2 Pebs Manual PDF

PEBS MANUAL
Building for Life
PEB STEEL GROUP

Pre-Engineered Buildings
Jan, 2007
INTRODUCTION
The Product Digest Manual is a central source of technical and non -

technical information, concerning Pre-Engineered Buildings products.
This manual is intended for sales engineers, sales support and engineering
staff. It provides comprehensive information concerning questions often
asked by PEB Steel customers, who are not familiar with our standards and
practices.
PEBS Manual
Contents
1. APPLICATIONS OF PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS ....................................................1
2. PLANNING AND OPTIMIZING THE PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS. .................12
3. DESIGN CODES............................................................................................................... ......25
4. DESIGN ENGINEERING PRACTICES...............................................................................27
5. FABRICATION .......................................................................................................................38
6. COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS AND PERFORMANCE.... ....................................41
7. FINISHED BUILDING CARE .............................................................................................49
8. ERECTION...............................................................................................................................52
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PEBS MANUAL Revision : 00
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Application of
1.1 Is the PEB functional and suitable?
The PEB concept was first originated in the United States of America after the World War
II, as one of the solutions to the demand of fast economic growth, and then transferred to
other industrialized countries. It consists of a complete steel framed building system, with
pre-designed components to best suit the unique customer requirements. The final product
is a complete building shell with sub structural systems including mezzanine floors, crane
systems, canopies, fascias and interior partitions. The end product is an attractive building
that can be finished internally to serve the required function and accessorize externally to
achieve a distinctive architectural style.
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From excavation to occupancy, no other building system matches the pre-engineered

building in speed and value for those who demand quality at a reasonable price. PEB
system plays an active role in converting complex and expensive structural steel building
designs into simpler and more economically designed, without sacrificing the utility and
basic function of these buildings.
The PEB system offers multiple advantages to the end-user, the most notable are low initial
investment, fast construction time, low maintenance cost, large clear spans, infinite choice
of layouts, inherent resistance to earthquakes, ease of expansion and unique attractive
appearance.
If customer requirements cannot be satisfied by using the standard economical structural

systems, PEB system has the flexibility and capability of how to supply the customer with
alternate building system as custom made. The PEB performance over the last years and
the booming business expansion which PEB industry has experienced lately,
unquestionably prove that the PEB components act together as a system, for maximum
efficiency, precise fit-up, and indeed a high quality product. PEB industry is part of a
continuous thinking machine.
Setting up plans, targets and performance standards for the production of engineering work
and the development of new systems to improve and increase the product reliability, and
presenting a clear vision of the economy, diversity, versatility and esthetics feature of PEB
as an enormous advantage for this industry’s growth.
1.2 What is the meaning of Pre-Engineering Building?
Pre-engineered should not be confused with pre-fabricated. The name Pre-engineered

buildings was adopted for the following reasons:
Pre-set methods for connecting and welding (standardized connections).
Utilization of pre-determined stock sizes.
Optimized design, detailing and fabrication, resulting in most economical (lower weight)
and fast delivery (reduced engineering time and fabrication time).
1.3 What type of building the PEB can utilize the PEB system?
The PEB system has created a unique architectural approach that is conducive to the
release of innovative ideas in design and erection of buildings. This approach is supported
by numerous applications, major and minor, carried out by professional and highly skilled
personnel. Since 1946 more than 60% of single story construction building in the USA are
PEB. The standard PEB product line includes over 1300 different components, which may
be custom designed and manufactured to fit customer requirements exactly.
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Applications of PEB include -but are not limited to- the following:
Industrial Buildings -Factories

Warehouses
Distribution Centers
Commercial Showrooms
Sports Halls
Recreational Buildings
Shade Structures -Gas Stations
Agricultural Buildings -Grain Storage
Institutional Buildings
Aircraft Hangars
Supermarkets
Workshops
Restaurants
Office Buildings
Labor Camps
Almost any one, two or three storied building.
The wide range of PEB applications give this industry the cutting edge of market share.
Nevertheless, PEB’s have some limitations when exposed to more than the maximum span
and loads possible. Therefore, according to the building utility and types of applied loads,
the proper pattern of building can be selected, meeting the limitations and satisfying other
requirements induced by the customer.
For very special conditions, it is possible for the consultants to obtain direct advice from
Metal Building Manufacturers on the most economical framing solutions for his building
requirements. Some vital considerations that are required when selecting the building
application, such as design loads, width, bay spacing, eave heights, ...etc. PEB Steel
standards are as follows:
Design load is indicated to be : Live Load = 0.57 KN./m2 Wind Load = 130 Km/Hr, these
loads satisfy 95% of all the loading conditions usually required in most applications.
Bay spacing set at 9 m as the most practical. Bay spacing as low as 5 m and as high as 30
m can be accommodated.
Eave heights as high as 30 m can be accommodated in special buildings. The eave height is
a critical issue when selecting the type of building for the appropriate application.
The PEB system offers multiple advantages to the end-user, the most notable are low initial
investment, fast construction time, low maintenance cost, large clear spans, infinite choice
of layouts, inherent resistance to earthquakes, ease of expansion and unique attractive
appearance.
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1.4 Why do the customer choose PEB instead of Conventional Structural Steel?
The term pre-engineered building (PEB), is well known to engineers who traditionally
design their buildings with conventional steel instead of built-up members used in the PEB
system.
The broad range of applications in the metal construction industry gives PEB an enormous
advantage over any other system. The PEB manufacturer’s capacity and capability to
design, supply and erect a building for any project requiring fabricated steel members,
offer a time and cost saving solution to consultants who generally prefer to have one
contract, instead of sub-contracts, which make it difficult to control. PEB can be used even
where conventional steel has been typically dominating. Applications that PEB has gained
ground against over conventional steel structures are heavy industrial and commercial
buildings such as:
Large Manufacturing Plants

Mill Buildings
Buildings less than 5 stories
Warehouses
Office Buildings
The engineering work of Structural Steel fabrication, is limited to the estimation and
preparation of erection and shop drawings for fabrication of assigned projects, design is
rarely done by the manufacturer.
The following shows a comparison between PEB and Structural Steel, intending to
familiarize design groups with the basis of the PEB concept, its high versatility and
practicality, and the advantages to designers and consultants.
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Feature Design Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings Conventional Steel Buildings

Criteria A.I.S.C., M.B.M.A., A.W.S, AISI A.I.S.C., A.W.S., J.I.S., D.I.N.B.S.
Foundation Simple design, easy to construct and Extensive, heavy foundations required.
lightweight.
Average 6 to 8 weeks. Average 5 to 6 months.

Delivery
Building is supplied complete with Many sources of supply. Project

cladding and all accessories, including Management time required to coordinate
erection if desired, all from one source of suppliers and sub-contractors.
supply. About 30% lighter through the
efficient
Primary steel members are selected from

use of steel. Primary framing members
standard hot rolled “I” sections, which in
Sourcing & are (varying depth) tapered built-up plate Many cases are heavier than what is
Coordination sections with large depths in the areas of actually required by design. Members
highest stress. have constant cross-sections along the
Entire span, regardless of local stress
Secondary members are light gage (light magnitude.
weight) cold formed (low labor cost) “Z”
or “C” shaped members. Secondary members are selected from
Z purlins/girts can be lapped. Lapping standard hot rolled “I” and “C” sections,
reduces the deflection, and allows double which again are heavier than required.
thickness at the points of higher stresses
(support points).
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Feature Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings Conventional Steel Buildings
Design Quick and efficient since standardization Each conventional steel structure is
of P.E.B. has significantly reduced designed from scratch by the Consultant,
design time. Basic designs are used over with fewer design aids available to the
and over. Specialized computer analysis Engineer. Maximum engineering
and design programs reduce design time required on every project. Generalized
and optimize material required. Drafting computer analysis programs require
is also computerized with minimal extensive input / output and design
manual drawings. Design, detail alterations. Drafting is manual or only
drawings and erection drawings are partially automated. Much Consultant
supplied free of charge by the time and expense is devoted to design
manufacturer. Approval drawings may and drafting, as well as coordination and
be prepared within 10 days to 3 weeks. review.
Consultant in-house design and drafting
time is significantly reduced, allowing
more time for coordination and review,
and increasing margins in design fees.
Since most of the PEB are pin-based, the
cost is reduced due to smaller sections at
the base with smaller base plates and
foundations (in absence of moments).
Accessories Designed to fit the system, with Every project requires special design for
Windows, Doors, standardized, interchangeable parts, accessories and special sourcing for each.
Ventilation including pre-designed flashing and Flashing and trims must be uniquely
trims. Mass produced for economy. All designed and fabricated.
available with the building.
Erection Easy, fast, step by step. Erection costs & Slow, extensive field labor required.
time are accurately known, based upon Typically 20% more expensive than
extensive experience with similar P.E.B. In most of the cases, the erection
buildings. costs and time are not estimated
accurately.
Architecture Outstanding architectural design can be Special architectural design requires

achieved at low cost. Conventional wall research and high cost.
and fascia materials, such as concrete,
masonry and wood, can be utilized.
Price per square meter may be as much

Overall Price High price per square meter.
as 40% lower than conventional steel.
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Feature Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings Conventional Steel Buildings

