TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS Page No.

LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES 2
1.3.1 Knowledge Building about the Problem 2
1.3.2 Scientific Investigations 3
1.3.3 Analysis 3
1.3.4 Remediations 3
1.4 SCOPE 3
1.4.1 Identification of Potential Hazard 3
1.4.2 Geotechnical Investigations 4
1.4.3 Analysis 4
1.5 RESEARCH METHODODLOGY 4
1.5.1 Literature Search 4
1.5.2 Survey / Reconnaissance 4
1.5.3 Zoning of Road Section 4
1.5.4 Selection of Landslide Locations 5
1.5.5 Test pits / Boreholes 5
1.5.6 Sampling 5
1.5.7 Field Testing 5
1.5.8 Laboratory Testing 5
1.5.9 Analyses of Landslides 6
1.5.10 Remediation Works 6

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 GENERAL 7
2.2 LANDSLIDE 7
2.3 TYPES OF LANDSLIDES 7
2.4 LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATIONS 10
2.4.1 Desk Study 10
2.4.2 Landslide Hazard Zoning 11
2.4.3 Field Investigations 14
2.4.4 Laboratory Investigation Methods 15
2.5 ANALYSIS METHODS 16

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CONTENTS Page No.

2.5.1 Limit Equilibrium Methods 16

2.5.2 Computer Softwares for the Analysis of Slopes 23

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY 24
3.1 GENERAL 24
3.2 AREA OF STUDY 24
3.3 DESK STUDY 25
3.3.1 Topographic Study of the Area 25
3.3.2 Geological Study of the Area 25
3.3.3 Hydrological Studies 25
3.3.4 Meteorological Studies 26
3.4 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONING 27
3.4.1 Stable Zone 30
3.4.2 Less Stable Zone 32
3.4.3 Meta Stable Zone 34
3.4.4 Unstable Zone 36
3.5 SELECTION OF WORST LANDSLIDE SITES 38
3.6 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 39
3.6.1 Geophysical Testing 39
3.6.2 Drilling of Boreholes 39
3.6.3 Test Pits Excavations 40
3.7 LABORATORY EVALUATIONS 40
3.8 MODELING OF SLOPES 41
3.8.1 Geometry of Slope 41
3.8.2 Material Properties 42
3.8.3 Stress / Strain Relationship 42
3.8.4 Boundary Conditions 42
3.9 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSES 42

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 43
4.1 GENERAL 43
4.2 SITE CHARACTERIZATION AT RD 747 43
4.2.1 Subsurface Strata 43
4.2.2 Landslide Configuration on the Basis of Site Investigation Results 45
4.2.3 Summary of Test Results 47
4.3 ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE AT RD 747 47
4.3.1 Modeling of Landslide at RD 747 under Unstable Conditions 47
4.3.2 Analysis of Landslide at RD 747 under Unstable Conditions 48
4.3.3 Modeling of Landslide at RD 747 under Stable Conditions 51
4.3.4 Analysis of Landslide at RD 747 under Stable Conditions 51

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 4.4 SITE CHARACTERIZATION AT RD 915 56

CONTENTS Page No.

4.4.1 Subsurface Strata 56

4.4.2 Landslide Configuration on the Basis of Site Investigation Results 57
4.4.3 Summary of Test Results 58
4.5 ANALYSES OF LANDSLIDE AT RD 915 58
4.5.1 Modeling of Landslide at RD 915 under Unstable Condition 58
4.5.2 Analyses of Landslide at RD 915 under Unstable Condition 59
4.5.3 Modeling of Landslide at RD 915 under Stable Condition 62
4.5.4 Analyses of Landslide at RD 915 under Stable Condition 62
4.6 GENERAL METHODS OF SLOPE REHABILITATION 65

Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 67
5.1 GENERAL 67
5.2 CONCLUSIONS 67
5.2.1 Geological Conditions 67
5.2.2 Drainage Conditions 67
5.2.3 Land Use 68
5.2.4 Improper Design of Structures 68
5.2.5 Landslide Hazard Zoning 68
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 69
5.3.1 Geology of the Area 69
5.3.2 Drainage Control / Design of Structures 69
5.3.3 Vegetation 70
5.3.4 Role of Highway Department 70
5.3.5 Educating Public / Private Sector 70

REFERENCES 71

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 LIST OF FIGURES

CONTENTS Page No.

2.1 Schematic Illustration of Major types of Landslide Movement 9
2.2 Landslide Investigation Procedure 10
2.3 Forces Acting for the Method of Slices Applied to A Composite 17
Sliding Surface
2.4 Inter-Slice Forces for the Ordinary Method 19
2.5 Forces Acting on Each Slice for Janbu’s Rigorous Method 22
3.1 Landslide at RD 747 38   
3.2 Landslide at RD 915 38
3.3 Electrical Resistivity Test by Wenner Configuration  39
4.1 Electrical Resistivity Test (Landslide at RD 747) 44
4.2 Typical Sub­Surface Profile at RD 747  45
4.3 Layout of Landslide at RD 747 46
4.4 Model of Landslide at RD 747 48
4.5 Total Head Contours (Landslide at RD 747) 49
4.6 Maximum Shear Strain contours (Landslide at RD 747) 49
4.7 Maximum Shear Stress Contours (Landslide at RD 747) 50
4.8 Factor of Safety against Unstable Conditions 50
4.9 Model (Landslide at RD 747) 51
4.10 Total Head Contours (Landslide at RD 747) 52
4.11 Boundary Conditions (Landslide at RD 747) 52
4.12 Maximum Strain Contours (Landslide at RD 747)  53
4.13 Maximum Stress Contours (Landslide at RD 747) 53
4.14 Mohr Circle for Total Stress (Landslide at RD 747) 54
4.15 Factor of Safety (Landslide at RD 747)  54
4.16 Electrical Resistivity Test (Landslide at RD 915) 56
4.17 Layout of Landslide at RD 915 57
4.18 Model (Landslide RD at 915) 59
4.19 Total Head Contours (Landslide RD at 915) 60
4.20 Maximum Shear Strain Contours (Landslide at RD 915)  60
CONTENTS Page No.
4.21 Maximum Shear Stress Contours (Landslide at RD 915) 61
4.22 Factor of Safety (Landslide at RD 915)  61
4.23 Model (Landslide at RD 915) 62
4.24 Total Heads Contours (Landslide at RD 915) 63
4.25 Boundary Conditions (Landslide at RD 915) 63
4.26 Maximum strain contours (Landslide at RD 915) 64
4.27 Maximum Stress Contours (Landslide at RD 915) 64

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4.28 Mohr Circle for Total Stress (Landslide at RD 915) 65
4.29 Factor of Safety (Landslide at RD 915) 65

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 LIST OF TABLES

CONTENTS Page No.

2.1 Types of Landslides 8

2.2 Factors and Weights for Evaluation of Risk of Landslide  12
o
3.1 19 Years Average Maximum Temperature Data (
Hazard C) 27

3.2 LHZ Value for the Road Section Dhal – Kohala 29

3.3 LHZ Value for Stable Zone 31

3.4 LHZ Value for Less Stable Zone 33

3.5 LHZ Value for Meta Stable Zone 35

3.6 LHZ Value for Unstable Zone 37

4.1 Borehole Log (Landslide at RD 747) 44

4.2 Summary of Test Results (Landslide at RD 747) 47

4.3 Borehole Log (Landslide at RD 915) 56

4.4 Summary of Test Results (Landslide at RD 915) 59

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