Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering

7/2/2019 Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering
CONTENTS
 Separations Chemical
Evaporators
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Evaporators are used to separate materials based on di erences in
Usage Examples
their boiling temperatures. Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
General Information/Equipment Design
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Copy of Dehumidi ers
Strippers
(Copyright A.H. Lundberg Systems Limited, Vancouver,Membranes
Canada)
Ion Exchange Columns
Long-Tube Vertical Humidi ers
Extractors
encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/SeparationsChemical/Evaporators/Evaporators.html 1/15
Long tube, vertical evaporators are used for evaporation more than all
other types combined because of the low cost per unit capacity.
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
(Copyright GEA Process Engineering Inc.,
Usage Examples
Columbia, MD) Advantages
Disadvantages
General Information Forced Circulation

General Information
There are two main types of long-tube vertical evaporators: climbing-
Equipment Design
lm and falling- lm. Usage Examples
Advantages
In both types feed enters the evaporators through tubes, is heated
Disadvantages
and part of it evaporates. The vapor is then recovered. In climbing
Agitated, lm
Thin Film
General
evaporators the liquid enters from the bottom, while in falling lm Information/Equipment Design
Acknowledgements
types it enters from the top. The picture below shows a falling lm
References
evaporator.
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
(Copyright GEA Process Engineering Inc., Columbia, MD)
General Information
Equipment Design Equipment Design

Usage Examples
In a climbing lm evaporator feed enters the evaporator through
Advantages
tubes in the bottom and is heated by surrounding steam. It climbs up
Disadvantages
the tubes as evaporation occurs. The liquid/vapor mixture continues
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
up the tubes and is discharged into the vapor head. Liquid entrained
Equipment
in the vapor is separated by a de ector plate present above the tubes. Design
Usage Examples
The vapor exits out the top, while the liquor is either collected or
Advantages
allowed to fall back down the tubes, depending on the mode of
Disadvantages
operation. Forced Circulation
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Evaporators - Climbing Film Advantages
Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
In a falling- lm evaporator, feed enters from the top of the

evaporator. It then ows down the inside walls of the tubes as a thin
lm. As the feed travels down the tube, evaporation occurs. The
vapor/liquid mixture travels down the remaining tube length and into
the vapor head. The vapor is removed through the top of the vapor
CONTENTS
head, while the liquid exits out the bottom.
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Evaporators - Falling Film Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
General Information
The tubes in long-tube vertical evaporators are typically 2 in. in
Equipment Design
diameter and between 20 and 35 feet long. They may be operated in
Usage Examples
either batch or continuous modes. Advantages
Disadvantages
One can distinguish between the two types of long-tube vertical
Agitated, Thin Film
evaporators by the location of the vapor head: The evaporator on the
left is a climbing lm evaporator, while the one on the right Acknowledgements
is falling
lm. References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Evaporators may be also used in series to produce a more highly
Advantages
concentrated product. In the quintuple-e ect evaporator system
Disadvantages
shown here, the vapor product from each e ect is used to heat the
Horizontal-Tube
feed to the next e ect. The condensed vapor is collected in the
General Information
distillate stream. Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
(Copyright GEA Process Engineering Inc., Columbia, RELATED

MD)
Dehumidi ers
Usage Examples Copy of Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Falling- lm evaporators, such as those shown here, are used to
Membranes
concentrate heat-sensitive materials, such as fruit juices. Falling- lm
evaporators are also used when dealing with corrosive solutions or
Humidi ers
solutions that tend to foam.
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
(Copyright GEA Process Engineering Inc., Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Columbia, MD)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Climbing- lm evaporators are used heavily in the paper industry to
Short-Tube Vertical
concentrate black liquor. They are also used in the food industry to
General Information
condense milk. The picture below shows a climbing lm plateEquipment Design
evaporator used in the food industry. Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
(Copyright Alfa Laval, Richmond, VA) Acknowledgements
References
Advantages Disadvantages Developers
Low cost - cheapest Poor feed distribution
RELATED
evaporator per unit Recirculation usually
Dehumidi ers
capacity necessary in falling- lm
Short downtime for evaporators
Strippers
cleaning Unsuitable for salting and
Membranes
E cient heat-transfer at scaling liquids
reasonable temperature Ine cient heat-transfer at
Humidi ers
di erences for climbing- low temperature
Extractors
lm and at all temperature di erences for climbing-

di erences for falling- lm lm evaporators
evaporators
Larger heating surface than
other evaporators
CONTENTS
Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators

Long-Tube Vertical
Short tube vertical evaporators are the oldest type of evaporators inInformation
General
use today. Equipment Design
Usage Examples
General Information Advantages