Changes Very flexible, tailor made, accepts Changes, revisions & additions can be
changes and revisions easily. Future difficult due to extensive redesign and
expansion simple, easy and cost coordination among suppliers and sub-
effective. One supplier to coordinate contractors.
changes.
Performance All components have been specified and Components are designed in general for
designed specifically to act together as a possible use in many alternative
system, for maximum efficiency, precise configurations. Design and detailing
fit-up, and performance in the field. errors are possible in assembling diverse
The experience with similar buildings, in components into unique buildings. Each
building design is unique, so prediction
actual field conditions world-wide has
of
resulted in design improvements over how components will perform together is
time which allow dependable prediction uncertain. Materials which have
of performance. performed well in some climates may not
in other environments.
Responsibility Single source of supply results in total Multiple responsibilities can result in
responsibility for one supplier, including questions of who is responsible when
design liability. components do not fit properly,
insufficient material is supplied, or
materials fail to perform, particularly at
supplier interfaces. The Consultant
Carries total design liability.
1.5 Why steel for Low Rise Construction and not Concrete?
Here are just a few advantages why PEB is favored over reinforced concrete.
The shorter erection period permits an earlier recovery of capital. A wide spanning frame is
possible, providing large column-free interior spaces with a wider range of potential uses.
Steel structural members offer the absolute accuracy of dimensions and uniform quality
possible.
Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing. Forms are
required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition, false-work
or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, and similar
structures until the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support themselves. Form-
work is very expensive. Its costs run from one-third to two-thirds of the total cost of a
reinforced concrete structure, with average values of about 50%.
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The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes an
increasingly important matter for long span structures where concrete’s large dead load has
a great effect on bending moments. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of
concrete means members will be relatively large, an important consideration for tall
buildings and long span structures. The properties of concrete vary widely due to variations
in its proportioning and mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as
carefully controlled as is the production of other materials such as steel.
Other characteristics that can cause problems are concrete’s shrinkage and creep. Cost
comparison studies have revealed that the overall construction cost of structural steel
buildings is generally more economical than reinforced concrete structures.
The following is a table showing the most important advantages that favored the use of
Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings instead of Reinforced Concrete Buildings.
Feature Steel Concrete

Fabrication Done in shop-controlled Mostly done at site in variable
conditions conditions
Material Specifications Precise and Fixed Variable, Non-homogeneous
Dimensions Precise and accurate Potential for significant errors.
measurements
Capacity May carry up to 6 times its Carried load almost equal to its
weight weight
Material Foundations Lighter Variable
Erection Faster Slower
Clear Spans Larger Smaller
Buildings Height Higher Shorter
Changes Movable, Expandable Difficult to modify
Fire Resistance Needs more protection Good Resistance
Applications Industrial, Commercial Houses, Villas and Parliaments
1.6 What are the materials Specifications and Designs Codes that PEB Steel uses, and
do they comply with the internationally recognized Standard?
Pre-Engineered Building systems mainly make use of built-up sections, cold formed
elements as well as some hot rolled sections. PEB Steel follows universally recognized
codes of practice in the analysis, design and fabrication of its products.
These codes are widely used by the construction and buildings design industries as
authentic source of tested procedures, and as basis for acceptable quality for design,
materials, fabrication and construction standards.
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All materials used in the fabrication of Pre-Engineered Building systems, are new, unused
and meet or exceed the physical requirements of the PEB system design and fabrication
processes, as well in accordance with the materials manufacturer’s standards and
procedures. Our quality control department tests the material ordered for inventory to meet
the design criteria for strength and to ensure that these materials possess the qualities
(including weldability) required by the fabrication process of each specific component of
PEB system.
The procedures and calculations used in PEB Steel design and fabrication are made in
reference to the following codes:
Main frames members (Hot Rolled or Built-up) shall be designed in accordance with the
2005 edition of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), as specifications for
the design, fabrication and erection of Structural Steel for Buildings.
Loads on all buildings are applied in accordance with the 2006 edition of the international
building codes (IBC)
Cold-Formed members shall be designed in accordance with the 2001 edition of the
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), as specification codes applied for the design of
cold-formed steel structural members.
All welding shall be done in accordance with the 2006 edition of the American Welding
Society (AWS) codes. All welders are qualified for the type of welds performed on the
steel members.
Manufacturing dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with MBMA 2002.
The materials of the steel members used in the PEB manufacturing are conforming to
American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) specifications or equivalent standards.
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PEB STEEL COMPLIANCE WITH LATEST INTERNATIONAL CODES
Loads on all buildings are applied in accordance with:
2006 edition of the International Building Code

International code council, Inc (IBC)
4051 West Flossmoor Road, Club Hill, IL 60478-5795, USA
Manufacturing and Erection tolerances are applied as per:

2002 edition of the Low Rise Building Systems Manual
Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Inc (MBMA)
1300 Summer Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
For Erection & Manufacturer Tolenrances
Hot rolled sections and built up sections are designed in accordance with:
2005 Manual of Steel Construction – Allowable Stress Design
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. (AISC)
1 East Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, Illinois 60601-2001, USA
Cold formed members are designed in accordance with:

2003 Edition of AISI (North American Specification for the Design of Cold
Formed Steel Structural Member)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
1000 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA
Welding is applied in accordance with:

2004 American Welding Society (AWS D.1.1.04)
Structural Welding Code – Steel Manual
550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126, USA
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PEB STEEL STRICT DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Load
Deflection Structural Member Deflection Limitation
Combination
1 Main frame rafters Span/ 180 Dead + Live
2 Roof purlins Span/ 180 Dead + Live
3 Mezzanine beams and joists Span/ 180 Dead + Live
4 Top running crane (TRC) beams Span/ 600 Dead + Crane
5 Underhung crane (UHC) beams Span/ 500 Dead + Crane
6 Monorail crane (MR) beams Span/ 500 Dead + Crane
Vertical
Deflection Relative deflection of adjacent frames
7 at point of support of UHC or MR Bay/ 225 Crane only
beam.
Relative deflection of UHC beams
8 Crane span/ 225 Crane only
supported by the same frame
Rigid frame rafters supporting UHC or
9 MR beams running laterally in the Bldg. Span/ 500 Crane only
building.
Main frame columns with eave height
1
(EH) up to 9.0 m Eave height/90 Dead + Wind
Main frames supporting top running

2 cranes (TRC) or underhung cranes Eave height/100 All
Lateral (UHC)
Deflection
3 Wall Girts Span/ 90 Wind only
4 Endwall wind columns Span/ 90 Wind only
5 Portal frames Eave height/ 90 Wind only

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Planning and Optimizing the

2.1 What is the Configuration of Pre-Engineered Building?
The PEB building as shown herein consists of all columns, rafters (roof beams), bracing,
connection clips, end wall posts, roof purlins, wall girts, roof and wall sheeting, anchor
bolts, flashing, trim, etc. or as specified. The main building structure is comprised of
single gable interior rigid frames with either rigid or “post and beam” frames at end-
walls.
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The configuration of a pre-engineered building comprises of the following:
Standard roof slopes which can vary from 0.5 or 1.0 unit of vertical rise to 10 units of
horizontal base. Other slopes are available upon request.
Side-wall steel line is the plane of the inside surface of the side-wall sheeting. It is also the
plane of the outside vertical surface of the eave strut. End-wall steel line is the plane of the
inside surface of the end-wall sheeting. It is also the plane of the outside surface of the
outer flange of the end-wall posts.
Building width which is the distance between the steel lines of opposite sidewalls.
Buildings width does not include width of side-wall lean to buildings and side-wall roof
extensions. The width of a lean-to building shall be the distance from the steel line of the
exterior side-wall of the lean-to building to the (side-wall or end-wall) steel line of the
main building to which the lean-to building is attached.
• Building length is the distance between the steel lines of opposite end- walls.
Building length is a combination of several bay lengths. End bay length is the
distance from the outside of the outer flange of end-wall columns to the center line of
the first interior frame. Interior bay length is the distance between the center lines of
two adjacent interior rigid frame columns. Building length does not include the width
of end-wall wall lean-to buildings or end-wall roof extensions.
• Building eave height shall be the distance from Finish Floor Line “FFL” (typically the
underside of the side-wall column base plate) to the top of the eave strut at the side-
wall steel line. The building clear height shall be the distance from Finish Floor Line
“FFL” to the underside of the lower rafter flange at the haunch (the connection of the
side-wall column to the rafter).
2.2 What is the Standard Configuration of Pre-Engineered Building?
The term Standard refers to the most common Structural Systems. More than 80% of the
pre-engineered steel buildings supplied by PEB Steel utilize one of the standard
structural systems. The other 20% utilize “other” structural systems. The standard
systems are:
Single Slope “SS”

Multi-Gable “MG”
Clear Span “CS”
Multi-Span “MS”
Space Saver “SS”
Lean-To “LT”
Roof System “RS”
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The standard configuration of PEB refers to information in the form of standard building
widths, frame clearance dimensions, design live load, design wind speed, column
reactions, and anchor bolt setting plan, that is useful for customer information purpose.
Although this section pertains specifically to the standard buildings, this information
may also serve as a guide to non-standard conditions.
PEB Steel standard design loads are:
Live Load (LL) = 0.57 kN/M²,

