Namma Kalvi 10th Tamil Unit 7 Surya Guide PDF

Namma Kalvi
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; ehL ciueil cyfk;
rpw;wfy; xsp
7 ? k.bgh.rpt+hdk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. `khytd; Fd;wk; nghdhbyd;d> ntytd; Fd;wkhtJ v=;fSf;F ntz;Lk;~khytd;

Fd;wKk; ntytd; Fd;wKk; Fwpg;git Kiwna
m) jpUg;gjpa[k; jpUj;jzpa[k; M) jpUj;jzpa[k; jpUg;gjpa[k;
,) jpUg;gjpa[k; jpUr;bre;J}Uk; <) jpUg;gu=;Fd;wKk; gHdpa[k; [tpil: m]
2. jkpHpdj;ij xd;WgLj;Jk; ,yf;fpakhf k.bgh.rp. fUjpaJ
m) jpUf;Fws; M) g[wehD}W
,) fk;guhkhazk; <) rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil: <]
FWtpdh

1. tWikapYk; gog;gpd; kPJ ehl;lk; bfhz;lth; k.bgh.rp. vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
E}y; th=;;Ftjw;F nghjpa gzkpy;yhj tWik epiyapYk; giHa g[j;jf=;fs;
tpw;Fk; filf;Fr; bry;thh;.
tpUg;gkhd g[j;jf=;fis kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F th=;Fk; thof;iff;
bfhz;oUe;jhh;.
czt[f;fhf itj;jpUf;Fk; gzj;jpy; g[j;jf=;fis th=;fptpl;L gl;odp
fple;jpUf;fpwhh;.
brtptHpahft[k; ,yf;fpa mwpitg; bgw;wpUf;fpwhh;.
,itna k.bgh.rp. tWikapYk; gog;gpd; kPJ ehl;lk; bfhz;lth; vd;gjw;F
rhd;whFk;.
2. bghUj;jkhd ,l=;fspy; epWj;jw;FwpapLf.
gH=;fhyj;jpny ghz;oad; Mz;l bgUikiaf; Twp/ nrhHd; Mz;l rpwg;igr;
brhy;yp/ nrud; Mz;l khz;gpidf; fhl;o/ ek; mUikj; jkpH;ehL M=;fpnyaUf;F
moikg;gl;oUe;j rpWikiaa[k; epidt{l;o tpLjiyg; nghhpy; <Lgl tUkhW
jkpHu;f;F miHg;g[ tpLj;jpUe;njd;. ? k.bgh.rp.
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288 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 7
rpWtpdh
1. `jiyiaf; bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~- ,l+;Rl;o tpsf;Ff.>

,lk;
`rpw;wfy; xsp~ vd;Dk; `k.bgh.rp~apd; jd; tuyhw;Wg; gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;
Me;jpukhepyk; gphpa[k;nghJ brd;idjhd; mjd; jiyefuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;W Me;jpu khepyj; jiyth;fs; tpUk;gpdh;. mjid vjph;j;J k.bgh.rp. Twpa Tw;W
,J.
tpsf;fk;:
khefuj;je;ij br=;fy;tuhad; jiyikapy; xU Tl;lj;ijf; Tl;odh;.
mg;bghGJ/ jkpH; khepyj;jpd; jiyefu; `brd;id~ vd;w jPh;khdj;ij Kd;bkhHpe;jdh;.
Kd;bkhHpe;J `jiyiaf;bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~ vd;W k.bgh.rp
KH=;fpdhh;. 25.03.1953y; gpujkh; neU/ brd;id jkpHUf;nf vd;w cWjpbkhHpia/
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; eLtzurpd; rhh;gpy; btspapl;lhh;.
beLtpdh
1. ehl;L tpHhf;fs; – tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tuyhW – ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; khzth;

g=;F – Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L xU gf;f mstpy; `khztg;gUtKk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;~
vd;w jiyg;gpy; nkil ciu vGJf.
`khztg; gUtKk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;~
nkil ciu:
md;ghh;e;j mitnahnu- fy;tp fw;Fk; khztg; gUtj;jpny ehk; ehl;Lg;gw;W
cilath;fsha; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
~ehl;od; vjph;fhyk; tFg;giwfspy; jhd; totikf;fg;gLfpwJ~ vd;whh; ek;
etghuj rpw;gp neU. vdnt fy;tpnahL ehl;Lg;gw;iwa[k; ek; fz; vdg;nghw;wp
tsh;f;f ntz;Lk;.
Rje;jpujpdk;/ FoauR jpdk; nghd;w ek; ehl;L tpHhf;fisf; bfhz;lhLk;nghJ
mjw;fhf ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; rpe;jpa fz;zPiua[k;/ bre;ePiua[k;/ tpiykjpg;gpy;yh
capiua[k; kdg;g{h;tkhf czuntz;Lk;.
mfpk;irg; nghuhl;lk;/ me;epa Jzpf;fil kwpay;/ jPz;lhik tpyf;F/ fjh;
tpw;gid/ bts;isand btspnaW nghd;w tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l Kiwfis
ehk; kwj;jy; TlhJ.
brf;foapYk;/ rpiwr;rhiyapYk; ek; tPuh;fs; gl;l Jd;gj;ij vz;zpg; ghh;j;J/
ehl;L tpHhf;fisf; bfhz;lhLk; nghJ ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk; NSiu Vw;gth;fshft[k;/
mjid bray;gLj;Jfpwth;fshft[k; ehk; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 289

ehl;L tpHhf;fisf; bfhz;lhLk; bghGJ ek; njrpaf; bfhoia cskhw
kjpf;fpd;wth;fsha; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
khztg; gUtj;jpy; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;lk;/ njrpa khzth;gil Mfpatw;wpy;
,ize;J ehl;Lg;gw;iwa[k;/ nrit kdg;ghd;ikiaa[k; ehk; tsh;j;Jf;
bfhz;lhy; jhd; bghpatu;fshFk; nghJk; ehk; ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk; ey;nyhuha;/
gw;whsuha; khwKoa[k;.
fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk;/ bjhHpy; bgUf;fk; ,tw;wpy; ehk; mf;fiw cilath;fsha;
,Ug;gJk; ehl;Lg;gw;nw. `fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk;/ bjhHpy; Mfpatw;iw tsh;f;f ehk;
Kida ntz;Lk;.

ek; ehl;od; cah;t[f;Fk; Kw;nghf;F tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf
,Ug;gitfis Kwpaof;f Kay ntz;Lk;.
Ruz;lYk;/ CHYk;/ Mjpf;f czh;t[k; Vw;wj;jhH;t[k; xHpa ghLgLk; vz;zk;
cilath;fsha; ehk; xt;bthUtUk; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
`brhe;j eyd; xd;wpidna bfhs;ifahf;fp
brhe;j ehl;ilr; rPuHpf;Fk; fath;fis
Ke;jp epd;W tPH;j;Jnthk; ? ehl;il
Kj;jhf xspuitf;f cWjp Vw;nghk;- Vw;nghk;--
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. k.bgh.rp.f;F bgw;nwhh; ,l;l bgah;

m) rpt+hdk; M) +hdg;gpufhrk;
,) gpufhrk; <) bghd;Drhkp [tpil: M]
2. rpt+hdp vd;w bganu _____ vd epiyj;jJ.
m) rpt+hdk; M) rptg;gpufhrk; ,) +hdg;gpufhrk; <) gpufhrk; [tpil: m]
3. k.bgh.rpapd; ,aw;bgaiu khw;wpa Kjpath;
m) bghd;Drhkp M) rutzd; ,) ruigah; <) rpt+hdp [tpil: ,[
4. fhe;jpaofs; `rj;jpahfpufk;~ vd;Dk; mwg;nghh; Kiwiaj; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L
m) 1806 M) 1906 ,) 1916; <) 1919 [tpil: M]
5. xUtd; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgWtjw;fhd ,uz;L tHpfs;
m) fy;tp/ nfs;tp M) fy;tp Xtpak;
,) fiy/ gz;ghL <) fiy/ nkilg;ngr;R [tpil: ,]
6. `,e;jpahit tpl;L btspnaW~ vd;w jPh;khdj;ij ,e;jpag; nguhaf; fl;rp epiwntw;wpa

ehs;
m) 1942 $dthp 8 M) 1939 Mf!;l; 8
,) 1942 Mf!L 8 <) 1947 Mf!;L 18 [tpil : ,]
7. tlf;bfy;iyj; jkpH;kf;fis xd;wpizj;J jkpGzh;t[ bfhs;sr; bra;jth;.
m) k.bgh.rpt+hdk; M) k=;fy=;fpHhh;
,) k=;fsehjd; <) $Pthde;jk; [tpil : ,]
8. `jkpHdj;jpd; bghJr; brhj;J~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; E}y;
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) kfhghujk;
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <) rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil : <]
9. gry; myp Mizak; eLtz; muRf;Fj; je;j ghpe;Jiu btspahd ehs;.
m) 1955 mf;nlhgh; 10 M) 1957 Mf!;L 10
,) 1957 Mf!;L 10 <) 1949 mf;nlhgh; 15 [tpil : m]
10. rhpahd Tw;Wfisj; njh;e;bjL.
m) ,sk;tajpnyna r@f tpLjiyf;fhfg; nghuhoath; khh;&y; V. nerkzp
M) rpj;J}h; khtl;lk; Me;jpuhtpw;Ff; bfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
,) me;ehspy; jpUtpjh=;Th; rk!;jhdk; jdp murhf ,Ue;jJ.
m) Tw;W M/ , rhpahdit M) Tw;W m/ , rhpahdit.
,) @d;Wk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhpahdit [tpil: m]
11. jiyefh; fhf;f Kjy;th; gjtpiaa[k; Jwf;fj; Jzpe;jth;
m) mwp+h; mz;zh M) fhkuh$h;
,) ,. ,uh$h$p <) fUzhepjp [tpil: ,]
12. M!;ohpa ehl;od; jiyefh;
m) ,yz;ld; M) bly;mtpt; ,) tpad;dh <) rpl;dp [tpil: ,]
13. `rpw;wfy; xsp~ ,lk; bgw;w E}y;
m) vdJ nghuhl;lk; M) vd; gazk;
,) vd; tpUg;gk; <) vd; ghij [tpil: m]
14. k.bgh.rpt+hdj;jpd; rpwg;g[g; bgah;
m) brhy;ypd; bry;th; M) ehtyh;
,) rpyk;g[r; bry;th; <) rpyk;g[ mwp+h; [tpil: ,]
15. rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w k.bgh.rpapd; E}y;
m) ts;syhh; fz;l xUikg;ghL M) kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
,) vdJ nghuhl;lk; <) thdk; trg;gLk; [tpil: m]
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,ay; 7 X
16. k.bgh.rp rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w Mz;L

m) 1956 M) 1966 ,) 1976 <) 1986 [tpil: M]
17. khh;&y; V. nerkzpf;F rpiynahL kzp kz;lgKk; mike;Js;s Ch;
m) fd;dpahFkhp M) J}j;Jf;Fo
,) bey;iy <) ehfh;nfhtpy; [tpil: <]
18. k.bgh.rpt+hdk; thH;e;j fhyk;
m) 1906?1955 M) 1906?1995
,) 1906 ?1966 <) 1906?1998 [tpil: M]
19. k.bgh.rp. rpiy mike;Js;s ,l=;fs;
m) jpUj;jzp/ jpahfuhaefh; M) jpUj;jzp/ jpUbey;ntyp
,) jpUj;jzp/ fd;dpahFkhp <) jpUj;jzp/ jpUg;gjp [tpil: m]
20. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; kpft[k; rpwg;g[ila Mz;L
m) 1906 M) 1908 ,) 1947 <) 1946 [tpil: m]
21. kh.bgh.rp gpwe;j brd;id tl;lk;
m) Mapuk; tpsf;F M) rhy;td; Fg;gk;
,) jpUty;ypf;nfzp <) nrg;ghf;fk; [tpil: m]
22. kh.bgh.rp gpwe;j brd;idg; gFjp
m) Mapuk; tpsf;F M) rhy;td; Fg;gk;
,) jpUty;ypf;nfzp <) nrg;ghf;fk; [tpil: M]
23. kh.bgh.rp gs;spapy; gof;Fk; nghJ Mrphpah; fz;of;f fhuzk;
m) jhkjkhf te;jJ M) ghlg; g[j;jfk; bfhz;Ltuhik
,) gof;fhik <) tPl;Lg; ghlk; vGjhik [tpil M]
24. kh.bgh.rpapd; gs;sp thH;f;if Kot[w;w tFg;g[
m) Ie;jhk; tFg;g[ M) @d;whk; tFg;g[
,) Mwhk; tFg;g[ <) ,uz;lhk; tFg;g[ [tpil: M]
25. kh.bgh.rpf;F ,sikapnyna ghf;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jth;
m) md;id M) jpUg;ghjphpg;g[ypa{h; +hdpahuofs;
,) k=;fy=;fpHhh; <) khh;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: m]
26. kh.bgh.rp mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw vLj;Jf;bfhz;l tHp
m) fy;tp M) nfs;tp ,) fl;Liu <) rpWfij [tpil: m]
27. kh.bgh.rpf;Ff; nfs;tp +hdk; bgUf;fpath;
,) k=;fy=;fpHhh; <) khh;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: M]
28. tlf;bfy;iyj; jkpHh;fis xU=;fpizj;Jj; jkpGzh;t[ bfhs;sr; bra;jth;

,) k=;fy=;fpHhh; <) khh;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: ,]
29. ,sk; tajpnyna r@f tpLjiyf;fhfg; nghuhoa tHf;fwp+h;
,) k=;fy=;fpHhh; <) khh;ry; V.nerkzp [tpil: <]
30. ehfh;nfhtpy; efh;kd;wj;jiyth;/ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;/ ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; Mfpa
bghWg;g[fis tfpj;jth;
31. Fkhpkhtl;lg; nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;bdLj;Jr; brd;wth;
32. `jiyiaf; bfhLj;jhtJ jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~ vd;W KH=;fpath;
m) kh.bgh.rp M) br=;fy;tuhad;
33. rpyk;g[r; bry;th; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgth;
m) kh.bgh.rp M) br=;fy;tuhad ;
34. kh.bgh.rpt+hdj;jpd; `vdJ nghuhl;l E}y;~ xU _______ E}y;.
m) jd;tuyhW M) ftpij ,) rpWfij <) g[jpdk; [tpil: m]
35. jkpHuRf; fHfj;ijj; bjhl=;f;path;
m) kh.bgh.rp M) br=;fy;tuhad ;
36. bghUj;Jf.
1. jpUg;ghjphpg;g[ypa{h; +hdpahuofs; ? m) tlf;bfy;iyj ;jkpH; kf;fis
xU=;fpizj;j jkpHhrhd;
2. k=;fy=;fpHhh; ? M) kh.bgh.rpf;Ff; nfs;tp +hdk;
bgUf;fpath;
3. khh;ry; V.nerkzp ? ,) kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;
4. rpyk;g[r; bry;th; ? <) Fkhpkhtl;lg; nghuhl;lj;ij
Kd;bdLj;Jr; brd;wth;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M ) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
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37. bghUj;Jf.
1. +hdpahuofs; ? m) jkpHhrhd;
2. k=;fy=;fpHhh; ? M) tHf;fwp+h;
3. khh;ry; V.nerkzp ? ,) Kjy;th;
4. ,uh$h$p ? <) jpUg;ghjphpg;g[ypa{h;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
38. bghUj;Jf.
1. th+;R ? m) khefuj; je;ij
2. br=;fy;tuhad; ? M) ePjpgjp
3. njtrfhak; / bry;iyah ? ,) bkhHpthhp Mizaj; jiyik
4. rh;jhh; nf.vk;.gzpf;fh; ? <) jkpHuRf; fHfj; njhHh;fs;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: ,]
FWtpdh
1. 1906 Mk; Mz;od; rpwg;g[fs; ahit>