Disadvantages
Short-tube vertical evaporators operate in the same way asShort-Tube
climbing Vertical
lm long-tube vertical evaporators. Feed enters the evaporator and is
General Information
Equipment Design
heated. Vapor is recovered at the top, and remaining liquor collected
at the bottom or recycled. Usage Examples
Advantages
Equipment Design Disadvantages

Horizontal-Tube
In short-tube vertical evaporators, feed enters the evaporatorGeneral
from Information
the bottom. It then rises through the tubes. As the feed is heated
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
inside the tubes, evaporation takes place. The liquid/vapor mixture
Advantages
continues to rise up the remaining length of the tubes and into the
Disadvantages
vapor head. The vapor ows out the top of the vapor head, while the
Forced Circulation
liquor falls back to the bottom of the evaporator, where it is combined
General Information
with incoming feed. Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Evaporators - Short Tube Vertical Agitated, Thin Film
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
The tubes inside a short-tube vertical evaporator are between 2 and 3

in. in diameter. These tubes are expanded into sheets that span the
diameter of the evaporator.
CONTENTS
The recycle rate within the evaporator is much greater than the feed
Evaporators
rate. A downtake ensures that the liquid from the vapor head is
Long-Tube Vertical
recycled to the bottom of the evaporator in the minimum time.General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples Usage Examples

Advantages
Short-tube vertical evaporators are used extensively in the Disadvantages
evaporation of cane-sugar juice. They are also used in processes in
Short-Tube Vertical
which clear liquid solutions are present, or for non-corrosive General Information
conditions. Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages

Disadvantages
E cient heat-transfer at Poor heat transfer at low
Horizontal-Tube
high temperature temperature di erences
General or
Information
di erences Equipment Design
with viscous liquids
Usage Examples
Easy to descale Requires a great deal of
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive oor space
Disadvantages
High holdup or residence
Forced Circulation
time
General Information
Equipment Design
Horizontal-Tube Usage Examples
Advantages
Horizontal tube evaporators use a tube and spray method ofDisadvantages
heat
transfer and di er in this respect from other evaporators. Agitated, Thin Film
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
(Copyright Alfa Laval, Richmond, VA) Ion Exchange Columns
Humidi ers
General Information Extractors
In horizontal-tube evaporators feed is sprayed over horizontal tubes

that contain steam. As the feed ows over the tubes, evaporation
takes place. The resulting vapor exits out the top of the evaporator,
while the remaining liquor falls to the bottom of the evaporator and is
either removed or recycled with the incoming feed.
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Evaporators - Horizontal-Tube
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
Equipment Design General Information
Liquor is circulated through a spray distribution network overEquipment
the Design
tube's outside surface to ensure su cient wetting of the heatUsage Examples

transfer
Advantages
surface. .
Disadvantages
The tubes are arranged so as to maximize the heat transferAgitated,

area Thin Film
between the steam and the liquor. This arrangement also facilitates
Acknowledgements
cleaning because scaling and fouling are easily removed. The picture
References
below is a schematic of a horizontal tube evaporator. Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
(Copyright Alfa Laval, Richmond, VA)
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
Usage Examples General Information
One of the many uses of horizontal tube evaporators is the Equipment Design
Usage
production of distilled water. Pure water is collected as vapor, Examples
while
Advantages
the wastewater is discharged directly from the system.
Disadvantages
Horizontal tube evaporators are used frequently in the pulpHorizontal-Tube

and
General Information
paper industry to concentrate solids into a slurry by evaporating o
Equipment Design
water and other liquids. These evaporators are also used in the
Usage Examples
pharmaceutical industry to concentrate particular drugs or chemicals
Advantages
for medicinal use. Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
Advantages Disadvantages
General Information
Equipment Design
Larger liquid-vapor Unsuitable for salting or
Usage Examples
separation area than other scaling liquids Advantages
evaporators Smaller capacity than other
Disadvantages
Relatively low cost evaporators Agitated, Thin Film
Very low headroom Liquid distributionGeneral
hard toInformation/Equipment Design
maintain Acknowledgements
References
Forced Circulation Developers
Forced circulation evaporators contain a pump to circulate feed