Wind Speed (WL) = 130 Km/hr.
These loads are identified as standard because they satisfy the overwhelming majority of
loading conditions in our Asia although a 110 Km/hr wind speed is more than adequate
in most areas.
PEB Steel can and often does supply non-standard “custom” buildings without
additional charges for engineering work. Non-standard buildings differ from standard
structural systems in that they can have non-standard design loads, building widths, bay
lengths, roof slopes, eave heights, module sizes ...etc.
2.3 What is the most Economical Configuration of Pre-Engineered Building?
For some special conditions, it is advisable that the customer seeks the advice of a PEB
Steel representative for the most economical framing approach for the building prior to
specifying the basic parameters. Experience has demonstrated that consultation with a
PEB Steel representative prior to fixing the parameters of a building often results in
overall building supply savings, that range from 5% to 20%.
The most economical configuration for a pre-engineered building is:
•Bay Length:
A bay length of 9.0 M is used because it is the most economical in most PEB
Steel applications. However, 10.0 M bay lengths are gaining popularity and
acceptance because longer bays often result in savings to the overall project
cost as their use results in lower foundation costs (fewer rigid frames translates
into fewer footings). When bay lengths greater than 10.5M are required, open
web joist purlins are used. These permit bay lengths of up to 30.0 M.
•Eave Height :
The eave height is a critical point when selecting the right type of building,
high attention should be paid to this issue. Eave heights as high as 30m can be
accommodated.
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PEB Steel pre-engineered buildings are custom designed to meet the exact requirements,
the basic parameters that define a pre-engineered building are shown below, any building
configuration is possible but may require more engineering time and possibly longer
deliveries. Practically, any geometrical shape can be done. Those shapes vary as follows:
2.3.1 Single Slope “SS” (Mono-slope building)
Single Slope “SS” buildings are economical in spans that are less than 24 meters.
The most common customer requirements best suited for using Single Slope
buildings are:
Whenever rain water drainage is required to be along one side-wall of the building.
When the new building (the Single Slope building) is added directly adjacent to an
existing building requiring the designer to avoid:
a- The gutter drainage created by a valley condition along the

connection of both buildings.
b- Loading the existing building. For buildings wider than 24M, it is common to
specify a gable roof from economic as well as aesthetic considerations. Single
Slope buildings may be designed as either Clear Span or Multi-Span.
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2.3.2 Multi-Gable “MG”
Multi-Gable “MG” buildings consist of two or more gable buildings sharing a

common side-wall column. Although Multi-Gable buildings are commonly used in
many regions of the world, PEB Steel recommends the use of Multi-Span buildings
in lieu of Multi-Gable buildings. We discourage Multi-Gable applications for the
following reasons:
Drainage at the valley between gables requires frequent maintenance to prevent

accumulation of residue such as sand, etc.. that must be removed or risk overflow
leakage in the building interior.
Access to valley gutters for cleaning is more cumbersome than accessing eave
gutters. This access requires maintenance traffic on the roof risking sheeting
deterioration or damage.
In long Multi-Gable buildings, down pipes have to be provided inside the buildings
with horizontal drain pipes or concrete channels have to be embedded in the concrete
along the length of the buildings under each valley gutter to carry the water from the
roof to an exterior location. The construction of such a water draining system is
expensive and risky, since blockage of these pipes can cause flooding inside the
building.
Wind bracing design for Multi-Gable buildings requires the provision of wind
bracing members between the interior columns of the Multi-Gable buildings, along
the length of the buildings. If diagonal bracing is not allowed because of interior
access requirements, this necessitates the inclusion of expensive portal bracing.
In modern mature steel building markets, particularly in the USA, Multi-Gable

buildings are rarely specified or constructed. Instead more practical low
maintenance Multi-Span “MS” buildings are specified.
This is now possible due to the availability of:
High speed computing equipment.

Efficient analysis/design software.
Automated welding equipment.
Multi-Gable buildings may be designed as either Clear Span or Multi-span.

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2.3.3 Clear Span "CS" buildings shall have a gable roof with vertical side-walls and end-
walls. Interior bay frames shall be clear span rigid frames typically utilizing tapered
columns and rafters.
Clear Span rigid frame is appropriate and economical when:
Frame width is less than 60m.

Eave height is less than 10m.
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2.3.4 Multi-Span "MS" buildings shall have a gable roof with vertical side-walls and end-
walls. Interior bay frames shall be rigid frames typically having tapered exterior
columns, tapered rafters and square tube interior columns generally hot-rolled tube
section pin connected at top with the rafter (builtup straight column moment connected
is more viable when lateral sway is critical) .
Multi-Span rigid frame is the most economical solution for wider buildings (width >
60m)for the largest buildings such as warehouses, factories and distribution centers.
The most economical modular width in multi-span buildings is 24m .
The disadvantages of such framing system include:
Possibility to differential settlement of column supports.

Locations of the interior columns are difficult to change.
Longer unbraced interior columns especially for wider buildings.
2.3.5 Space Saver "S.S." (also known as main-streeter ) buildings shall have a gable roof
with vertical side-walls and end-walls. Interior bay frames shall be clear span rigid
frames having constant depth columns and tapered rafters, typically with horizontal
bottom flanges.
Selection of space-saver is appropriate when:
The frame is between 6m and 24m and eave height does not exceed 8m.
Straight columns are desired.
Roof slope equal to 0.5:10.
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2.3.6 Lean-to "LT" buildings shall consist of outer side-wall columns and simple span
rafters attached to the side-wall columns or the end-wall posts of the main building.
Lean-to columns shall be of constant depth. Lean-to rafters may be tapered or of
constant depth.
Lean-to is not a self-contained and stable framing system rather an add-on to the
existing building with a single slope. This type achieves stability when it is
connected to existing rigid framing. Usually column rafter connection at knee is
pinned type, which results in lighter columns.
Generally, columns and rafters are straight except that rafters are tapered for larger
widths (greater than 18m ). For clear widths larger than 18m tapered column with
moment resisting connection at knee is more economical.
Lean-to framing is typically used for building additions, equipment rooms and storage.
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2.4 What is the Maximum Possible Span & Loading Capacity?
Spanning is a key issue when selecting the appropriate type of building for the customer
application, important design limitations take part of the selection process, although PEB
challenge was to overcome certain engineering obstacles, but the evolution has proved
over the years the capability of engineering in improving the results of larger spans and
heights.
The maximum spans created by PEB structural systems are:
Clear Span “CS”, maximum practical width = 100 m.

Single Slope “SS”, maximum practical width = 50 m.
Multi-Span “MS 1”, maximum practical width = 100 m.
Multi-Gable “MG”, maximum practical width = 100 m.
Lean To “LT”, maximum practical width = 24 m.
Roof System “RS”, maximum practical width = 36 m.
However, other structural system spanning capability is possible, but it should be

approved by the engineering department.
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2.5 Where to use Jack Beams?
Jack beam is a horizontal structural member that can be straight or tapered built-up
sections designed to support vertical and horizontal loads.
Some buildings require bay spacing more than 11m in order to have a greater clear space
at interior of building in multi-span buildings. Such situation can be handled by
providing Jack Beam that support the intermediate frames without interior columns.
Jack beam is also required when a bay longer than 11m is desired along the length of a
building. The use of this frame allows bay lengths of up to 22m.
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2.6 Does the eave height affect the price?
The eave height is governed by:
Clear height which is the vertical dimension from the finished floor level to the lowest
underside point of the rafter (head clearance ). Mezzanine clear height below beam and
above joist. Crane beam / Crane hook heights.
We have to minimize the eave height to the bare minimum requirement since the eave
height affects the price of the building by adding to the price of sheeting , girts and
columns. If columns are not braced, eave height affects the frame weight significantly.
If eave height to width ratio becomes more than 0.8 then the frame may have a fixed
based design in order to control the lateral deflection.
2.7 Does the Building orientation effect the price?
Building should be oriented in such a way that the length is greater than the width. This
will result in more lighter frames rather than less heavy frames.
Larger width will increase the bracing forces too.

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2.8 When a rigid frame at the end wall is required?
A rigid frame at the end wall is required when:
End wall is fully open for access.