k.bgh.rp. brd;id Mapuk; tpsf;F rhy;td; Fg;gj;jpy; 1906y; gpwe;jhh;.
fhe;jpaofs; `rj;jpahfpuf~ mwg;nghh; bjd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L.
M=;fpnyah;fSf;F vjpuhfr; Rnjrpf; fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj; bjhl=;fpdhh; t.c.rp.
2. k.bgh.rpf;F mtuJ md;idahh; gapw;Wtpj;j ghf;fs; ahit>
my;yp murhzp khiy/ gtsf;bfho khiy Mfpa mk;khidg; ghly;fisg;
gapw;Wtpj;jhh;.
3. tpLjiyg; nghhpy; <Lgl jkpHh;f;F k.bgh.rp vt;thW miHg;g[ tpLj;jhh;>
30.09.1932y; `jkpHh Js;sp vG~ vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ila Jz;lwpf;ifia
kf;fspilna tH=;fpdhh;.
gH=;fhyj;jpny ghz;oad; Mz;l bgUik/ nrhHd; Mz;l rpwg;g[/ nrud; Mz;l
khz;gpidf; fhl;o/ ek;ehL/ M=;fpnyah;f;F moikg;gl;oUe;j rpWikiaa[k;
epidt{l;o/ tpLjiyg; nghhpy; <Lgl tUkhW jkpHh;f;F miHg;g[ tpLj;jhh;.
4. k.bgh.rp. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;ij kf;fsplk; bfhz;L bry;y tpUk;gpaf; fhuzk;
vd;d>
rpyg;gjpfhuk; jkpHpdj;jpd; bghJr;brhj;J. ,e;jpa njrpa xUikg;ghl;ila[k;/
jkpH; ,dj;ij xd;WgLj;Jk; Kaw;rpf;F cz;lhd bra;jpfs; midj;Jk;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljhy; kf;fspilna rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L brd;whh;.
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5. k.bgh.rp tfpj;j gjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1952 Kjy; 1954 tiu rl;lkd;w nkyit cWg;gpdh;.

1972 Kjy; 1978 tiu rl;lkd;w nkyitj; jiyth; ? nghd;w gjtpfis
tfpj;Js;shh;.
6. k.bgh.rp thH;ehs; kfpH;r;rpahf vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;>
g[wehD}w;wpYk;/ rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; jkpHfj;jpd; tl vy;iy nt=;flkiyahft[k;/
bjd; vy;iy FkhpKidahft[k; cs;sJ.
,jidg; goj;jnghJ k.bgh.rp kfpH;e;jJ/ kiya[k;/ flYk; xU ehl;od; ,aw;if
vy;iyfshf miktJ jtg;gad;.
,j;bja;tPf vy;iyia/ jkpHfk; jpUk;gg; bgw;wnj jd; thH;ehs; kfpH;r;rp vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
7.
tpLjiyg; nghhpy; <Lgl;l Kd;dzpj; jiyth;fshf kh.bgh.rp. Fwpg;gpLnthh;
ahth;>
fhkuhrh;/ jPuh; rj;jpa@h;j;jp/ gpufhrk;.
8. +hdg;gpufhrk; vd;w ,aw;bgah; bgw;w jkpHwp+h; ahh;> mthpd; bgw;nwhh; ahth;>
+hdg;gpufhrk; vd;w ,aw;bgah; bgw;w jkpHwp+h; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;.
mthpd; bgw;nwhh; : bghd;Drhkp ? rptfhkp
9. kh.bgh.rpf;Fr; rpt+hdk; vd;Dk; bgah; mikaf; fhuzk; ahJ>
kh.bgh.rpf;Fg; bgw;nwhh; ,l;lbgah; : +hdg;gpufhrk;
ruigah; vd;w Kjpath; xUth; `+hdg;gpufhrk;~ vd;w ,aw;bgaiu khw;wp `rpt+hdp~
vd;W miHj;jhh;.
rpt+hdp vd;w bgah; jpUj;jj;Jld; rpt+hdk; vd;W epiybgw;wJ.
10. mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; njh;e;bjLj;j tHp ahJ>
mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgWtjw;F ,U tHpfs; cs;sd. xd;W fy;tp / kw;bwhd;W nfs;tp.
Vl;Lf; fy;tp epd;W nghdjhy; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; njh;e;bjLj;j tHp nfs;tpahFk;.
11. bghd;bdGj;Jfshy; bghwpf;fj; jf;f g[dpj ehs; vJ>
1942 Mf!;L 8.
12. brd;id khepyj;jpypUe;J nfusht[ld; ,ize;j khtl;lk; vJ>
brd;id khepyj;jpypUe;J nfusht[ld; ,ize;j khtl;lk;: kyghh;
13. nfushtpypUe;J brd;id khepyj;jpw;F ,ize;j gFjpfs; ahit>
fy;Fsk;/ tpst=;nfhL/ njhthis/ mfj;jPRtuk;/ br=;nfhl;il.
,ay; 7 X
rpWtpdh
1. `brd;idia kPl;nghk;~ ? vd;W k.bgh.rp. Fwpg;gpLtJ gw;wp vGJf.

Me;jpu khepyk; gphpa[k; nghJ brd;id mjd; jiyefuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
rpy Me;jpuj; jiyth;fs; fUjpdh;.
jiyefu; fhf;f jd; Kjyikr;rh; gjtpiaj; Jwf;ft[k; ,uh$h$p Kd;te;jhh;.
khefuj; je;ij br=;fy;tuhad; jiyikapy; Tl;lk; xd;W Tl;lg;gl;L brd;id
gw;wpa jPh;khdk; Kd;bkhHpag;gl;lJ.
jiyiaf; bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk; vd;W KH=;fpa jd; tpisthf
25.08.1953 md;W brd;id jkpHUf;nf vd;gJ cWjpahdJ vd;W `brd;idia
kPl;nghk;~ vd;W brd;idia kPl;lJ Fwpj;J k.bgh.rp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
2. khh;&y; V. nerkzp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,sk; tajpy; r@f tpLjiyf;fhfg; nghuhoath;.
ehfh;nfhtpy; efh; kd;wj; jiyth;/ ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;/ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;
Mfpa gjtpfis tfpj;jth;.
Fkhp khtl;l nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;bdLj;Jr; brd;wjhy; `khh;&y;~ vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1956 etk;gh; 1?y; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk; jkpH;ehl;Lld; ,ize;J jkpHf bjd;
vy;iyahf khwf; fhuzkhdth;.
jkpHf muR ,th; epidthf ehfh;nfhtpypy; rpiynahL kzp kz;lgKk;
mikj;Js;sJ.
3. gz;ila `fly; fle;j jkpH; tzpfk;~ Fwpj;J vGJf.
M!;ohpah ehl;Lj; jiyefuhd tpad;dhtpy; cs;s mU=;fhl;rpafj;jpy;
`nggpu!;jhspy;~ vGjg;gl;l ifbaGj;J Rto fz;L gpof;fg;gl;lJ.
mr;Rtoapy; nruh; JiwKfkhd Krpwpapy; thH;e;j jkpH; tzpfUf;Fk;/ vfpg;jpd;
`mbyf;!hz;ohpah~ JiwKfj;jpy; thH;e;j fpnuf;f tzpfUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Vw;gl;l tzpf xg;ge;jk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; cs;sd.
,J fp.gp. 2k; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapny Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.
,jpypUe;J gz;ilj; jkpHh; fly; fle;j tzpfj;jpy; rpwe;jpUe;jdh;. vd;gij
mwpayhk;.
4. kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf
bgah; : kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;
bgw;nwhh; ,l;lbgah; : +hdg;gpufhrk;
bgw;nwhh; : bghd;Dr;rhkp ? rptfhkp
bgah; khw;wk; : ruigah; vd;w Kjpath; ,tiur; `rpt+hdp~ vd;nw miHj;jhh;.