RELATED
through the apparatus. Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
General Information Disadvantages
In forced circulation evaporators the feed is pumped into a Horizontal-Tube
heat
General Information
exchanger, where evaporation occurs. The evaporated mixture then
Equipment Design
ows into the vapor head where any entrained liquid strikes the
Usage Examples
de ector plate. The vapor ows out the top of the vapor head, while
Advantages
the liquor is either removed or recycled. Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
General Information
Equipment Design
Evaporators - Forced Circulation Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
Equipment Design
The most common type of forced circulation evaporator is the
submerged-tube type. In these evaporators the heating element is
below the liquid level. This ensures that no boiling occurs in the tubes.
CONTENTS
The heating elements may be oriented either vertically or horizontally,
Evaporators
depending on the available head room. In the diagram below, the
Long-Tube Vertical
heating elements are oriented horizontally. General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
The use of a pump in forced circulation evaporators ensures Advantages
Disadvantages
continuous liquid owrate. The pump also allows for the physical
separation of the heat transfer and vapor-liquid separation Forced Circulation
General Information
components within the evaporator.
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
The liquid velocity through the evaporator is limited only by the pump.
Advantages
This is unlike other evaporators, where it is limited by other factors,
Disadvantages
such as the amount of evaporation that takes place.
Agitated, Thin Film
Usage Examples Acknowledgements
References
Forced circulation evaporators are used in the mining industry, where
Developers
the solids are concentrated. The one shown below is involved in a
brine concentration process.
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
(Copyright GEA Process Engineering Inc.,
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
Columbia, MD)
General Information
One of the main uses of forced circulation as well as other Equipment Design
Usage Examples
evaporators is in crystallization. They may also be used when
Advantages
corrosive or highly viscous solutions are to be evaporated.
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
Advantages Disadvantages
General Information
E ciently transfers heat Expensive Equipment Design
Usage Examples
from steam to liquid Power necessary for
Advantages
Continuous liquid ow circulating pump
Disadvantages
Low amounts of salting, Relatively high holdup or
Forced Circulation
scaling, and fouling residence time General Information
Equipment Design
Agitated, Thin Film Usage Examples
Advantages
General Information/Equipment Design Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
Agitated, thin- lm evaporators, see thin- im dryers , use a heating
surface composed of one tube of large diameter that may be either
Acknowledgements
straight or tapered, horizontal or vertical. Liquid is spread on the tube
References
wall by an agitator with rotating blades that cause the liquorDevelopers
to ride
along the wall. See the Thin Film Dryers section for more details on
this type of equipment. RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Acknowledgements Copy of Dehumidi ers
Strippers
A.H. Lundberg Systems Limited , Vancouver, Canada
Membranes
Alfa Laval , Richmond, VA Ion Exchange Columns
Humidi ers
Extractors
GEA Process Engineering Inc. , Columbia, MD
References
Boilers, Evaporators, and Condensers . New York: Wiley, 1991.
CONTENTS
McCabe, Warren L., Julian C. Smith, and Peter Harriott. Unit
Evaporators
Operations of Chemical Engineering . 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,
Long-Tube Vertical
1993, 466-470. General Information
Equipment Design
Perry, Robert H., and Don W. Green. Perry's Chemical Engineers'
Usage Examples
Handbook . 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1997, 11-13 - 11-18,
Advantages
11-108 - 11-117 Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
Schweitzer, Philip A. Handbook of Separation Techniques forGeneral
ChemicalInformation
Engineers . 2nd ed. New York: Mc-Graw Hill Company, 1988: 2-132 - Design
Equipment
2-133, 2-136. Usage Examples
Advantages
Yamamoto, Yoshiyuki. Design and Operation of Evaporators for
Disadvantages
Radioactive Wastes . Vienna: International Atomic EnergyHorizontal-Tube
Agency,
1968. General Information
Equipment Design
Developers Usage Examples

Advantages
Sam Catalano Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
Mark Colosimo General Information
Equipment Design
Steve Wesorick Usage Examples
Advantages
Joseph Palazzolo Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
Steve Cotton
Acknowledgements
Thomas Plegue
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors
CONTENTS
Evaporators
Long-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short-Tube Vertical
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Horizontal-Tube
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Forced Circulation
General Information
Equipment Design
Usage Examples
Advantages
Disadvantages
Agitated, Thin Film
Acknowledgements
References
Developers
RELATED
Dehumidi ers
Strippers
Membranes
Humidi ers
Extractors

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7/2/2019 Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering

General Information Forced Circulation

Equipment Design Equipment Design

In a falling- lm evaporator, feed enters from the top of the

(Copyright GEA Process Engineering Inc., Columbia, RELATED

lm and at all temperature di erences for climbing-

Short-Tube Vertical Evaporators

General Information Advantages

Equipment Design Disadvantages

The tubes inside a short-tube vertical evaporator are between 2 and 3

Usage Examples Usage Examples

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages

In horizontal-tube evaporators feed is sprayed over horizontal tubes

tube's outside surface to ensure su cient wetting of the heatUsage Examples

The tubes are arranged so as to maximize the heat transferAgitated,

Horizontal tube evaporators are used frequently in the pulpHorizontal-Tube

Forced Circulation Developers

Forced circulation evaporators contain a pump to circulate feed

GEA Process Engineering Inc. , Columbia, MD

Developers Usage Examples

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