Building has a crane that runs up to the end of the building.
Building will have a future expansion at the end wall.
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2.9 How to determine the total height of fascias?
In order to cover the ridge with the fascia :

Fascia with bottom curved : Ridge height + 1m.
Fascia without bottom curved : Ridge heights + 0.5m.
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Design Codes
3.1 Are the codes used in the design of PEB accepted ?
The codes used for the design of PEB system by PEB Steel are internationally
recognized, such as American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), International
building code (IBC) Metal Building Manufacturing Association (MBMA), American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) and American Welding Society (AWS), in addition to Uniform Building
Codes (UBC), British Standards (BS), and the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) used
when special job design requirements are requested by the customer.
3.2 Why these codes are selected?
As the PEB Steel system was first originated in the United States, the metal buildings
construction has gained acceptance as the preferred method for all types of low-rise, non
residential building projects. Today, in the US alone, the PEB Steel industry accounts
for over 50% of all construction in this category using the PEB Steel approach. The
results are high quality, attractive buildings with higher reliability, flexibility, and lower
life cycle costs than the alternatives.
The PEB Steel industry has developed a system to be compatible with ordinary
construction materials. The design practice over the years reflects the good results of
using the American Codes, these codes may differ in wording and presentation to other
internationally recognized codes. However, end-users can request the application of
other codes for their specific projects, experience in using such codes revealed full
satisfactory results, this is due to the flexibility of PEB Steel standards which gives a
full bearing responsibility of the structural stability of the building.
PEB Steel letter of design certification lists the design criteria including design codes
and standards, design loads and other design information supplied to the customer, and
certifies that the structural design such as magnitude, location of design loads, support
conditions, material properties and the type and size of major structural members, do
comply with the requirements of the contract documents.
3.3 What is the difference between American codes and others ?
The purpose of a building code is to provide standards for the design and construction
of buildings and structures. Thus, in its simplest contest, a code is intended to provide
for the safe use of buildings and structures under “normal” conditions. Our standard
design codes address other areas of particular industry applications such as more
sophisticated design procedures and more accurate design loads, tailoring to best suit
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specific applications (in terms of gross geometry, framing considerations, etc.).
It is worth to point out the difference between the American Codes and other codes
(British Codes), which are:
Other Codes apply structural steel codes over the PEB system, which is not a
recommended practice.
American codes provide more economical and flexible design procedures, resulting in
less weight of the sections, without sacrificing the quality or safety requirements of the
building.
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Design / Engineering
Practices
4.1 What is PEB Steel’s Design Criteria about the Wall and Roof Bracing ?
The two main stresses on a member under torsional loading are (1) transverse shear
stresses and (2) longitudinal shear stresses. These two stresses combine to produce
diagonal tensile and compressive stresses which are maximum at 45 degree. At 45
degree, the transverse and longitudinal shear stresses cancel each other. Therefore,
there is no twisting stress or action on a diagonal member placed at 45 degree. In a
frame made up of flat members, the transverse shear stresses cause the longitudinal
members to twist. The longitudinal shear stresses cause the cross braces and end
members to twist.
On a diagonal member at 45 degree to axis of twist, the transverse and longitudinal shear
stress components are opposite in direction to each other and cancel out, but in line with
this member they combine to produce diagonal tensile and compressive stresses which
tend to cause bending rather than twisting. Since these two shear stresses cancel out,
there is no tendency for a diagonal member placed in this direction to twist.
It is important that the diagonal members have a high moment of inertia to provide
sufficient stiffness, so there will be no failure from local buckling under severe torsional
loads.
4.2 Why Cables and Rods are allowed by the Codes to be used in lieu of Angle Bracing?
The frame of PEB is carried up true and plumb within the limits defined in the Code of
Standard Practice of the American Institute of Steel Construction. Bracing shall be
provided wherever necessary to take care of all loads to which the structure may be
subjected. This is done by either way of Rod bracing, Cable bracing or Angle bracing.
The factors which determine the use of either one is:
Economy (cables and rods).

Ease of Connection (cables and rods).
Ease of Alignment and erection (cables and rods).
Cables and rods are designed for tension force only.
Crane with capacities exceeding 15MT (Angles Only).
Special Design Code Requirements.
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4.3 Why PEB Steel do not use Stiffeners in the main frames ?
The efficient use of materials is the first essential rule to lower cost designs. One way to
achieve such efficiency is to design the built-up members accordingly to be able to take
the loads applied, and avoid to the maximum extent possible the use of lighter-gage plate
that is fabricated, and added to the member as stiffener where necessary for the required
rigidity.
Stiffeners are sometimes used in order to more nearly match the moment requirements of
the frame. This is done through the increase of the web thickness, by producing a deeper
section in the region of maximum moment, extending back until the moment is reduced
to a value which the built up section is capable of carrying,.
Regardless of how flexible or rigid the stiffeners are, the increase of the web thickness
will increase the stiffness of the whole plate section, by increasing the moment of inertia
(I) of the member section.
Stiffeners are sometimes required on members in line with the compression flanges,
which act against them to prevent crippling of the web where the concentrated
compressive force is applied.
In figuring the maximum bending stress in this built-up section, the member may by
treated as a simply supported beam, and designed with sufficient moment of inertia (I) to
withstand whatever load is applied without having to use the stiffeners.
4.4 When do we use sag arrestor / sag angle for walls and roof?
We use sag arrestor when using special Roof (No screw roof). And we use sag angle
when using normal Roof (Roof use screw for fastener). Beside, PEB always supply 2
lines sag arrestor (or sag angle) in each bay. That’s why PEB’s roof is stronger than
others.
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4.5 Why the Axial Load from the Walls Bracing is not included in the Design
Package?
It has been our practice of not including the axial loads from the bracing in the design
calculations. However, those loads do not control the design of the building, knowing
that PEB Steel engineering practice of the design, is to check such loads, and include
them wherever the design engineer feels necessary to do so. Also engineering
department can furnish these loads upon request of the customer in an additional design
sheet.
4.6 Why PEB industry use the standard of single side welding for the main frame?
It has been our practice since the introduction of built up sections in the PEB system of
one side welding for the main frame components (web and flanges). It is a common
welding procedure among the PEB manufacturers.
The use of single-sided fillet welds in statically loaded pre-engineered buildings is a

routine operation that has not resulted in adverse performance over the last decades in
the USA. As the single-sided welds is a design question, where the loads transfer from
web-to-flange required is fully achieved, except where crane beams and brackets are
present, there is a need for double-sided fillet welds.
This issue has been addressed by the American Welding Society (AWS), stating the
codes do not prohibit such practice, and it is a matter of design, leaving the application
to the engineering judgment.
The progress made in recent years in automatic welding, has made shop fabrication of
built up members quick, assuring high quality welds by enabling the welding head to be
put into proper alignment with the joint of the member in a matter of seconds. This
alignment is maintained along the length of the joint during welding.
The welding procedures adopted by PEB Steel are considered for the extreme
situations. The design engineer checks and design the welded sections for the stresses
occurring due to the special loads or special design requirements.
Many different welding processes may be used to produce metallurgical bonding,

through the application of pressure or fusion. The submerged arc welding process
which PEB Steel adopted in the fabrication of the built-up sections, is the most widely
used source of energy for the intense heat required for fusion welding. This is by
definition a fusion process that reduces the surfaces to be joined to a molten state, and
then allowing the metal to solidify reaching a complete metallurgical bonding, as
adherent to full weld penetration of the plates.
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In the submerged arc welding, the intense heat reduce the metal to almost liquid state by
an electric arc. This tremendous heat at about 6500 degree Fahrenheit, melts the two base
metal (flange and web), bringing them to one solid homogeneous piece by moving the
electrode along the joint to be welded.
4.7 Why Design Calculations do not show the size of the welds used by PEB Steel ?
As PEB Steel design procedures and policies developed its own standards and adopted
measures to avoid any technology transfer issues to outsiders, the welding procedures of
PEB Steel are an internal protected practice not intended to reveal to the customer of how
things are done. Therefore, the weld size is comprised within this context, and sales
engineers should be aware when and to whom are releasing this kind of information, only
unavoidable in cases where the customer insistence is affecting the company’s benefits,
and even though prior consultation and approval from engineering is required for this
issue. PEB Steel’s engineers do check and design the welds for the stresses occurring due
to special loads or design requirements.
As stated in the AWS D1-1-1996, in reference to the fillet weld size, the minimum weld
size is dependent upon the thicker of the two parts joined, except that the weld size need
not exceed the thickness of the thinner part (see table below). This fillet welds and partial
penetration groove welds joining the components of the built up members, such as
flange-to-web connections, is designed to take the tensile and compression stress of these
elements parallel to the axis of the welds.
FILLET WELD ONE SIDE WEB FLANGE
Thickness of Thicker Plate Minimum Size of Fillet Weld (Single

Pass)
UP TO 6.4 mm 3 mm
6.4 TO 12.7 mm 5 mm
12.7 TO 19.0 mm 6 mm
ABOVE 19.0 mm 8 mm
Note: Fillet size need not exceed the thickness of thinner part to be joined.
4.8 Is Bolt Tensioning required for primary connections?
Bolt tensioning must be employed in connections of any of the two following cases:
a - Slip critical joints, where damage can occur to the finishing material.
b- Connections subject to direct tension.

