling, and
cleansing, the strip passes through the annealing furnace and a pot containing molten
zinc. The annealing furnace is used to apply the heat cycle needed to obtain the required
mechanical properties and activate the surface with a reducing gas, which makes it easy
to coat zinc on the strip surface. The coating weight is controlled by a purge gas jet blown
on both surfaces of the strip from a nozzle above the pot, to remove excessive molten zinc.
This process gives a relatively thick coating of zinc that freezes into a crystalline surface
pattern known as spangles. During the process, a multiple layered structure of iron-zinc
alloys is formed between the inner surface of the zinc coating and the steel strip.

Electro-galvanizing – The principle of the process consists of immersion of steel sheet in

an electrolyte, a solution of zinc sulfate or cyanide. Electrolytic action deposits a coating
of pure zinc on the surface of the iron or steel. The advantages of this process is that the
thickness of the coating can be accurately controlled while the limitation of this process
is that the thick coatings provided by the hot dip galvanizing process are not usually
possible with this method.

A part of the GI steel production is corrugated to produce corrugated sheets (GC). Today
the corrugation process is carried out using the process of roll forming. This modern
process is highly automated to achieve high productivity and low labour costs. In the
corrugation process sheets are pulled off huge rolls and through rolling dies that form the
corrugation. After the sheets pass through the rollers it is automatically sheared off at a
desired length. The standard shape of corrugated material is the round wavy style, but
can be easily modified to a variety of shapes and sizes by simply changing the dies.

The cross section of a galvanized strip is composed of the steel substrate, iron-zinc alloy
layers, and a zinc layer. Because the paint adhesion and weld ability of the surface of this
zinc layer are not necessarily good, galvannealing has been developed to improve these
properties. In the basic process for galvannealed strip, the zinc-coated strip emerges from
the pot and is heated in a galvannealing furnace, forming an iron-zinc alloy layer by the
inter-diffusion of iron and zinc coating layer, so that the surface of the zinc layer also
contains some amount of iron. The galvannealing line is usually equipped with a skin pass
mill, a tension leveler, and chemical treatment equipment for chromating, following the
galvannealing furnace.

GI sheets are produced both in annealed and full hard conditions.

Application of GI sheets

GI sheets are sheets are used extensively in various applications. Some of common uses
are given below.

Agriculture – Grain silos, sprayers, ghamellas, pans and feeding troughs etc.

Automobile sector – Car, bus and truck bodies, undercarriage work, air and oil filters, fuel
and oil tanks, exhaust pipes etc.

Construction – Roofing, side walls, partitions, panels, valley gutters, louvers, false
ceilings, partition walls and ducks, rolling shutters, highway bumpers, slotted angles and
paint coated products etc.

House hold things – Trunks, ice boxes, tubs, buckets, storage bins, water tanks, washing
machines, house hold machines, pipes, pipe fittings and bath room doors etc.
Electrical appliances – Air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, electrical panels,
decorative lamps etc.

Furniture and fixtures – Desk, lockers, almirahs, racks, light weight chairs etc.

Other general uses – Ducting, drums/barrels, containers, thermal cladding, railway

coaches, sign boards, hoardings and road signs etc.
A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump
(ESP))

A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric

submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has
a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the
pump body. The whole assembly is submerged
in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage
of this type of pump is that it prevents pump
cavitation, a problem associated with a high
elevation difference between pump and the fluid
surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the
surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull
fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet
pumps.
Assembled Model
Conclusion

Air coolers lessen the use of power and not only save the cost of the users but also save
the usage of power. It is no doubt a suitable alternative to compressor-based cooler. The
setback of air cooler that it increases humidity can be met by using indirect evaporative
cooling. Another drawback of air cooler regarding hygiene issues can also be dealt with.
The users of the air coolers should maintain cleanliness of the air coolers and frequently
change the water to avoid breeding of mosquitoes. The usage of air coolers has more
benefits than its demerits. It is also energy and cost efficient.
Different Parts used: