EXPERIMENT 3: CHEMICAL CHANGES- REACTIONS OF COPPER • A Dehydration Process, involves the loss of water

• To ensure that all Reactants [Cu(OH)2] is converted to products, we must ensure that the
CHEMICAL CHANGES entire product appears black.
1.) QUALITATIVE VIEW: MANIFESTATIONS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
Seen on the Experiment: Change in Color, Formation of Precipitate, Gas Evolution (Effervescence), C. CONVERSION OF COPPER (II) OXIDE TO COPPER (II) SULFATE
Heat Changes A Dissolution of the black precipitate in Part II, by adding excess acid
Other Manifestations: ∆Conductivity, ∆Change in Pressure, ∆Change in Melting Point, ∆Boiling
Point, ∆Solubility. CuO(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) ---> CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
2.) QUANTITATIVE VIEW: STOICHIOMETRY Black Bright Blue
Measurements of the initial amounts of reactants Solid Soln
Calculation of the expected amount of product (Theoretical) • A Double Displacement Reaction
Measurement of the actual amount of product, Calculation of the % Yield. • A NonRedox Reaction
• A Neutralization Reaction: O2= (aq) + 2H+ (aq) --> H2O (l)
Another Point of the Experiment: Show that in real life, atoms form compounds undergo different chemical
reactions and form different compounds with many different elements. • The Acid was added in excess to ensure complete conversion of copper to its new form.
• No Need to do pH testing, just ensure that it is dissolved.
Copper (Cu) is actually in the middle of the activity series --> Can still undergo many other reactions, a • For higher yield, we even dissolve the minimal CuO in the filter paper.
broader range in fact compared to those in the extremes of the series. • Do Not add too much acid, will result in a complication later.

EXPERIMENT’S OBJECTIVES: D. REDUCTION OF COPPER (II) IONS TO METALLIC COPPER

1.) Demonstrate the Various Types of Chemical Reactions Involves the formation of a new copper solid, upon the introduction of Zn dust
2.) Visualize the Different Manifestations of Chemical Change CuSO4 (aq) + Zn(s) ----> Cu(s) + ZnSO 4(aq)
3.) To do ACTUAL STOICHIOMETRY Blue Soln Silver Powder Brick Red Solid Colorless Soln
DISCUSSION OF THE EXPERIMENT’ METHODOLOGY: Single Displacement Reaction, A Redox Reaction
Net-Ionic Equation: Cu2+(aq) + Zn (s) ----> Cu (s) + Zn 2+(aq)
PART I: PRECIPITATION OF COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE
Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) ----> Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) • Excess Zn is added, to ensure that all copper ions is reduced to the solid formation
(baby blue soln) (bright blue ppt) • Zn is added gradually, NOTE that in the previous step, H + is in excess and is present in the
solution. Zn can also react with H+ , you do not want uncontrollable bubble formation (may
• Net-Ionic Equation: Cu2+ (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) ---> Cu(OH) 2 (s) result to loss of copper
• A double displacement Process • We then wash the brick red solid with acid.
• A NonRedox Process, O.N.s of the atoms remain the same • 6M HCl will react with excess Zn powder only, and not with the desired Cu product. Cu
• Excess NaOH must be added, to ensure that all Copper or Cu(NO 3)2 is converted to Cu(OH)2 is less reactive than H+ and will not react to it (Review, Experiment 2)
• We check for basicity (Red Litmus Paper turning Blue) to ensure that OH - is in excess. • We then wash the acidified solution with water to remove the introduced H +s, then we filter
and collect
PART II: FORMATION COPPER (II) OXIDE FROM COPPER (II) HYDROXIDE • The collected Cu (in the 3:1 Filter Paper) must be washed with cold water to remove
We HEAT the solution -solid mixture in Part I. adsorbed impurities, which can add on the weight of the product
A decomposition reaction, Cu(OH)2 (s) ---> CuO (s) + H2O (g) • As excess Zn is undesired (will add on the yield) It must be added in controlled amounts
bright blue black solid only (Not less, Not much)
ppt • We know if Cu2+ or Zn is in excess by some confirmatory tests.
Confirmatory Tests: based on the formation of bright, COLORED COMPLEXES

Confirmatory Tests:

If there are still Cu2+ unreacted in the solution:

Cu2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) ----> Cu(NH3)42+ (aq)
working solution deep blue soln

If all Cu2+ is converted to Cu then the deep soln, upon addition of ammonia, will not be observed. A
colorles solution will be observed due to the complexation of Zn 2+ now in excess with the base

Zn2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) ----> Zn(NH3)42+ (aq)

working solution colorless soln

Side Reactions to the Confirmatory Test. Settling of Colored Precipitates. NH 3 slightly produces OH- in the
presence of water.
NH3 (l) + H2O (l) --> OH-(aq) + NH4+ (aq)
OH- can precipitate with Cu2+ and Zn2+ forming light blue (Cu(OH)2) and white (Zn(OH)2) precipitate.

E. OXIDATION OF COPPER
- Formation of Copper (II) Oxide
Cu (s) + 1/2 O2 (g) --> CuO (s)
brick red black precipitate
solid
Addition Reaction
Can be carried out in normal conditions but slow.
Can be executed faster with heating, to promote the collision of oxygen molecules with Cu.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPERIMENT’S RESULTS:

% Yield = g Final CuO weighed x 100% =

g CuO from Stoichiometry

g CuO = (5 mL) (1 L/ 1000 mL) (0.1 mmol Cu(NO3)3 / L)( mmol CuO ) (mmol CuSO4)
mmol Cu(NO 3)2 mmol CuO
(mmolCu) (mmol CuO) = 0.03977g CuO
mmol CuSO4 mmol Cu

All the stoichiometric relationships must be clearly written. For some reactions/
transformations. Conversion is not always 1:1