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In any of the above two mentioned cases, the snug tight method is recommended by the
AISC as the best tightening procedure to be used in order to achieve the required bolt
tension.
Type (b) of the connections above, includes connection where bolts are subject to direct
tension or those with tension as a result of moment application such as the case in rigid
frames at the haunch and peak connections.
Snug tight tightening need also be applied to shear / bearing connections.
Snug tight condition is defined as the tightness that exists when all plies in a joint are in
firm contact. This may be attained by a few impacts of an Impact Wrench of the full
efforts of a man using an ordinary Spud Wrench. Shear/ bearing connection exists
usually in the following situation:
a- Mezzanine / Beams / Joists connections
b- Angle Bracing or any connection subject only to shear.
Most PEB Steel tightening practices are required to be Snug tight position. Where
specified bolts should be tensioned to the recommended tension values.
The drawings in next page are illustration for the right use of each case mentioned above.
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4.9 Are fully threaded high strength bolts subject to any strength reduction?
PEB Steel has switched to the use of fully threaded high strength bolts and has been
under use for years with a proven track record of quality. As PEB Steel is the designer of
the projects, all the connections of the job utilizing A-325 high strength bolts are
designed taking into account the fact that threads are included in the shear plane.
However, it must be noted that all the chemical and mechanical properties of the material
are same for both threaded or unthreaded fasteners.
PEB Steel ensures that fully threaded bolts are specified in our purchase orders to our
vendors as per our design requirements, and there is no reduction of strength as a result
of using such fully threaded fasteners.
4.10 Why are sizes of the rigid frame members, portal frame members and other
primary steel members, not shown on the erection drawings?
As per PEB Steel practice over the years, we do not provide such dimensions on the
erection drawings unless specified by the customer in the contract.
Dimensions and clearances on the drawings tend to confuse the erectors, in addition,
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such information are not required for the erection use, though reference can be made to
the design calculation package whenever needed for further clarification on such
dimensions.
The erection drawings intended to show how to assemble and erect the building. This set
of drawings is required for each building of the job. Therefore, the purpose of the
erection drawings is to provide the erector with the necessary information to safely erect
the building. Part numbers for the building elements are shown on the drawings and
physically marked on the steel members.
4.11 Why PEB Steel don’t use washers for the purlins lap connections ?
In order to meet the dimensional tolerances, oversized and slotted holes are used in
purlins to provide the flexibility and functionality to the members to be joined during
erection time. The criteria for using washers at the purlins lap connection has been
subject to continuous evaluation to provide a clear understanding of such practice.
Practical experience over the last 22 years at PEB Steel, have indicated that the
performance of bolted connections (shear type) is not affected by the absence of washers
at lap locations. Specifications of AISC codes -manual of steel construction, 9th edition
section 5-7(c) page 272- makes a clear reference to this subject, where machine bolts
A307 are excluded from the use of washers. Those specification provisions apply only to
high strength A325 - A490 bolts.
In a complementary action by the AISI codes, washers are mentioned to be not required
for oversized and slotted holes, where suitable performance is demonstrated by tests.
PEB Steel’s position on this issue does support such codes provisions, and our design
engineers do check the shear capacity of the bolts to determine any reduction in strength
that might be encountered.
As per tests concerned, PEB Steel practice for the last years is a major endorsement on
such issue, where no problems have been reported at all. This practice has proven to be
fully satisfactory to our customers and no measures are required to be taken.
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4.12 Why bracing is not allowed for Post and Beam Endwall?
The Post and Beam endwall system of framing consists of columns ( posts ), with pinned
ends, supporting endwall rafters . Flush-framed girts between posts as well as cladding
provide lateral stability through the diaphragm action.
Lateral stability along the width of pre-engineered steel buildings is provided by

designing the frames to resist the imposed lateral loads.
Bracing systems are usually furnished along the length of the buildings to provide
longitudinal stability due to the weakness of the building structure in that direction.
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4.13 When do we require rotational bracing?
It is a bracing with only one side wall bracing. This type of bracing is not applicable for
building with width greater than 15m and eave heights greater than 6m and not
applicable for crane building.
The loads in the roof system are all transferred to one side wall containing the
vertical bracing.
4.14 When do we require minor Axis Bending?
This system is recommended generally for open structures with narrow widths, low eave
heights and having a large number of bays. The lateral force along the eave of the
building is divided by the total number of main frame columns, resulting in a small force
per column that can be resisted by the section properties of the column about its weak
axis.
In this method, the rigid frame columns are analyzed as fixed at the base in the minor
axis direction so as to resist the lateral forces applied along the length of the building.
Minor axis bending becomes uneconomical and less suitable for enclosed buildings with
greater widths, high eave height and smaller number of bays. This bracing system is most
common in car canopies, which require walls to be fully open for access.
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4.15 When and why do we require an expansion joint?
Expansion joints are provided at certain intervals along a member to absorb accumulated
incremental movements resulting from temperature changes in the structure.
When a member is restrained from free movement during expansion or contraction ,

stresses develop in the member. If these additional stresses are not considered in the
design of that member, failure may occur.
PEB Steel’s standard practice for the above matter, is to use only one rigid frame at the
location where an expansion joint is required and to provide slotted purlin holes at the
location of the expansion joint that can absorb thermal movements at that points.
However, regardless the thermal expansion, an expansion joint is recommended

whenever the building length exceeds 120m.
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Fabrication
5.1 Why Purlins and Girts have redundant holes?
PEB Steel uses standard various punching pattern at purlin and girt end locations for
connection purposes. Such standard punching patterns do include many connection
possibilities (short, continuous, long lap connection, location of flange bracing, sag rods,
end-wall connections, strut clip connection, framed opening clip, stitch bolt connection
where there is nested purlins, etc..), depending on various design requirements. As a
result, some holes may not be used at certain times. Their presence does not affect the
structural integrity or the durability of a members.
5.2 Do the surfaces of connection need to be in complete contact in order to achieve a

satisfactory connection?
As per the AISC, the faying surfaces of connection need not to be in complete contact if
all the bolts reach their snug tight condition.
As per the AISC, 9th edition - Code of Standard Practice, “Projecting elements of
connection attachments need not be straightened in the connection plane, if it can be
demonstrated that installation of the connections or fitting aids will provide reasonable
contact between faying surfaces”.
Also as per the AISC, under Installation and Tightening “even after being fully tightened,
some thick parts with uneven surfaces may not be in contact over the entire faying
surface. This is not detrimental to the performance of the joint. As long as the specified
bolt tension is present in all bolts of the completed connection, the clamping force equal
to the total of the tension in all bolts will be transferred at the locations that are in contact
and be fully effective in resisting slip through friction”.
It is important to note from the above that even with slip critical type joint, full contact
between faying surfaces is not vital for the connection to be satisfactory.
5.3 What causes the waviness of the welded built-up members (Web)?
In making a weld, the heating and cooling cycle always causes shrinkage in both base
metal and weld metal, and shrinkage stresses tend to induce a degree of distortion. The
enormous temperature differential in the arc welded area creates a non-uniform
distribution of heat in the welded members.
The heat of welding causes the metal adjacent to the weld deposit to expand. However,
this metal is restrained by the relatively cooler sections of the remainder of the plate.
Almost all the volume expansion must take place in thickness. On cooling, this heated
section undergoes volume contraction, resulting in shrinkage stresses in the longitudinal
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and transverse direction, and this adjacent base metal tends to shrink along the weld
metal.
Heating on the side of the member initially causes expansion and bowing upward. This
problem is of no major importance.
Permissible AWS tolerances for most welded members are illustrated below as follows
(refer to the sketch in next page):
Deviation between centerline of web and centerline of flange.

Camber or sweep of columns.
At left, tilt of flange; and at right, warpage of flange.
Deviation of camber of girders.
Sweep of girders.
Deviation from flatness of girder web.
5.4 What causes the abrasions of the shop coat primer applied by PEB Steel plant ?
All structural members of the pre-engineered building system not fabricated from
corrosion resistant material or protected by a corrosion resistant coating, are painted one
coat of shop primer (red oxide or gray oxide). All surfaces to receive shop primer are
cleaned of loose rust, loose mill scale and other foreign matter prior to painting.
Sandblast is not necessary unless required by the customer. The shop primer is intended
to protect the steel framing during transport and erection. The shop primer cost does not
provide the uniformity of appearance, or the durability and corrosion resistance.
PEB Steel is not responsible for the deterioration of the shop coat primer, or corrosion
that may result from prolonged exposure to environmental conditions, nor the
compatibility of the primer to any field applied coating. Minor abrasions to the primer
caused by handling, loading, shipping, unloading and erection after painting are
unavoidable.
Please, refer to the erection guide manual for proper storage of shop painted steel at site
before erection, to avoid water-holding pockets, dust, mud, and other contamination
elements of the paint film.
5.5 What is the reason behind flat fixing of the roof sheeting panels ?
There are several reasons why PEB Steel uses the practice of flat fixing of the roof
sheeting panels, those are:
Based on vast experience with our panel, we find that the end-laps are the first area to
corrode. This problem is due to ingress of dust, sand and water, which remain trapped.
We have found that at end-laps, the minor corrugation tends to be slightly raised after
screwing the adjacent high ribs. By fixing in the flat we can eliminate the gap thereby
reducing the possibility of corrosion and leakage.
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Fixing in the flat gives a more positive connection to the purlins and the screw will not cause
any dimpling of the panel when properly tightened to compress the EPDM washer. Dimpling
often occurs at high rib fixing when tightening a screw to properly compress and expand the
EPDM washer.
The screws we use for roofing are of the highest quality developed for the specific
application. These screws are with EPDM washer called T19, it is 3mm Thick & 19mm Dia.
This makes T19 the best washer in the Industry to prevent water leak.
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Compatibility of Materials and

