Desalination Trends PDF

Desalination Trends
John Tonner
Water Consultants International
jtonner@WaterCI.com
Text
Water
Consultants
International desalination.com
1
Desalination expert with experience from 1985. Patented inventor in field of desalination.
Experienced engineer as well as Sales and Marketing Executive with several desalination
manufacturers before joining WaterCI as Vice President in 2002. Member of the International
Desalination Association board of directors 1999-2001 and 2001-2003 where the board
elected him an Officer.
With decades of prior experience Water Consultants International (WaterCI) was founded in
January, 1991 and has built a solid reputation as a foremost consulting firm. In 2002, WaterCI
merged with World-Wide-Water adding skills, experience and personnel.
WaterCI provides commercial and technical services which optimize

• commercial agreements/contracts
• materials of construction
• pretreatment requirements, and
energy utilization/recovery
which are key factors to achieving succesful products and projects.
Over 200 contracts have been directed and executed by the firm’s principals and associates.
This team has special appreciation of the development, design, construction, and O & M of
facilities ranging from sophisticated industrial sites to remote water-short areas of the world.
Growth in desalination
market
• Growth by region in the UN
“International Year of Freshwater”
– Consumption doubling
Text
every twenty
years
– Twice the rate of population growth
– By 2025 demand is expected to exceed
supply by 56%
Water
Consultants
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Data: Blue Gold - the battle against corporate threat of the world’s water (Barlow & Clarke,
Canada ISBN 1 85383 937X www.earthscan.co.uk)
200 60000
180
50000
160
140 North Africa

Thousands Cubic Meters per Day
Thousands US Gallons per Day

40000
120
100 30000
North Africa - trendline

80 Text
20000
60
40
10000
20
0 0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Water
Year
Consultants Desalination in North Africa

3
Data: IDA Inventory #17 and WaterCI database Includes plants under construction for
operation in 2003. This region is part of a current World Bank study and will be shown to
have an unusual trend when compared to later data.
160 40000
140 35000
120 30000

Central Asia
100 25000
80 20000
Text
60 15000
40 10000
20 5000
0 0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Water Year
Consultants Desalination in Central Asia

4
operation in 2003.
Sharp spike relates to several oil sector projects. This region is part of a current World Bank
study.
3,000 800000
700000
2,500
600000

2,000
500000
Southern Europe
1,500 400000
Text
300000
1,000
200000
500
100000
0 0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Water Year
Consultants Desalination in Southern Europe

5
operation in 2003.
Continuous growth mostly for municipal water supply but industrial applications are also
increasing.
35 9000
8000
30
7000
25
Million Cubic Meters per Day 6000
Million US Gallons per Day

20
5000
Global
4000
15
Text
3000
Middle East
10
2000
5
1000
0 0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Year
Water
Consultants Global Desalination
6
operation in 2003.
While many people believe only the “oil rich Arab states” can afford desalination this chart
clearly shows that growth in the Middle East is lagging behind the global utilization of these
processes.
Technology/process market
share and developments
Other
processes
Thermal 1%
22%
Text
Membrane
77%
Water By number of units
Consultants
7
operation in 2003.
This is based only on the number of units installed and does not reflect total production
capacity.
Other
processes
0%
Text Membrane
45%
Thermal
55%
Water By installed capacity