mJnt rpwpJ jpUj;jj;Jld; rpt+hdk; vd;whdJ.
rpwg;g[ :
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; bgUikia cyfwpar; bra;jjhy;
`rpyk;g[r;bry;th;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.
gilg;g[fs; : vdJ nghuhl;lk;/ ts;syhh; fz;l xUikg;ghL Kjypad.
gzp :
rpwe;j tpLjiyg;nghuhl;l tPuh;/ 1952 Kjy;1954 tiu
rl;lkd;w nkyit cWg;gpdh;/ 1972 Kjy; 1978 tiu
rl;lkd;w nkyitj; jiyth;.
tpUJ :
1966y; `ts;syhh; fz;l xUikg;ghL~ vd;w E}Yf;Fr;
rhfpj;a mbfjkp tpUJ.
muR :
jkpHf muR jpUj;jzp kw;Wk; brd;id jpahuha efhpYk;
,tUf;Fr; rpiy mikj;Js;sJ.
5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J rpyk;g[r; bry;th; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; TWtJ ahJ>
ehd; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;ij kf;fsplk; bfhz;L bry;y tpUk;gpajw;Ff;
fhuzk; cz;L.
jpUf;Fwisna / fk;guhkhazj;ijnah tpUk;ghjtd; my;yd;.
MapDk; ,e;jpa njrpa xUikg;ghl;ow;Ff; nfoy;yhj tifapy;/ jkpHpdj;ij
xd;WgLj;jf; Toa Xh; ,yf;fpak; jkpHpy; cz;L vd;why; / mJ rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijj;
jtpu ntW ,y;iy vd;W cWjpahff; TWntd;.
,s=;nfh je;j rpyk;g[/ jkpHpdj;jpd; bghJr;brhj;J. vdntjhd; jkpHfj;jpd;
gl;objhl;o v=;Fk; rpyg;gjpfhu khehLfs; elj;jpndhk;.
vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpj;J rpyk;g[r; bry;th; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; Twpdhh;.
6. rpyk;g[r; bry;th; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; `g[j;jfg;gpj;jd;~ vd;gij epWt[f.
E}y; th=;Ftjw;Fg; nghjpa gzk; ,y;yhj Fiwiag; nghf;f giHa g[j;jf=;fs;
tpw;Fk; filf;Fr; brd;W/ tpUg;gkhd g[j;jf=;fis/ kpff;Fiwe;j tpiyf;F
th=;Ftij tHf;fkhf; bfhz;L ,Ue;jhh; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk; .
czt[f;fhf itj;jpUj;j gzj;jpy; g[j;jfk; th=;fp/ gy ntisfspy;
gl;odpfple;jhh;.
Fiwe;j tpiyf;F ey;y E}y; xd;W fpilj;jhy; nguhde;jk; milthh;.
,th; jd;Dila thH;ehspy; nrh;j;J itj;Js;s brhj;Jfs; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd
E}y;fisj; jtpu ntwpy;iy vd;fpwhh;.
,jd; @yk; rpyk;g[r; bry;th; kh.bgh.rpt+hdk;/ `g[j;jfg;gpj;jd;~ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 7 X
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 164
1. vtnuDk; Xh; mwp+h; thH;tpy; ele;j epfH;t[fspy; c=;fisf; fth;e;j xd;iw mtnu
brhy;tijg; nghd;W jd; tuyhwhf khw;wp vGJf.
nguwp+h; mz;zh thH;tpy; epfH;e;jijf; TWjy;.
vd;idg; bghWj;jtiu/ rpe;jpg;gJk;/ gog;gJk; vd; thH;tpd; xU gFjpahFk;.
fy;Y}hp goj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j bghGJ/ M=;fpy fl;Liu xd;W vGjpndd;.
mjidg; goj;Jg; ghh;;j;j vd; nguhrphpah; bghUl; brwpt[lDk;/ eaKlDk;
,Uf;fpwJ. mz;zhJiu ,ij v=;fpUe;J vLj;jha; vd;whh;.
`,=;fpUe;J vLj;njd;~ vd;W vd; be+;irj; bjhl;Lf; fhl;ondd;. nguhrphpah;
tpag;g[lDk;/ kfpH;t[lDk; vd;idf; fl;oaizj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
bghpahUld; ehd; ,ize;J gzpahw;wpndd;. mg;nghJ ,UtUk; xd;whf gy
Ch;fSf;Fr; bry;nthk;.
tlehl;L gaz=;fspy; bghpahhpd; jkpH;g;ngr;ir ehnd M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp
bgah;g;ngd;.
vd; mHfhd M=;fpyj;jhy; ftug;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk; vd;idna ngRk;go
tw;g[Wj;Jth;.
Mdhy; ehd; eakhf mt;typa[Wj;jiy kWj;JtpLntd;.
vt;tst[jhd; g[yik jpwik ,Ue;jhYk;/ xUtUila ngr;ir bkhHp bgah;f;f
te;jJtpl;L jdpa[iu epfH;j;j Kw;gLtJ/ fz;zpakw;w bray; my;yth-
mjid ehd; bra;ayhkh> fz;zpak; jtwf; Tlhjd;nwh.
2. eP=;fs; goj;Jr; Ritj;j tuyhw;Wf; fijfs; gw;wp tFg;giwapy;ciu epfH;e;jJ.
khzth;fns- rkPgj;jpy; ehd; goj;Jr; Ritj;j tuyhw;Wf; fij `rptfhkpapd; rgjk~;
MFk;.
,J xU tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdk;. ,jid vGjpath; mkuh; fy;fp Mthh;.
12 tUl=;fshf thue;njhWk; `fy;fp~ thu ,jHpy; bjhlh;fijahf btspte;j
,f;fij gpd;ng E}y; totk; bgw;wJ.
Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; murhz;l fhyj;jpy; eilbgw;w tuyhw;Wr;
rk;gt=;fisg; gad;gLj;jp/ vGjg;gl;l g[jpdk; MFk;.
Kjyhk; eurpk;k gy;ytd; ,g;g[jpdj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpwhh;.
gu+;nrhjpahj;jpiu/ fh+;rp Kw;Wif/ gl;Rtpd; fhjy;/ rpije;j fdt[ vd ehd;F
ghf=;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
thjhgpapd; kPJ gy;yth; nghh; bjhLj;jJ/ fh+;rpapd; nghh;r; NHy;/ rhSf;fpa
ehl;od; tuyhW Mfpait Ritgl vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rkzh;fshy; fh+;rpahy; Vw;gl;l kjkhw;wk; Fwpj;Jk; TWfpwJ.
nguHfpahd rptfhkpiaa[k;/ mts; je;ij MadhUk; kjk; bfhz;l ahidapd;

gpoapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;l bra;jpa[k; eak;gl etpyg;gl;Ls;sJ.
@ypif Xtpa=;fs;/ m$e;jh Fiffspy; cs;s tz;z Xtpa=;fs; Fwpj;Jk;

,g;g[jpdj;jpy; th;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kdk; btJk;gpa rptfhkp rPw;wk; bfhz;L `jd; fhjyh; eurpk;kth;kh; gy;yth;

thjhgp efiu jPf;fpiuahf;fp jd;id kPl;Lr; bry;Yk; tiu/ me;efiu tpl;L/
btspnaWtjpy;iy vd;w NSiug; gFjpiaa[k; fy;fp ek; fz;Kd; tphpj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpwhh;.
nkYk; ghh;j;jpgd; fdt[/ bghd;dpapd; bry;td;/ fly;g[wh vd gy tuyhw;Wf;
fijfs; ek; rpe;ijiaf; bfhs;is bfhs;Sk; tz;zkhf kl;Lkpd;wp/ ew;wkpiH
ehk; mwpa[k; tifapYk; cs;sJ.
khzth;fns neuk; fpilf;Fk; nghJ/ E}yfk; bry;Y=;fs;. fw;W ,d;g[W=;fs;.

,ay; ehL ftpijg; ngiH
Vh; g[jpjh>
7 ? F.g.uh$nfhghyd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. rhpahd mfuthpiriaj; njh;e;bjLf;f.

m) cHt[/ kz;/ Vh;/ khL M) kz;/ khL/ Vh;/ cHt[
,) cHt[/ Vh;/ kz;/ khL <) Vh;/ cHt[/ khL/ kz; [tpil: ,]
rpWtpdh
1. Kjy; kiH tpGe;jJk; vd;dbty;yhk; epfH;tjhf F.g.uh. ftpghLfpwhh;.