Performance
6.1 Is Zinc Aluminium Roof Sheeting compatible with Galvanized Purlins ?
With growing customer awareness of products and their potential performance, it is

becoming increasingly important that manufacturers adhere to the international standards
which relate to the products they use. PEB Steel fully complies with those standards and as
per Blue scope Steel confirmation on such issue, Zinc Aluminium steel is fully compatible to
galvanized steel “Z” & “C” purlins. However, some metals (such as copper and lead) which
can cause an accelerated corrosion when used with Zinc Aluminium.
6.2 How compatible Zinc Aluminium is with other materials ?
The avoidance of direct contact between incompatible metals, although minimizing electro-
chemical corrosion, will not necessarily increase the resistance of the metals to general
chemical attack in strong corrosive atmospheres. In such atmospheres, certain metals require
the extra protection of a coating. Such extra protection should be applied to the sheet
fasteners as well as to the sheeting and specially to those parts of the sheeting and / or
fastenings in mutual contact. Lead must not be in contact with aluminum alloys or
aluminum/zinc-coated steel.
Copper is incompatible with Zinc Aluminium, either in contact with or where water can flow
from it, such as is often experienced with hot water system overflows.
Lead is also incompatible with Zinc Aluminium, which in contact with or

receiving run-off water from lead is prone to the coating corrosion.
Therefore, lead washers, lead-headed nails and lead flashing should not be
used
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Rating:
*** = Acceptable, increase in the corrosion rate of the sheeting or contact
will be zero or slight.

material
** Acceptable, but increase in the corrosion rate of the sheeting or contact

=
material can occur.
Do not use. Accelerated corrosion will occur, or the reduction in the

X =
lives of the two materials is too great or both.
6.3 What is the reason of Black Stain on Sheeting Panels?
Storage stain is a dark gray to black stain, that can occur on coils and tightly packed stacks of
sheets or panels of Zinc Aluminium sheet. In its very early stages, it can appear as a white
stain similar to the storage stain that can form on galvanized steel. Although storage stain is
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usually superficial, it is unattractive and can progress quickly to a more severe state if the
cause of the stain is not eliminated. When it is severe, there can be a substantial loss of
coating material and subsequent reduction of service life. The storage stain itself will not
worsen once a panel is in place
The cause is water or moisture. Water can get into an unwrapped steel coil or lift of cut-
length sheets by exposure to rain or high humidity. Even though the coil laps, cut sheets or
roll formed panels are tightly packed, moisture can enter the closed surfaces by capillary
action. Water often gets on the sheet by condensation. When cold steel is brought in from
outside to a warmer building, the moisture in the warm air condenses on the colder steel.
Zinc Aluminium has excellent durability in the atmosphere because of the protective, air-
formed oxide that forms on the surface. However, the situation is different inside coils or in
bundles of closely formed panels, because there is no free access to air. If water or moisture
is present, a faster type of corrosion occurs due to the lack of an inhibiting oxide film. Under
these conditions, storage stain on Zinc Aluminium sheet can occur in as little as 24-48 hours.
Even pre-painted Zinc Aluminium sheet is not immune to storage stain. Roll forming pre-
painted sheets into profile panels can results in micro-fracturing of the paint. These very fine
micro-cracks are of no consequence and in no way interfere with durability, but they can
permit access of moisture to the metal surface. Inside a bundle of painted panels, the same
accelerated corrosion can occur as with bare Zinc Aluminium sheets.
6.4 What is White Corrosion and its effect on Panel’s life expectancy?
White corrosion is the formation of a basic zinc carbonate complex on zinc surfaces in moist
atmospheres where unprotected by surface passivation “this is an in-line process on the
cooled strip after hot-dip metallic coating and prior to coiling. The purpose of this
passivation is to afford a measure of protection to sheets bundles or coils if they get wet, and
to assist exposed exterior metallic finishes to weather evenly in use. While this protection is
effective, it can provide only a limited period of resistance to wet storage damage.”
White corrosion is a discoloration of the surface of the sheet panels usually found on nested,
unwrapped corrugated sheets which have been exposed to moist air or dampness, that
permeates into the capillary or open spaces between the nested sheets. It can be any shade of
discoloration from white, through light gray, blue gray, to black; which is usually caused by
exposure to polluted air high in sulfur content. The white corrosion can be localized in spots
on one side of the sheets, or may be massive and cover the whole sheet on both sides.
Formation of the white corrosion consumes zinc and the degree of damage is indicated by the
depth of corrosion product. Generally speaking, very light superficial powdery corrosion
product, would have minimal effect on the panel’s life, while thick crusty white deposits are
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evidence of potential reduced life.
White corrosion, will not materially affect corrosion resistance, and no rusting of the
corrosion resistant base steel will occur under normal use and circumstances. Thus, white
corrosion on galvanized sheets surface is not a cause for rejection.
6.5 What are the most common causes of early failure of the Gutter and Downspouts ?
Based on years of experience regarding the relative performance of gutters and down-spouts,
important findings of causes of early failure include:
Leaves accumulated in the gutter.

Ponding of water.
Acid in gutter resulting from the cleaning down of brick work above the gutter.
Water dripping into guttering from “INERT” catchments.
The solution to the problem of early gutter failure lies simply in the knowledge of the
mechanism of corrosion. Research carried out by Blue Scope Steel has proved that Zinc
Aluminium used as a gutter and down spout product in combination with any traditional
roofing material will perform the desired non-corrosive functions of a gutter and down spout
system far better than zinc-coated material. (The following pictures illustrate the tests carried
out).
6.6 Why must Steel be Coated?
The durability of a well designed and maintained steel structure is practically indefinite.
When exposed to the atmosphere, all construction materials deteriorate and steel is no
exception. The protection of steel is not the problem but the degree of protection required for
full assessment.
A building represents a major investment for its owner. Whether a building is constructed out
of concrete or out of steel, it is being continuously exposed to heat, dust, salt, sand, moisture
and other environmental and/or climatic conditions. Even indoors, corrosion can have ground
to initialize.
It is therefore important to protect structures against corrosive exposures with reliable

protective coating systems. A properly applied protective coating system will not only
postpone maintenance for years, but it will at the same time minimize the recurring costs of
maintenance. Maintenance will still be necessary because of mechanical damages, abrasion
blistering, flaking or corrosion.
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6.7 What are the factors that affect the service life of the steel members ?
The service life up to the first maintenance is dependent on the following factors:
Exposure conditions: the more severe the exposure condition, the higher the demands for the
coating system.
Surface preparation: a high standard of surface preparation such as ISO-Sa 2 ½ (ABRASIVE

BLASTING) will substantially extend the service life of the steel.
Type of coating: epoxy/polyurethane coatings will have a service life almost twice as long as
alkyd coatings.
Dry film thickness (DFT): the higher the film thickness, the better the protection; as long as
the thickness does not exceed the manufacturer’s recommendations.
6.8 Why is the cost-durability balance and the factors that affect the degree of protection of
the steel ?
The choice for a protective system need not be the most expensive. It needs to be capable of
providing adequate protection throughout the planned usage period. There is no logic to
protect a steel structure with a coating system that will last for 20 years, when the structure
itself will become redundant in 10 years.
Architects, engineers and end-users have in the past overemphasized the protective systems,
only to turn them down later when they realized their cost implications.
6.9 What are the effects of Corrosion on unprotected steel members ?
Corrosion is a hydrated form of iron oxide (iron oxide combined with water), very similar to
many iron ores in composition. Unlike some metal oxides as described above, however, it is
very porous and does not protect iron or steel surfaces from further reaction with the
atmosphere. It is not very tough and, as corrosion proceeds, will flake away from a steel
surface allowing more corrosion to form, a very similar pattern. This is the very reason why
steel is coated.
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6.10 How can Steel be protected to avoid material deterioration ?
Elimination or reduction of any of the three essential parameters, water, oxygen, or the
electric current is sufficient to stop the rate of corrosion. Pollutants in air act as corrosion
accelerators, because sulfur dioxide from industrial atmospheres and salt from marine
environment increase the electrical conductivity of water.
Usually local rust spots are acceptable from a structural standpoint but flakes of trust are not.
The best way to keep water away from steel structures is by storing it inside a dry area of the
building.
Steel can be protected from corrosion by the atmosphere in many ways. For sheet and strips
materials, the most economic has been to coat it with any one of a number of materials, from
paint to metals of various types.
6.11 What is the most economical way to prevent steel structures from corrosion ?
A good design that takes into account all possible ways of preventing corrosion is much
better and economical than one where protection only depends on the coating system
applied.
Experienced design engineers at PEB Steel acquire a corrosion awareness that enables them
to eliminate potential corrosion hazards. PEB Steel’s good design practice include:
Proper design by the careful choice of suitable shapes to avoid corrosion.
Avoiding entrapment of moisture and dirt.

Avoiding small gaps, slits and lap joints.
Avoiding sharp edges and corners.
Avoiding contact with different materials (contact causes Galvanic action).
Avoiding places that can not be reached either for painting or for cleaning.
6.12 What is the criteria to decide on the most adequate protection system for steel
structures?
The materials and methods used to protect the structural members of the building from
factors that affect the building safety and durability. These factors are fires, weather,
corrosion and chemical attacks.
Failure to provide adequate protection may shorten the life of the building and affect its
functionality and safety.
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The type and cost of protection systems vary substantially. The factors to decide on the most
adequate systems are as follows:
The required functional life of the building.