Consultants
8
Data: IDA Inventory #17 and WaterCI database Includes plants under construction for operation in
2003.
This chart represents the total installed production capacity. Clearly the bulk of processes utilize one
of two broad technology types; thermal or membrane. Thermal processes include MSF, MED, MED-
TC and MVC. Membrane processes include RO, ED and EDR.
The Concise Environmental Engineering Dictionary and Directory definitions:
(ED) electrodialysis The separation of a solution's ionic components through the use of
semipermeable, ion-selective membranes operating in a DC electric field.
(EDR) electrodialysis reversal A variation of the electrodialysis process using electrode polarity
reversal to automatically clean membrane surfaces.
(MED) multiple effect distillation A thin film evaporation process where the vapor formed in
a chamber, or effect, condenses in the next, providing a heat source for further evaporation.
(MED-TC) multiple effect distillation with thermal compression.
(MSF) multistage flash evaporation A desalination process where a stream of brine flows through
the bottom of chambers, or stages, each operating at a successively lower pressure, and a proportion
of it flashes into steam and is then condensed.
(MVC) mechanical vapor compression Evaporative system where vapor boiled off in the evaporator is
mechanically compressed and reused as the heating medium.
(RO) Reverse osmosis A method of separating water from dissolved salts by passing feedwater
through a semipermeable membrane at a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure caused by the
dissolved salts.
• Incremental
development
– Larger MSF
Text
Water
Consultants
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MSF plants are now operating with single unit capacities of over 55,000 m3/d (12 MIGD)
MED-TC plants continue to take market share from MSF due to lower CAPEX and pumping
OPEX. Unit capacities now above 23,000 m3/d ( 5 MIGD)
Better membrane performance, operating at lower pressures and improved salt rejection and
lower CAPEX improve the water cost using the RO process.
Energy is a significant OPEX cost and improvements in RO energy recovery have led to
significant reductions in specific energy consumption rates (kWh/m3). Energy recovery
systems which were proprietary technology a few years ago are now available as components
for all RO OEMs.
• Incremental
development
– Larger MED-TC
Text
Water
Consultants
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for all RO OEMs.
• Incremental
development
– Better membranes
Text
Water
Consultants
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for all RO OEMs.
• Incremental
development
– RO energy recovery
Text
Water
Consultants
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for all RO OEMs.
Trends in Project Delivery Models
• Municipal/potable market there is a
shift from Public Sector DBB to Private
Sector DBOOT
– Shift of risk/responsibility
Text
– Performance rather than Equipment