Kjy; kiH tpGe;jt[ld; epyk; <uj;jhy; gz;gl;lJ.
tpiue;J brd;W bghd; Vhpny fhisfisg; g{l;o/ epyj;ij cGjdh;.
Cf;fj;JlDk;/ typika[lDk; ciHj;jdh;. ehw;W el;ldh;.
nkYk; kiH bghHpa epyk; Fsph;e;jJ. ehw;Wfs; epkph;e;J tsh;e;jd. fpHf;Fk;
btSj;jJ. ftiya[k; kwe;jJ.
,ay; 7 X
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. r=;fj;jkpHhpd; jpiz thH;t[ vij mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ>

m) berit M) nghhpid
,) ntshz;ikia <) fhy;eilia [tpil: ,]
2. jkpHhpd; jiyahd bjhHpyhft[k;/ gz;ghlhft[k; jpfH;tJ
m) fy;tp M) cHt[ ,) bert[ <) nghh; [tpil: M]
3. jkpHh; gz;ghl;od; kFlkhfj; jpfH;tJ
m) ehfhpfk; M) fiy
,) cGjy; <) bghd; Vh; g{l;Ljy;. [tpil: <]
4. bghd; Vh; g{l;Ljy; elj;jg;gLk; khjk;
m) rpj;jpiu M) Mdp ,) Mo <) ij [tpil: m]
5. `Vh; g[jpjh>~ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk; bgw;w E}y;.
m) mfypif M) Mj;krpe;jid
,) F.g.uh. gilg;g[fs; <) Vh;Kid [tpil: ,]
6. F.g.uh. gpwe;j Ch;
m) j+;ir M) kJiu ,) Fk;gnfhzk; <) bey;iy [tpil: ,]
7. F.g.uh. gpwe;j Mz;L
m) 1902 M) 1912 ,) 1915; <) 1922 [tpil: m]
8. F.g.uh Mrphpauhfg; gzpg[hpe;j ,jH;fspy; xd;W
m) jkpH; CHpad; M) jpdkzp
,) ,e;jpah <) fpuhk CHpad; [tpil: m]
9. `fLfp bry;~ ? ,jpy; `fLfp~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) bry;Yjy; M) bkJthf ,) tpiue;J <) ,ay;ghf [tpil: ,]
10. epyk; rpyph;f;Fk;/ ehw;W
m) tsUk; M) tisa[k; ,) epkpUk; <) befpGk; [tpil: ,]
11. Cf;fk; g[jpJ cuk; g[jpJ ? ,jpy; cuk; vd;w brhy; Fwpg;gJ
m) typik M) gapu; cuk; ,) rj;J <) tpj;J [tpil: m]
12. cyfj;jhh;f;F mr;rhzp vd;nghh;
m) bjhGnthh; M) fw;nghh;
,) cGnthh; <) nghhpLnthh; [tpil: ,]
www.nammakalvi.org
13. bghUj;Jf.
1. Kjy; kiH ? m) gjkhfpaJ
2. nky;kz; ? M) Kisj;jJ
3. bts;sp ? ,) bjhG
4. bghd;ndh; ? <) tpGe;jJ
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
14. `bts;sp Kisj;jpLJ tpiue;J ngh ez;gh~ vd;W ghoath;
m) kh.bgh.rp M) F.g.uh$nfhghyd;
,) Rujh <) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: M]
15. jtwhd xd;wpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) kz; g[uSk; M) nkw;F btSf;Fk;
,) kiH bghHpa[k; <) vy;iyj; bja;tk; fhf;Fk; [tpil: M]
16. `bghGnjwg; bghd;gut[k; Vuoapy;
ey;yntisapy; ehl;Lnthk; bfhGit~ vd;W ghoath;
m) kh.bgh.rp M) F.g.uh$nfhghyd;
,) Rujh <) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: M]
FWtpdh
1. F.g.uhtpd; gilg;g[fs; ml=;fpa E}y; bjhFg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mfypif/ Mj;krpe;jid.
2. F.g.uh$nfhghyd; gzpg[hpe;j ,jH;fs; ahit>
jkpH;ehL/ ghujkzp/ ghujnjtp/ fpuhk CHpad; ? MfpaitahFk;.
3. bghd; Vh; g{l;Ljy; tpsf;Ff.
ntshz;ik brHpf;ft[k;/ khDlk; jiHf;ft[k; rpj;jpiuj; jp=;fspy; elj;jg;gLk;
gz;ghl;L epfH;t[ bghd; Vh; g{l;Ljy;~ MFk;.
,e;epfH;t[ jkpHh; gz;ghl;od; kFlk; MFk;.
4. F.g.uh$nfhghydpd; gd;Kf=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rpWfij vGj;jhsh;/ ftp+h;/ ehlf Mrphpah;/ kWkyh;r;rp vGj;jhsh;.
5. tpiue;J ngh ez;gh vdf; ftp+h; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
Kjy; kiH tpGe;Jtpl;ljhYk;/ nky; kz; gf;FtkhdjhYk;/ bts;s;p Kisj;jjhYk;
Vwpidg; g[{l;l tpiue;Jngh vd;fpwhh; ftp+h;.
6. kz; vg;nghJ g[uSk;>
khl;ilj; J}z;o / bfhGit (fyg;ig ,Uk;ig) mKj;jpdhy; kz;g[uSk;.
,ay; 7 X
rpWtpdh
1. `bghGnjwg; bghd;gut[k; Vuoapy;

ey;yntisapy; ehl;Lnthk; bfhGit~ ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; Rl;ly;:
F.g.uh$nfhghydpd; `F.g.uh. gilg;g[~fspy; Vh; g[jpjh> vd;w ftpijfspy;
,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgWfpd;wd.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
bghGJ tpoe;J Vhpd; moapy; bghd;bdhsp gug;g[k; ey;y fhiyg; bghGjpy; Vh;
Kidapd; fyg;ig ,Uk;ig epyj;jpy; ehl;Lnthk;.
1.
`Kjy; kiH tpGe;jJ~ bjhlh;e;J epfGk; cHt[r; bray;fis `Vh; g[jpjh>~ ftpij
bfhz;L thpirg;gLj;jpg; ngRf.
cHth; bgUkf;fis kdk; kfpHr;bra;a[k; tifapy; Kjy; kiH epyj;jpny tpGe;J
tpl;lJ.
kiHapdhy; ek; epyk; rhpahd epiyapy; gz;gl;Ls;sJ.
ez;gh;fns- nrhk;gypdhy; ,d;Dk; cw=;fpf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fhjPh;fs;.
tpobts;sp Kisj;Jtpl;lJ. tpiue;J vGe;Jth ez;gh- fhisfis taYf;F
tpiue;J Xl;of; bfhz;L ngh.
fhL ekf;F g[jpjd;W. fiua[k; ek; trg;gl;lJ jhd;. Vh; ekf;Fg; g[jpjd;W.
fhisfSk; g[jpaitay;y. bghd; Vh; bjhGJ/ khl;ilg; g{l;o epyj;ij cGnthk;.
kz;g[uSk; tz;zk; Vh;Kid mGe;j ed;F cGnthk;. nkYk; kiH bghHpa[k;.
ek; epyKk; befpH;e;J FspUk;. g[jpa Cf;fj;JlDk;/ g[jpa tYt[lDk; ciHg;nghk;.
ehw;W epkph;e;J tsUk;. vy;iy bja;tk; ek;ikf; fhf;Fk;. ftiyfs; ,dp ,y;iy.
g[jpa tpoaYf;F milahskha; fpHf;Fk; btSj;J tpl;lJ.
ciHg;nghk; ehKk; cah;nthk;. ehl;ila[k; cah;j;Jnthk;.