The cost and quality of maintenance, cleaning and repair.
The intensity of the affecting factor and the probability of occurrence;buildings located
Near the sea need more paint protection than buildings located in a friendly environment.
Building contains flammable objects need special care for fire protection.
The decision on the most suitable protection system is a decision of economy and safety.
6.13 What are the Barrier coating types for the steel structures?
The simplest coating type for steel sheet is one which provides a purely Mechanical “barrier”
between it and the atmosphere, i.e., air and moisture. This works extremely well PROVIDED
there are no breaks in this barrier coating, caused either by shearing to adjust the size of the
sheet, by punching holes for fastening, by scratching or damage to the coating or by the
gradual deterioration of the coating by natural weathering processes.
Protective coatings are achieved by metal coating, paint coating or combination of both.
Common types of simple barrier coatings used for steel sheet are:
- Metal Coating
Hot-Dip Galvanizing: zinc is higher thaniron in the
galvanic series, so it is more active.
The period during which a zinc coating protects the steel is directly
related to the coating thickness.
70 - 100 u of zinc coating can provide up to 20 years of protection
in a coastal climate.
Distortion is a problem during the hot-dip process, mainly in light
sections.
- Zinc Spraying
Using zinc wire melted on a flame in a spraying gun (surfaces in
Sa2 ½ or Sa3). No distortion, but porous which usually require
over-coating.
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6.14 What is the purpose of PEB Steel’s Primer Coating?
The main purpose of PEB Steel’s standard 40 microns Red or Gray Oxide Primer (applied
over solvent cleaned steel), is to protect the steel structure against excessive rust during the
transport and the relatively short period of time of steel erection. The performance of this red
or gray oxide primer on its own and without the application of any further coatings has
proven to be adequate in the majority of applications, particularly when the location of the
erected building is far away from the coast, and the building is enclosed and well ventilated.
6.15 What are the procedures for surface protection of steel members ?
Some cases where a red oxide primer applied to the steel’s surface is not deemed sufficient, a more
elaborated surface preparation method and more sophisticated paint system is required.
6.15.1 Preparation of a steel surface for protection:
-When the steel comes out of the mill, due to the hot surface, it reacts
with the air to form an oxide scale (called usually mill scale). If paint is applied on top of
this mill scale in a very corrosive environment, paint may fail early due to flaking. If paint
is applied on top of rust, the performance of the paint usually is not satisfactory.
Cleanliness The Swedish pictorial surface preparation standard is the most wide
- spread standard for surface cleanliness indication. The Swedish classification
standard specifies two processes for cleaning:
Hand Cleaning (St). Blast Cleaning (Sa).
St2 : Thorough scrapping and wire brushing, machine brushing, grinding, etc..
The treatment shall remove loose mill scale, rust, and foreign matter.
The surface ends with a faint metallic sheen.
S3 : Very thorough scrapping and wire brushing. More thorough cleaning than
the St2. Results is clear metallic shine.
Sa1 : Light blast cleaning, loose mill scale, rust and foreign matter shall be
removed.
Sa2-1/2 : Very thorough blast cleaning. Mill scale and rust were removed to the extend
that only traces are remaining. (In the form of spots or stripes).
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Finished Building Care

&
Maintenance
7.2 What are the factors which cause damage to the sheeting panels ?
Rain, condensed moisture, dust and airborne contaminants from other local
pollution, and plant conditions, combine to provide an electrolyte which enables
corrosion of iron and steel to proceed. Under these conditions, every attempt should
be made to avoid the entrapment of such contaminants. The contours of exposed
surfaces should be as smooth as possible and be free of unnecessary cavities,
recesses and protuberances.
7.1.1 Water Stain (or White Oxide)
When a galvanized product is exposed to the air, the surface gradually loses its
gloss and becomes dull gray darkening as it ages. This is due to the surface zinc
being transformed into a compound of zinc carbonate, zinc hydroxide and zinc
oxide which acts as a protective film on the surface.
In the majority of cases, the compound is primarily composed of zinc carbonate

with relatively small amounts of zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide. However, if
improperly stored, white oxide may be formed. This compound contains high
amounts of zinc hydroxide, the percentage being dependent on storage and
atmospheric conditions.
If the protective oxidized film of completely gray zinc carbonate compounds has
been formed, then white oxide is rarely a problem. If, however, the galvanized coat
is exposed to moisture before or during the chemical transformation of the outer
zinc layer, then white oxide, high zinc hydroxide content emerges on the surface.
The white oxide appears in a powder form on the surface of the zinc. At a glance,
the zinc will appear to be heavily corroded. In practice, the loss of zinc will be in
the range of 0 - 4.0 g/m2 which is very small compared to a coating classification
such as G90, which is 275 g/m2 (total coating weight on both sides).
In some instances, the formation of black spots or patches may occur along with
the white oxide, although it is of poor appearance. There is no reason for rejection
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as there is no significant reduction in the relative corrosion resistance.
7.1.2 Contact with Iron
Corrosion and possible failure of the zinc coating may take place when ferrous
based materials are in contact with the zinc coated surface. Examples of this are
nails, screws, metal filings, swarf, etc. Which can penetrate the outer paint layer, if
any, and then form a chemical reaction with the zinc layer eventually breaking it
down, and the corrosion reaching the base metal.
7.1.3 Continuous contact with Moisture
Continuous contact between galvanized or pre-painted material and moisture will

lead to a rapid breakdown of the zinc layer, and eventual corrosion of the base
metal. This fact is often overlooked, particularly after building has been completed.
Common sources of this problem are as follows:
Damp wind-blown sand stuck to the exterior cladding for a long period of time.
Ground soil or sand heaped against wall cladding for any length of time.
Condensation from air conditionings units dripping onto the panel.
Water storage tanks being located adjacent to the panel. Evaporated water
condenses on the panel.
Inlet or outlet air grills, located in the wall cladding eventually clog with damp
dust particles which should be periodically cleaned
Metal filings stuck to the surface of the panel.
Uncoated ferrous items connected to the galvanized section.
7.2 How can we prevent panels from Storage Stain ?
Prevention of wet storage stain is the responsibility of the mills, shippers,

fabricators and erectors. Any letdown in the chain from mill to final erection can
cause rapid corrosion if moisture is present.
As for the erection, refer to the PEB Steel erection guide manual for proper
prevention of such problem. Erectors, as the final links in the chain to prevent
storage of Galvalume sheet, should do the following:
Inspect the bundles on arrival at the building site and note on the delivery receipt
any exceptions such as damage, corrosion or wet material.
Store the bundles on racks at least one foot above ground level. Do not use uncured
lumber.
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Under roof storage is recommended when possible. If the bundles must be stored in
the open on bare ground, then a plastic ground cover should be used under the
bundles to minimize condensation on the sheets from moisture in the soil.
Elevate one end of the bundle to allow any moisture to run off rather than puddle
on the top of the bundle or between nested panels. Water resistant paper will not
keep out puddle moisture beyond its rated moisture vapor transmission time.
7.3 How can we remove Storage Stain from panels ?

Storage stain on Galvalume sheet is mostly hydrated aluminum oxide which can be
very difficult to remove. In mild cases, a solvent such as mineral spirits applied
with a soft rag has been known to effectively remove the stain. This method is also
used to remove stain from pre-painted Galvalume sheet without damaging the
paint.
For more advanced cases on unpainted Galvalume sheet, it is impossible to remove
the stain without also affecting the good coating under and around the stained area.
The amount of damage to the coating during removal will depend on the method
used. In more severe stages, storage stain can be removed from bare Galvalume
sheet with a mild household cleanser such as Clorox Soft Scrub and a wet sponge
or rag. Industrial products such as Oakite 84M may also be used, but are more
aggressive to the coating. In any case, the Galvalume panel should be thoroughly
rinsed with water after the stains have been removed.
Harsh alkaline cleaning solutions and high pressure sprays should be avoided, as
these have been known to dramatically alter the corrosion resistance and
appearance of the Galvalume coating. Steel wool should not be used for two
reasons, it is too abrasive and it can leave behind iron fines which will rust and
cause a cosmetic staining problem.
Regardless of what method is used to remove the storage stain, remember that the
coating has been affected by the stain cleaning. These areas will have a different
appearance than the surrounding coating. And, depending on the severity of the
stain, may have a shorter lifetime.
Our initial consultations with steel mill metallurgists and our experience over the years
has verified that the sheets PEB Steel use, storage stain (even after many years of
nested exposure) will not materially influence the original corrosion resistance of the
sheets after they are installed. Thus, we guarantee that all corrugated steel sheets
furnished by PEB Steel meet the specifications, and white rust or storage stain on
galvanized surfaces shall not be cause for rejection.
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Erection
8.1 Why Girts sag during Erection ?
Girts are secondary simply supported members attached to the end-wall post web to
support the wall panel sheeting (usually cold formed “Z”). Girts outside flanges are
assumed to be restrained against lateral buckling by the wall panels. When the outside
flange is compressed in flexure, the allowable bending stress is 0.6 Fy. When the inside
flange is in compression and is unbraced, and the allowable stress is less than the actual
stress, it is recommended the use of sag rods to brace the inside flange in order to
increase the allowable bending stress.
Usually the girts at the time of erection are aligned by means of wood blocking, one
above the other between the girts, at mid bay, this makes a more accurate leveling of
the girts for further connection to the sheeting panels. Girts are not designed to take any
load, however, bay spacing of 8.5 m and more do require the use of sag rods for
leveling and avoiding the deflections. Sheeting panels offer diaphragm action as a
resistance to racking.
Thus, only the sag is taken out by the wood blocking and the wall panels are attached,
the girts will remain level and the wood blocking can be removed. Deflection of girts is
not a major problem to worry about, since the integrity and building stability is not
affected by any mean by the girt sagging.
8.2 What are the Procedures of storage of panels on site, prior to Erection ?
There are certain precautions which should be considered during handling and storage
at site of panels bundles. These are:
Panels are normally delivered in bundles which should be checked for moisture. This
involves removing protective wrapping and binders and making random checks
between the panels.
If moisture is present, the panels should be separated and inclined to drain moisture. If
any salt compounds have formed on the surface, they should be removed with a soft
brush and clean water, then allowed to thoroughly dry before re-stacking. The panels
should then be stored as mentioned before.
Dry members should be stored on timber blocks a minimum of 50 mm above the