specification (requires less detail process
knowledge for municipalities and banks
not familiar with the technology).
Water
Consultants
13
Much desal CAPEX and OPEX data was based on commercial financing schemes. New
projects now utilize financing schemes similar to traditional water supply schemes (i.e. long
term bonds) which greatly improves the competitiveness of desalination. New project
delivery models make the transition to desalination technology commercially and technically
simpler for the Offtaker.
Design Bid Build (DBB)
Text
Water
Consultants
14
Typical DBB project delivery model.
Design Build Own Operate Transfer (DBOOT)
Text
Water
Consultants
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Typical DBOOT project delivery model.
Changes in water pricing
• Commodification
– True cost of traditional water identified
• Large scale commodified desalination
Text
– ≈US$0.50/m3
– Competitive with traditional sources in
many locations
Water
Consultants
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Commodification claimed to “hit the poor hard” Reality is that commodification identifies the
real economic cost of water, no matter what process is used to treat the water. It is our believe
that cost of water in many locations must be high, even excluding any profit in the selling
price. However, we also believe that using subsidy to reduce the price below the cost to a
point which “the poor” can afford is short sighted. The cost is the cost and if subsidy is
required it should be open and transparent.
Changes in water pricing
$1.65/m3
$1.45/m3
$1.25/m3
$1.05/m3
$0.85/m3
Text
$0.65/m3
$0.45/m3
$0.25/m3
1991 1997 2000 2001 2003
Contract Yr
Water
Consultants
17
Projects referenced; Santa Barabara, Bahamas, Dheklia, Larnaca, Point Lisas, Tampa,
Ashkelon, Sulabiya, PUB SIN
Dual purpose/Co-location
• Co-locating Power and Desal
– Combined intake/outfall
– Combined permitting/environmental issues
• Dual purpose
– Integration of desalination
Text into power process
• Increased thermodynamic efficiency
– Could also be applied to other non-power
industries
– Regulatory structure must support dual purpose
Water
Consultants
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Co-location has been used for recently executed and planned projects in locations such as the
USA. This has the obvious benefit of shared utilities (intake/outfall) and related
environmental permits. Co-location does not permit the power generation and desalination
processes to be integrated in a manner which improves thermodynamic efficiency and
economics. In some markets the Regulatory structure does not favor or permit combined
utilities - this is a primary reason why large dual purpose power/desal projects are not
developed outside the Middle East.
The heat normally rejected from power plants (via cooling towers or heat exchangers) is more
usefully utilized in dual purpose projects - however any similar heat source from cooling of
industrial or petrochemical can also be utilized.
Dual purpose - hybrid
Text
Water
Consultants
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A hybrid desalination - combined cycle power station. A gas turbine generator provides
electricity while a special boiler (heat recovery steam generator) makes steam using the
turbine’s hot exhaust gas. The steam is used to drive a steam turbine which is connected to a
second generator. Combining these two thermodynamic processes yields improved efficiency.
Some of the steam expanded through the turbine is usefully condensed by providing heat to a
desalination process further improving efficiency. The thermal desalination process preheats
feedwater for an RO desalination unit which also improves electricity. By having a
desalination facility which utilizes both steam (in the distiller) and power (in the RO) the
operator has greater flexibility in meeting the water and power demands. It is not uncommon
for the ratio of power to water which is demanded by consumers to vary greatly on a seasonal
basis; this hybrid approach gives greatest flexibility in achieving optimal economic
performance.
Decentralized Water
• Desalination can make water where it is needed
– Avoids investment in unnecessary water transport
infrastructure
– Reduces unaccounted for water (UFW)
• Decentralized power 7% of world’s total
– Some countries exceed 40%
Text
– Double share by 2012
• Predicted to reduce 720 M Tonnes of CO (25% of global
Kyoto objective)
• Decentralized dual purpose desalination
– improve on this projection by increasing thermodynamic
efficiency
Water
Consultants
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COSPP Nov/Dec 2002; Maine (USA) 30+%, Denmark, Finland & Netherlands all 40+%.
Studies and projections by World Survey of Decentralized Energy (WADE)
info@localpower.org
There are many locations in the developing and developed world where waste heat can be
used to “fuel” desalination processes. This can be both a centralized and decentralized method
of operation which can be encouraged by Regulators and Financiers. There is a Caribbean
example of 300MW of waste heat from single purpose gas turbine power plantwhich is not
recovered or unused for any purpose - a single purpose desalination facility was installed with
no energy integration at all because utilization of the waste heat while more efficient could not
be “competitively tendered”. There are many exothermic industries which may have no need
for their waste heat nor have demand for water - they should be encouraged to produce water
for sale and use of others in their region. There are also examples of exothermic industries
which demand large quantities of water. If the local water tariff is too low these industries
will take “traditional water” often leaving little or none for the local community (examples -
mining operations in Peru and Tunisia).
Reclamation (Re)Use Water
• Desalination technologies are being used for
direct and indirect potable reuse.
– Activists say uncontrolled reuse is common
– Controlled reuse is better referred to as
Controlled Use
Text
– MF/RO is most common reclamation method
offering double membrane barriers in processing
– Aquifer recharge is being used in some indirect
reuse schemes
• Lively debate on the risks and benefits of aquifer
recharge
Water
Consultants
21
COSPP Nov/Dec 2002; Maine (USA) 30+%, Denmark, Finland & Netherlands all 40+%.
Studies and projections by World Survey of Decentralized Energy (WADE)
info@localpower.org
There are many locations in the developing and developed world where waste heat can be
used to “fuel” desalination processes. This can be both a centralized and decentralized method
of operation which can be encouraged by Regulators and Financiers. There is a Caribbean
example of 300MW of waste heat from single purpose gas turbine power plantwhich is not
recovered or unused for any purpose - a single purpose desalination facility was installed with
no energy integration at all because utilization of the waste heat while more efficient could not
be “competitively tendered”. There are many exothermic industries which may have no need
for their waste heat nor have demand for water - they should be encouraged to produce water
for sale and use of others in their region. There are also examples of exothermic industries
which demand large quantities of water. If the local water tariff is too low these industries
will take “traditional water” often leaving little or none for the local community (examples -
mining operations in Peru and Tunisia).
Other comments
• Commodification of water yields
respect
• Respect leads to better handling
– Privatized desalination
Text tends to have lower
UFW
• Less than 5% loss is not uncommon
• ...why....because the desalinated water is
treated as a valuable resource/commodity.
Water
Consultants
22
CUC, WEB each confirmed losses of less than 5% with targets of 2.5-3%.
Closing comments
• Desalination is growing more rapidly globally than in
the regions where it is perceived to be most used.
• Desalination is being selected in relatively wet
locations in direct commercial competition with
traditional water sources.
• Stress on existing waterTextsupplies expected to grow by
56% by 2050
• Desalination is an important option which can be
encouraged by Regulatory and Developmental
Agencies
Water
Consultants
23

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WaterCI provides commercial and technical services which optimize

140 North Africa

Thousands US Gallons per Day

North Africa - trendline

Consultants Desalination in North Africa

Thousands Cubic Meters per Day

Thousands US Gallons per Day

Consultants Desalination in Central Asia

Thousands Cubic Meters per Day

Thousands US Gallons per Day

Consultants Desalination in Southern Europe

Million Cubic Meters per Day 6000

Million US Gallons per Day

Water By installed capacity

– Performance rather than Equipment

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