bka;f;fPh;j;jp
7 ? ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1.
`jd; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fj; je;ija[k; jha[k; kfDkhf ,Ue;j murd;~ ? vd;Dk;
bka;f;fPh;j;jpj; bjhlh; czh;;j;Jk; bghUs;.
m) nkk;gl;l epUthfj;jpwd; bgw;wth; M) kpFe;j bry;tk; cilath;
,) gz;gl;l kdpjneak; bfhz;lth; <) bewpnahL epd;W fhty; fhg;gth;.
[tpil: <]
FWtpdh
1. bka;f;fPh;j;jp ghlg;gLtjd; nehf;fk; ahJ>

kd;dh; jk; ehl;od; tsj;ija[k; Ml;rpr; rpwg;iga[k; fhyk; fle;Jk; czh;j;j
ntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fj;jpw;fhf g[fGk; bgUika[k; mHpahjtifapy; mit
midj;ija[k; fy;ypy; brJf;fpdhh;fs;. ,Jnt bka;f;fPh;j;jp ghlg;gLtjd;
nehf;fkhFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. gpd;tUk; gj;jpiag; goj;J ikaf;fUj;ij vGJf.

ikaf;fUj;J:
nguurdJ bka;g;g[fiH vLj;Jf; TWtJ bka;f;fPh;j;jp. ,J nrhH kd;dUila
rhrd=;fspy; murDila Ml;rpahz;L TWkplj;jpy; mikf;fg; bgWk;.kd;dDila
btw;wpfisa[k;/ tuyhWfisa[k; TWk;. Kjy; ,uhruhrDila vl;lhk; Mz;oy; jhd;
bka;f;fPh;j;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fd; tkpr ghuk;ghpak; tpje;J Xjg;gLtjpy;iy.
,jd; gpd; te;j bka;f; fPh;j;jpfs; tk;r guk;giuia tphpj;Jf; TWfpd;wd.
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,ay; 7 X
beLtpdh
1. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s bka;f;fPh;j;jp ghlypd; eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

Kd;Diu:
ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s bka;f;fPh;j;jp ghly;/ nrhHehl;od; tsj;ija[k;.
kd;ddpd; rpwg;iga[k; eaKld; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
nrhH ehl;od; tsk;:
ehl;L tsk; kf;fs; tsk;
ahidfs; kl;Lk; gpdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd kf;fs; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
rpyk;g[fs; kl;Lk; g[yk;g[k; kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy
Xilfs; kl;Lk; fyf;fkila[k; kf;fs; fyf;fk; miltjpy;iy
kh=;fha; kl;Lk; tLg;gLk; kf;fs; tLg;gLtjpy;iy
kyh;fs; kl;Lk; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd kf;fs; chpik gwpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
fhLfs; kl;Lk; (bfhoatdha;) bfho kf;fs; bfhoatuha; ,y;iy
cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;
tz;Lfs; kl;Lk; fs;(njd;) cz;L ka=;Fk; kf;fs; fs; cz;gjpy;iy
kiy @=;fpy; kl;Lnk btWikaha; kf;fspilna btWik ,y;iy
,Uf;Fk;
taypy; bew;fjph;fs; kl;Lk; nghuhf nrhHehl;oy; nghh; ,y;iy
vGfpd;wd
ePz;l kiyfis ,Us; NH;e;jpUf;fpd;wd ehl;oy; tWik ,Us; ,y;iy
khd;fspd; fz;fs; kUs;fpd;wd kf;fs; fz;fspy; kUl;rpapy;iy
Fsj;J kPd;fs; gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd kf;fs; epiy gpwH;tjpy;iy
brtpypanu rpd=;bfhs;th; ntW ahUk; rpdk; bfhs;tjpy;iy
g[yth; ghl;oy; bghUs; kiwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ nrhHehl;oy; ahUk; bghUis
kiwg;gjpy;iy
,irg;ghznu bjUtpy; To Mog;ghLth; ntW ahUk; mt;thW
MLtjpy;iy
kd;ddpd; rpwg;g[k; bgUika[k; :
kd;dd; kf;fSf;F fhty; bja;tkhf jhahf je;ijahf ,Uf;fpwhd;. kfd;
,y;yhnjhh;f;F kfdhf ,Uf;fpwhd;. cyf caph;fSf;F capuhf/ tpHpahf/ bka;ahf/
g[fH; bgw;w E}yhf g[fH; midj;Jf;Fk; jiytdhf tps=;Ffpwhd;.
Kot[iu :
nrhH murdpd; bgUika[k; mtd; fhyj;jpy; ehL bgw;wpUe;j tsj;ija[k;
bka;f;fPh;j;jpg;ghly; tHpahf eak;gl ciuf;fpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bka;f;fPh;j;jpf;F Kd;ndhoaha;j; jpfGk; r=;f ,yf;fpag;ghly;fs;

m) g[wehD}W M) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
,) FWe;bjhif <) mfehD}W [tpil: M]
2. gy;yth; fy;btl;Lk;/ ghz;oah; brg;ngLk; Mfpa tHf;fnk nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; ________
vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ.
m) bka;f;fPh;j;jp M) bka;a[iu ,) E}y; <) brg;gk; [tpil: m]
______ ,e;jpud; Kjyhfj; jpirghyh; vl;L ngUk; XUtUk; bgw;wJnghy; Ml;rp
3.
bra;jtd;.
m) ,s+;nruyhjd; M) ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;
,) ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd; <) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; [tpil: M]
4. nrhHehl;oy; gpwH;e;bjhGFtJ
m) ,skhd;fs; M) ahidfs; ,) kf;fs; <) faw;Fyk; [tpil: <]
5. `fht[fns~ bfhoathapd ? ,jpy; `fht[~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) fhLfs; M) kiyf;Fif ,) fly;; <) ahidfs;[tpil: m]
6. `,aw;g[ytnu bghUs; itg;ghh;~ ?vjpy;;
m) ,y;yj;jpy; M) kd;wj;jpy;
,) bra;a[spy; <) rhd;nwhh; mitpay; [tpil: ,]
7. `Kfk; bgw;w gDtbyd;dt[k;~ ? gDty; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) bghUs; M) Kd;Diu ,) E}y; <) nfhy; [tpil: ,]
8. nfhg;gunfrhp/ jpUg[tdr;rf;futh;j;jp vd gl;l=;fs; bgw;wtd;
m) ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; M) Fnyhj;J=;fs;
,) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; <) tpf;fpuknrhHd; [tpil: m]
9. ahUila fhye;bjhl;L bka;f;fPh;j;jp fy;ypy; tof;fg;gl;lJ
m) gy;yth; M) ghz;oah;
,) Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; <) ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd; [tpil: ,]
10. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrdpd; bka;f;fPh;j;jpapd; thpfs;
m) 81; M) 91; ,) 101; <) 112 [tpil: M]
,ay; 7 X
11. mHpahj fy; ,yf;fpak; vdg; nghw;wg;gLtJ.