concrete slab or tarmac. The panels should be at an incline of 1 in 100 to assist moisture
dispersion.
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If long term site storage is envisaged, over 15 days, or adverse environmentalconditions

such as high salinity, heavy industrial pollution, high humidity ormajor wind-blown
sand, then the erector should take additional steps to protectthe panels as follows:
Move panels into a weather-protected area as soon as possible.Loosely cover the

panels. Make frequent checks, between panels to avoidmoisture build-up.
8.3 What are the Procedures of checking the panels after installation ?
Once the erection of a building is complete, the following checks should be made
before hand over the customer:
Check roof for debris such as screws, pop rivets, swarf, sheet metal off cuts, etc. Large
items should be removed by hand, smaller items may be swept-up with a soft nylon
brush.
Check roof sheets and gutters for sand build-up. This should be removed with a soft
nylon brush and clean water.
Any debris left by other contractors should be notified to the customer in writing, with
suggested instructions for its removal.
Check wall panels for wind-blown sand or zinc salt deposits. These should be removed
with a soft brush and clean water.
Check the base of all panels, the ground should be a minimum of 150 mm below the
bottom of the wall panel, if not, the customer should be informed in writing, this
condition is detrimental to the wall panel and should be rectified immediately.
Check all equipment located in, or adjacent to the wall panel. If moisture is generated
or collected, such as at air conditioning units, then proper collection trays, etc. Should
be provided by the customer or the company responsible for its installation. If the panel
is likely to be subjected to any kind of corrosive condition, the customer should be
notified in writing with instructions to remedy the situation and a possible course of
action to correct the situation.
When the building is “Handed-Over” to the customer, a copy of the owners manual
should be given and the customers signature received in receipt.
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8.4 Where tightening of joints should begin ?
It is important to install bolts in all holes of the connection and bring them to an
intermediate level of tension generally corresponding to sung tight, in order to compact the
joint. Even after being fully tightened, some thick parts with uneven surfaces may not be in
contact over the entire faying surface. This is not detrimental to the performance of the
joint. As long as the specified bolt tension is present in all bolts of the completed
connection, the clamping force equal to the total of the tensions in all bolts, will be
transferred at the locations that are in contact and be fully effective in resisting slip
through friction.
If however, bolts are not installed in all holes and brought to an intermediate level of
tension to compact the joint, bolts which are tightened first will be subsequently relaxed
by the tightening of the adjacent bolts. Thus, the total of the forces in all bolts will be
reduced which reduce the slip load whether there is uninterrupted contact between the
surfaces or not.
With any tightening method used, tightening should begin at the most rigidly fixed or
stiffest point, and progress toward the free edges, both in the initial snugging up and in
the final tightening.
8.5 What is the best method used for bolts tightening ?
As per the Research Council on Structural Connection (RCSC) specifications section 5,

in order to provide more uniform tension in the bolts, a snug tight method tightening is
used rather than the torque controlled tensioning methods. Consistency and reliability is
dependent upon assuring that the joint is well compacted and all bolts at a snug tight
condition.
8.6 What are the procedures for correct bolts tightening, using the Snug Tight method ?
The following are the procedures to adopt for bolts tightening:
Bolts in all the holes of the connection must be installed.

Bring all the bolts to sung tight position.
Snug tightening shall progress systematically from the most rigid part of the
connection to the free edges . This procedure shall be repeated in a similar
systematic manner as necessary until all bolts are simultaneously snug tight.
The above snug position can be achieved in two methods:
Manual operation using an ordinary spud wrench.

Using impact wrench
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8.7 What are the recommended Torque Values for the High Strength Bolts ASTM A-325?
The high strength bolts are intended for use in structural connection such as main frames.
These connections are covered by the requirements of the Specifications for Structural
Joints using ASTM A-325, approved by the Research Council on Structural Connections
(RCSC) of the Engineering Foundation.
The torque values indicated in the table below are not intended to be used as guidance for
the high strength bolts connections, noted that PEB Steel does not endorse and is not to be
held responsible for the use of the torque values indicated in the table. Please, take
reference to the AISC codes chapter-5, section-8d, that do not support such values, making
a very clear statement regarding this issue as follows:
“This specification does not recognize standard torque determined from tables or from
formulas which are assumed to relate torque to tension.
a- Torque Values
Nominal Bolt Tensile Stress No. Of Threads Minimum Recommended
Diameter Area per Tension Torque Values
in (mm) in2 (cm2) in lbfx103 (kN) ft. lb. (N.m)
1/2 (12.70) 0.142 (0.92) 13 12 (53) 75 (101)
5/8 (15.88) 0.226 (1.46) 11 19 (84) 149 (201)
3/4 (19.05) 0.334 (2.15) 10 28 (125) 264 (357)
7/8 (22.23) 0.462 (2.98) 9 39 (173) 425 (526)
1 (25.40) 0.606 (3.91) 8 51 (226) 635 (861)
11/8 (28.58) 0.763 (4.92) 7 56 (249) 789 (1069)
11/2 (31.75) 0.969 (6.25) 7 71 (317) 1113 (1508)
13/8 (34.93) 1.155 (7.45) 6 85 (378) 1465 (1985)
13/4 (38.10) 1.405 (9.06) 6 103 (459) 1937 (2623)

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8.8 What are the correct procedures to prevent coating damage to the steel
structures?
It is important that steel be handled properly in order to prevent damage to the coating
system. Some features that can be implemented to reduce the damage to the coating
system are as follows:
Use clamps where possible.

Use of nylon slings, rubber protected chains.
Handling must only be done if the coating system has dried and cured.
Order at the correct time to reduce site storage to a minimum.
Store properly, prevent water contact through stacking in slopes,wrapping...etc.

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PEBS MANUAL

Building for Life

PEB STEEL GROUP

The Product Digest Manual is a central source of technical and non -

1. APPLICATIONS OF PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS ....................................................1

2. PLANNING AND OPTIMIZING THE PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS. .................12

3. DESIGN CODES............................................................................................................... ......25

4. DESIGN ENGINEERING PRACTICES...............................................................................27

6. COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS AND PERFORMANCE.... ....................................41

7. FINISHED BUILDING CARE .............................................................................................49

From excavation to occupancy, no other building system matches the pre-engineered

If customer requirements cannot be satisfied by using the standard economical structural

1.2 What is the meaning of Pre-Engineering Building?

Pre-engineered should not be confused with pre-fabricated. The name Pre-engineered

Pre-set methods for connecting and welding (standardized connections).

Utilization of pre-determined stock sizes.

Industrial Buildings -Factories

Large Manufacturing Plants

Feature Design Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings Conventional Steel Buildings

Average 6 to 8 weeks. Average 5 to 6 months.

Building is supplied complete with Many sources of supply. Project

Primary steel members are selected from

Feature Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings Conventional Steel Buildings

Architecture Outstanding architectural design can be Special architectural design requires

Price per square meter may be as much

Feature Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings Conventional Steel Buildings

Feature Steel Concrete

Manufacturing dimensional tolerances shall be in accordance with MBMA 2002.

PEB STEEL COMPLIANCE WITH LATEST INTERNATIONAL CODES

Loads on all buildings are applied in accordance with:

2006 edition of the International Building Code

Manufacturing and Erection tolerances are applied as per:

Cold formed members are designed in accordance with:

Welding is applied in accordance with:

PEB STEEL STRICT DEFLECTION CRITERIA

Main frames supporting top running

5 Portal frames Eave height/ 90 Wind only

Planning and Optimizing the

The configuration of a pre-engineered building comprises of the following:

2.2 What is the Standard Configuration of Pre-Engineered Building?

Single Slope “SS”

PEB Steel standard design loads are:

Live Load (LL) = 0.57 kN/M²,

2.3 What is the most Economical Configuration of Pre-Engineered Building?

The most economical configuration for a pre-engineered building is:

2.3.1 Single Slope “SS” (Mono-slope building)

a- The gutter drainage created by a valley condition along the

2.3.2 Multi-Gable “MG”

Multi-Gable “MG” buildings consist of two or more gable buildings sharing a

Drainage at the valley between gables requires frequent maintenance to prevent

In modern mature steel building markets, particularly in the USA, Multi-Gable

This is now possible due to the availability of:

High speed computing equipment.

Multi-Gable buildings may be designed as either Clear Span or Multi-span.

Clear Span rigid frame is appropriate and economical when:

Frame width is less than 60m.

The disadvantages of such framing system include:

Possibility to differential settlement of column supports.

Selection of space-saver is appropriate when:

2.4 What is the Maximum Possible Span & Loading Capacity?

The maximum spans created by PEB structural systems are:

Clear Span “CS”, maximum practical width = 100 m.

However, other structural system spanning capability is possible, but it should be