SKAA 2922 – HYDRAULIC

ASSIGNMENT
SKAA 2922 – HYDRAULIC

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LECTURER: DR. ZULKIFLEE BIN IBRAHIM

NAME MATRIX NO.

MUHAMMAD FARIS IQBAL BIN ZAIDI SX171654KAWF01

MOHAMAD ZULFADZLI BIN

SX171639KAWF01
SHAMSUDDIN

MOHD HAFIEZ BIN ABD HAMID SX171645KAWF01

MOHD FAIZ BIN A.AZIZ SX171644KAWF01

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 2, SESSION 2018/2019 I

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TABLE OF CONTENT

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INTRODUCTION

Drainage is the artificial removal of water, both surface and sub-surface. Drainage is often a
major element of civil engineering and construction projects and is necessary to avoid
flooding and other damage.

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PROJECT BACKGROUND

Figure 1 shows the layout of a proposed drainage system in a mixed development project.
The hydrologic analysis was carried out earlier and design discharges were estimated The
lengths (L) of a channel and calculated discharges (Q) are as summarized in Table 1.

Table 1
Channel L (m) Q (cumecs)
AB 560 13.9
CB 400 8.6
BE 120 25.0
DE 720 15.6
EF 160 42.0
GF 200 2.9
FH 1000 56.7
IJ,KJ 160 1.5
JH 240 3.8

DESIGN THEORY

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Design of open channels frequently serve as in major drainage ways in urban storm
water systems and water delivery system for water supply and irrigation project. There are
three types of constructed open channels are lined channel, unlined channel and grass lined
channel.

The objective in designing an open channel is to determine the shape that will safely
accommodate the design flow at reasonable cost and limit the erosion and deposition of
materials (sediments) in the channel. The channel will design for subcritical flow ( FR < 1 ).
All cross sections of a specific geometric shape and area, an optimum set dimensions for that
shape which is known as BEST HYRAULIC SECTION (BHS).
3.1 Best hydraulic Section (BHS)
BHS can be determined by requiring that the flow area of the channel can be
minimized while maintaining the hydraulic capacity, Q. Best hydraulic Section is
defined as the section that minimizes the flow area for given values of Q, n and So.
Various textbook for the process to determining the best hydraulic section for
trapezoidal channel such as Chin (2000) and Subramanya (1997).

Take considering Manning Equation ;

 Given that Q, n and So are constants, A is minimized when P is a minimum.

In addition, BHS is not necessarily the most economic section. In practice, the
following factors must be considered:
i) The flow areas does not include freeboard, therefore is not the total area to be
excavated.
ii) It may not be possible to excavate a stable BHS in the available natural
material
iii) For lined channels, cost of lining may be comparable to excavation cost.
iv) Other factors can be considered such as the easy access to the site and cost of
disposing of removed material.

3.2 Permissible Velocities

“Minimum permissible velocity”, lowest velocity that will prevent that will
prevent both sedimentation and vegetative growth in the channel. According to French

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(1985), an average velocity of 0.6 m/s to 0.9 m/s will prevent sedimentation when silt
load is low, a velocity of 0.75 m/s is usually sufficient to prevent vegetative growth. “
Maximum permissible velocity “, velocity that can be allowed in the channel without
causing scour or erosion of channel material. The velocity depends on soil type or
lining material.

3.3 Channel slope

Relevant slopes in channel design are :
i. Longitudinal (bed) Slope
ii. Side Slope

3.3.1 Longitudinal slopes

3.3.1.1 Longitudinal slopes are determined by land topography, a
minimum slope is necessary to maintain the required flow velocities (V
minimum).
3.3.1.2 If longitudinal slope equal to ground surface slope, excavation
is minimized.
3.3.2 Side slopes
3.3.2.1 Sides slopes of excavated channels are influenced by material
in which the channel is excavated
3.3.2.2 For lined canals, 1.5 : 1 ( H:V ) slope is preferred

3.4 Freeboard (FB)

Vertical distance between water surface and top of channel is carrying the
design flow at normal depth. FB is provided to afford a degree of protection
associated with the uncertainty in design parameters. According to chow (1959), the
required Fb for unlined channels can be estimated using:

Where, y : design flow depth (m)

C : coefficient, 1.5 for Q = 0.57 m3 / s to 2.5 and for Q ≥ 85 m3 / s

Minimum FB is usually 30 cm as required by ASCE (1992) in Chin (2000) and

Urban Storm Water Management Manual (DID, 2012).

3.5 Design of Lined Channels

3.5.1 Lined or rigid boundary channels are used for ;
a) Transport water at high velocity to reduce construction and
excavation costs.
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b) Decrease seepage losses.
c) Decrease operation and maintenance costs.
d) Ensure stability of channel section.

3.5.2 Design Procedure :

i) Estimate n, freeboard coefficient C and Q
ii) Compute yo, using manning equation

iii) Check :
a) Permissible factor
b) Froude number, Fr (ensure that subcritical flow in the
channel

iv) Calculated the required FB

v) Summarized results with dimensioned sketch

3.6 Design of unlined (earth) channels

Earth channels are designed for subcritical flow. Primary objectives to
prevent deposition of suspended sediments and to prevent scour of perimeter
material. Side slopes are determined by stability of bank material.
Longitudinal slopes is generally not a design parameter but determined from
topography.

3.6.1 Design methods :

i) Permissible velocity method
ii) Permissible tractive force method

3.7 Grass Channel

These are soft lined engineered channel are designed to lower flow
velocities, provide channel storage and other offer various multiple use

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benefit. Low flow areas generally need to be concrete or rock lined to
minimized erosion and maintenance problem. Generally, grassed channels
should be located to conform with and use the natural drainage system.
Grassed channel may also be developed along roadways and property lined but
should avoid sharp changes in flow direction and longitudinal slope, MSMA
2nd edition (2012).

DETAILED CALCULATION

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RESULT

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DETAILED DRAWING

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REFERENCES

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 Chow, V. T. (1985), Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw Hill

 French, R.H (1985), Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw Hill

 Subramanya, K. (1997), Flow In Open Channel, Tata McGraw Hill

 Manual Urban Stormwater Management, MSMA 2 nd Edition, Department Of

Irrigation and Drainage, 2012

 Andrew Robert, (1992), RIVER PROCESSES: An introduction to fluvial

dynamics, Routledge,

 Amat Sairin Demun, (2017), Hydraulics Engineering Problems and Solutions,

Penerbit UTM Press

 Hydraulic Notes, Volume 1, Zulkiflee Ibrahim,

PHOTOGRAPHS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM CONSTRUCTED OR UNDER

CONSTRUCTION

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GROUP PROFILE

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1.

NAME : MUHAMMAD FARIS IQBAL NIM ZAIDI

AGE :26 YEARS
MATRIX NO : SX171654KAWFO1
BORN : MERSING, JOHOR
HOBBY :

1.

NAME : MOHD HAFIEZ BIN ABD HAMID

AGE :31 YEARS
MATRIX NO : SX171645KAWFO1
BORN : KELANTAN
HOBBY : CYCLING

1.

NAME : MUHAMMAD FARIS IQBAL NIM ZAIDI

AGE :26 YEARS
MATRIX NO : SX171654KAWFO1
BORN : MERSING, JOHOR
HOBBY :

1.

NAME : MUHAMMAD FARIS IQBAL NIM ZAIDI

AGE :26 YEARS
MATRIX NO : SX171654KAWFO1
BORN : MERSING, JOHOR
HOBBY :

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