m) brg;ngL M) rpw;g=;fs;
,) Xtpak; <) bka;f;fPh;j;jp [tpil: <]
12. nrhHehl;oy; rpiwg;gLtd
m) kh M) tz;Lfs; ,) tUg[dy; <) fht[fs; [tpil: ,]
13. jprhghyh; _______ Mthh;.
m) mWth; M) vGth; ,) vz;kh; <) gjpd;kh; [tpil: ,]
14. bghUj;Jf.
1. gpzpg;g[ ? m) ePh;
2. g[dy; ? M) fl;Ljy;
3. fHdp ? ,) ,Us;
4. ik ? <) tay;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
15. bghUj;Jf.
1. Kfk; ? m) kiy
2. tiu ? M) brtpypj;jha;
3. ifj;jha; ? ,) E}y;
4. gDty; ? <) Kd;Diu
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. ahid ? m) g[yk;g[fpd;wd
2. rpyk;g[fs; ? M) gpzpf;fg;gLtd
3. Xilfs; ? ,) tLg;gLfpd;wd
4. kh=;fha;fs; ? <) fyf;fkilfpd;wd
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
17. bghUj;Jf.
1. kyh;fs; ? m) gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
2. fhLfs; ? M) njd; cz;Qfpd;wd
3. tz;Lfs; ? ,) bfhoad
4. kiy @=;fpy; ? <) cs;sPL ,d;wp btWik
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: <]
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18. bghUj;Jf.
1. bew;fjph;fs; ? m) ,Us; NH;e;jpUf;fpd;wd
2. kiyfs; ? M) kUs;fpd;wd
3. khd;fspd; fz;fs; ? ,) gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd
4. Fsj;J kPd;fs; ? <) nghuhf vGfpd;wd
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
19. bghUj;Jf.
1. brtpypj;jha; ? m) bghUs; bghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wJ.
2. g[yth; ghl;L ? M) bjUtpy; Mog;ghLgth;.
3. ,irg;ghzh; ? ,) gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd.
4. Fsj;J kPd;fs; ? <) rpd=;fhl;Lthh;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
20. brhw;bwhliu Kiwg;gLj;Jf.
m) fy;jr;rh;fshy; M) g[yth;fshy; vGjg;gl;L
,) bka;f;fPh;j;jpfs; <) fy;ypy; bghwpf;fg;gl;lit
m) ,?M?m?< M) M?m?,?<
,) m?,?<?M <) <?,?m?M [tpil: m]
21. bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) ahidfs; gpzpf;fg;gLk; ? kf;fs; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
M) rpyk;g[fs; g[yk;g[k; ? kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy
,) Xilfs; fyf;fkila[k; ? kf;fs; fyf;fkiltjpy;iy
<) Xilfs; milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy ? kf;fs; milf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;[tpil: <]
22. brg;gkhd totk; bgw;wJ/ fy;ypyf;fpakha; mike;jJ
m) fy;btl;L M) bka;f;fPh;j;jp ,) brg;ngL <) ,yf;fpak; [tpil: M]
23. je;ijapy;yhjtUf;Fj; je;ijahf ,Uf;fpd;wtd;
m) ,uhruhr nrhHd; M) xl;lf; Tj;jh; ,) gy;yth; <) nruh; [tpil: m]
24. jhapy;yhjtUf;Fj; jhahahf ,Uf;fpd;wtd;
25. kfdpy;yhjtUf;Fj; kfdhf ,Uf;fpd;wtd;
26. cyf caph;fSf;F vy;yhk; capuhf ,Uf;fpd;wtd;
,ay; 7 X
27. tpHp bgw;;w gadhft[k; bka; bgw;w mUshft[k; bkhHp bgw;w bghUshft[k; g[fH;bgw;w
E}yhft[k; jpfH;gtd;
28. g[fH; midj;jpw;Fk; jitdhdtd;
FWtpdh
1. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrdpd; gl;l=;fs; ahit>

nfhg;gunfrhp/ jpUg[tdr; rf;futh;j;jp MfpaitahFk;.
2. jprhghyh; vz;kh; ahth;> (my;yJ) jpirghyh; vl;L ngh; ahth;>
,e;jpud;/ mf;fpdp/ akd;/ epUjp/ tUzd;/ thaFngud;/ <rhdd; Mth;.
3. ,uhruhrdpd; ehl;oy; g[yk;g[tJk;/ milf;fg;gLtJk; vJ>

nrhHkd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; rpyk;g[fns g[yk;g[fpd;wd. kf;fs; vjid
epidj;Jk;Jd;g[w;W g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.

ePh; kl;Lnk njf;fp itf;Fk;bghUl;L milf;fg;gLk;. kf;fs; vjw;fhft[k;
rpiwg;gLj;jp milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
4. fhty;bewp g{z;L Mz;ltd; ,uhruhrd; vd;gij bka;f;fPh;j;jp vt;thW TWfpd;wJ>
je;ijapy;yhnjhUf;Fj; je;ijaha; ,Ue;jhd;.
jhapy;yhnjhUf;Fj; jhaha;j; jpfH;e;jhd;.
kfdpy;yhnjhUf;F kfdha; ,Ue;jhd;.
cyfpd; caph;fSf;bfy;yhk; capuhf ,Ue;J fhty; bewp. g{z;L Mz;lhd; vd;W
bka;f;fPh;j;jp nghw;WfpwJ.
5. ,uhruhrdpd; g[fH; gw;wp vGJf.
tpHp bgw;w gadhft[k;.
bka; bgw;w mUshft[k;.
bkhHp bgw;w bghUshft[k;.
g[fH; bgw;w E}y; nghYk; ? g[fH; midj;jpw;Fk; jiytdha; bgUika[w;W epd;whd;.
6. `goahidna gpzpg;g[ilad
tokzpr;rpyk;ng auw;Wtd~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPh;j;jp thpfs; czh;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; :
ahidfs; gpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
rpyk;g[fs; g[yk;g[fpd;wd.Mdhy; kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.
7. `bry;nyhilna fyf;Fz;gd
tUg[dny rpiwg;gLtd~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPh;j;jp thpfs; czh;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
Xilfs; kl;Lnk fyf;fkilfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; fyf;fkiltjpy;iy.
g[dy;(ePh;) kl;Lnk milf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; milf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
8. ìka[ilad beLtiuna
kUSilad ,skhd;fns~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPh;j;jp thpfs; czh;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>

ePz;l kiyia ,Us; NH;e;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ehl;oy; tWik ,Us;
,y;iy.
,skhd;fs; fz;fs; kUs;fpd;wd. kf;fs; fz;fspy; kUl;rp ,y;iy.
9. `faw;Fynk gpwH;e;bjhGFk;
ifj;jhanu foe;bjhWg;gh;~ ? ,k;bka;f;fPh;j;jp thpfs; czh;j;Jk; bghUs; ahJ>
Fsj;J kPd;fs; gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs; epiy gpwH;tjpy;iy.
brtpypj;jha; rpdk; fhl;Lthh;. Mdhy; ntW ahUk; rpdk; bfhs;tjpy;iy.
10. je;ijapy;nyhh;f;F je;ijahfpa[e; jhahpy;nyhh; jhauhfp ,Ug;gth; ahh;>
je;ijapy;yhjtUf;Fj; je;ijahft[k;/ jha; ,y;yhjtUf;Fj; jhahft[k;
,Ug;gth; ,uhruhr nrhHd; Mthh;.
11. ike;jhpy;nyhh;f;F ike;juhft[k; kd;Daph;f;Fapuhfpa[k; ,Ug;gth; ahh; >
kfd; ,y;yhjtUf;F kfdhft[k;/ cyf caph;fSf;F vy;yhk; capuhft[k;
,Ug;gth; ,uhruhr nrhHd; Mthh;.
rpWtpdh
1. bka;f;fPh;j;jp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

murh;fs; jk; tuyhWk;/ bgUika[k; fhyk; fle;Jk; epiyj;J epw;fr; bra;a[k; rhrdk;.
gy;yth; fy;btl;LfspYk;/ ghz;oah; brg;ngLfspYk; Kistpl;l ,t;tHf;fk;
nrhHh;fhyj;jpy; bka;f;fPh;j;jp vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ.
Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; fhye;bjhl;L bka;f;fPh;j;jpfs; fy;ypy; tof;fg;gl;ld.
bka;f;fPh;j;jp xU kd;dhpd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;g[/ ehl;L tsk;/ Mfpatw;iw xUnru
czh;j;Jtjhf cs;sJ.
2. ,uhruhr nrhHd; bka;f;fPh;j;jpapy; vtw;Wf;bfy;yhk; ctikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shd;>
je;ijapy;yhjtUf;Fj; je;ij  tpHp bgw;w gad;
jhapy;yhjtUf;Fj; jha;  bka; bgw;w mUs;
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 7 X
kfdpy;yhjtUf;F kfd;  bkhHp bgw;w bghUs;

cyf caph;fSf;F caph;  g[fH;bgw;w E}y;
? M
fpatw;Wf;bfy;yhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd; ctikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf bka;ff
; Phj
; j
; pfs;
@yk; mwpayhk;.
3. nrhH ehl;oy; ika[ilad/ kUSilad ahit>
ìk` vd;why; ,Us; vd;W bghUs;.
nrhHehl;od; kiyg;gFjpa[k; kiyf;FiffSnk ,Us; NH;e;J fhzg;gLtd.
kf;fs; jk; thH;tpy; tWik ,Us; NH;tjpy;iy.
`kUs;~ vd;gJ xUtpj gaczh;t[ MFk;.
mj;jF kUl;rp ,skhd;fspd; fz;fspy; kl;Lnk fhzg;gLk;. kf;fs; vjw;Fk;
kUl;rpailtjpy;iy.
4. `goahidna gpzpg;g[ilad
tokzpr;rpyk;ng auw;Wtd~ ?,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;Ljy; :
,uhruhr nrhHdpd; bka;f;fPh;j;jpg; gFjpapy; ,t;thpfs; ,lk;bgWfpd;wd.
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; ahidfs; gpzpf;fg;Lfpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs;
gpzpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rpyk;g[fs; g[yk;g[fpd;wd.Mdhy; kf;fs; g[yk;g[tjpy;iy.
5. ìka[ilad beLtiuna
kUilad ,skhd;fns~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;Ljy; :
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; ePz;l kiyia ,Us; NH;e;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;
ehl;oy; tWik ,Us; ,y;iy.,skhd;fs; fz;fs; kUs;fpd;wd.kf;fs; fz;fspy;
kUl;rp ,y;iy.
6. `faw;Fynk gpwH;e;bjhGFk;
ifj;jhanu foe;bjhWg;gh;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; Rl;Ljy; :
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
,uhruhr nrhHd; ehl;oy; Fsj;J kPd;fs; gpwH;e;J bry;fpd;wd. Mdhy; kf;fs;
epiy gpwH;tjpy;iy.brtpypj;jha; rpdk; fhl;Lthh;. Mdhy; ntW ahUk; rpdk;
bfhs;tjpy;iy.

rpyg;gjpfhuk;
7 ? ,s=;nfhtofs;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
E}y; Fwpg;g[:
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? rpyk;g[ + mjpfhuk;.
Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; xd;W.
Kjd;ikf;fhg;gpak;.
fz;zfpapd; fhy; rpyk;ghy; cUthd fijiaf; TWtJ.
@d;W fhz;lk; ? Kg;gJ fhij
g[fhh;f;fhz;lk; ? 10
kJiuf;fhz;lk; ? 13
t+;rpf;fhz;lk; ? 7
k=;fy thH;j;J fhij ? Kjy; ? tue;jU fhij <whf Kg;gJ fhij.
@d;W cz;ikfs;:
murpay; gpiHj;njhh;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;.
ciurhy; gj;;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; Vj;Jth;.
CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.
ntW bgah; ? Kj;jkpH; fhg;gpak;
? ehlff;fhg;gpak;
? Fo kf;fs; fhg;gpak;
? ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s;
? xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;
Mrphpah; Fwpg;g[:
bgah; : ,s=;nfhtofs;.
,aw;bgah; : (Flf;nfhr;nruy;)
bgw;nwhh; : ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; ? ew;nrhid
jikad; : nrud; br=;Fl;Ltd;
,ay; 7 X
Cu; : t+;rpkhefh; (nruehL)

fhyk; : fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
rkak;; : rkzk;
rkfhyg;g[yth; : rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;. (kzpnkfiyapd; Mrphpah;)
bgah;f;fhuzk; : murh; Foapy; gpwe;Jk; ,sikapny Jwt[ g{z;ljhy;
`,s=;nfh~ vdg;gl;lhh;.
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1.
ghrth;/ thrth;/ gy;epz tpiy+h;/ ckzh; rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; ,t;tzpfh;fs;
ahth;>
ghrth; ? btw;wpiy tpw;gth;fs;
thrth; ? eWkzg;bghUl;fis tpw;gth;fs;
gy;epztpiy+h; ? gy;tif ,iwr;rpfis tpiyTwp tpw;gth;fs;
ckzh; ? cg;g[ tpw;gth;
rpWtpdh
1. gfh;tdh; jphpjU efutPjpa[k;

gl;oDk; kaphpDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;
fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfh; ,Uf;ifa[k;
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;.
m) ,t;tofs; ,lk; bgw;w E}y; vJ>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
M) ghlypy; mike;j nkhidia vLj;J vGJf.
gfh;tdh;/ gl;oDk;
,) vJifr; brhw;fis mof;nfhoLf.
gl;oDk; kaphpDk;/ fl;L Ez;tpid
<) fhUfh; ? bghUs; jUf.
bea;gth; (berthsh;)
c) ,g;ghlyoapy; fhzg;gLk; eWkzg; bghUl;fs; ahit>
re;jdKk; mfpYk;.
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beLtpdh
1.
rpyg;gjpfhu kUt{h;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfis ,f;fhy tzpf tshf=;fnshLk;/
m=;fhofnshLk; xg;gpl;L vGJf.
kUt{h;g;ghf;fj;J tzpftPjpfspy; tz;zf;FHk;g[/ Rz;zg; bgho tpw;gJ nghy;
,d;iwa m=;fhofspYk;/ tzpf tshf=;fspYk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Fsph;r;rp bghUe;jpa re;jdk;/ g{ tiffs;/ CJtj;jp/ mfpy; nghd;w
eWkzg;bghUs;fSk; ,d;iwa tzpf tshfj;jpYk;/ fpilf;fpd;wd.
tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
bghd;/ kzp/ Kj;J/ gtsk; Mfpait kUt{h;g;ghf;f tPjpfspy; tpw;gid
bra;ag;gl;lJ. ,d;W tzpf tshfj;jpYk; eiff;filfspy; `bghd;/ kzp/ Kj;J/
gtsk;~ tpw;fg;gLfpwJ.
tzpf tPjpfspy; Ftpayhff; fple;jJ jhdpa tiffs;.
,d;W m=;fhofspy; jhdpa tiffis vilnghl;L bghl;ly=;fspy; fl;o
tpw;gid bra;fpd;wdh;.
kUt{h;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; cg;g[/ btw;wpiy/ eWkzg;bghUl;fs; tpw;gid
bra;ag;gl;lJ nghy;/ ,d;wia m=;fhofspYk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
btz;fyk;/ brk;g[g; ghj;jpuk;/ kug;bghUl;fs;. ,Uk;g[g; bghUl;fs; fpilj;jijg;
nghy/ ,d;iwa m=;fhofspYk tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
btz;fyk;/ brk;g[g; ghj;jpuk;/ kug;bghUl;fs;/ ,Uk;g[g; bghUl;fs; fpilj;jijg;
nghy/ ,d;iwa m=;fho/ tzpf tshf=;fspy; fpilg;gnjhL/ TLjyhf gy
etPdg; bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s (befpHp) bghUs;fs; etPd
my=;fhu=;fSld; fpilf;fpd;wd.
kUt{h;g;ghf;f tPjpfspy; bghw;bfhy;yh;/ ,uj;jpdntiy bra;gth;/ ijaw;fhuh;/
njhy;; bghUs; bra;gth;/ ijaw;fhuh;/ JzpahYk;/ fl;ilahYk; bghk;ik
bra;gth;fs; vd gyjpwg;gl;l iftpid+h;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.
mijg;nghynt/ ,d;iwa m=;fhofspYk;/ tzpf tshf=;fspYk; ,j;jF
iftpidf; fiy+h;fs;/ etPd bjhHpy; El;gj;Jld; bjhHpy; ty;nyhuha;
,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. mHF kpspUk; if?tpidg; bghUs;fis bra;J tpw;gida[k;
bra;fpd;wdh;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; ? vz;Qk;ik
gapy;bjhHpy; ? tpidj;bjhif
Ez;tpid ? gz;g[j;bjhif
gfUeh; ? tpidahyida[k; bgah;
brwpe;j ? bgabur;rk;
,ay; 7 X
ed;fyk; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
FHypDk; ahHpDk; ? vz;Qk;ik.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
ka=;fpa ? ka=;F + ,(d;) + a; + m Ftpj;j ? Ftp + j;; + j; +m
ka=;F ? gFjp `y;~ d; MdJ tpfhuk; Ftp ? gFjp
,d; ; ? ,we;fhy ,ilepiy j; ? re;jp
a; ? clk;gLbka; re;jp j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpLjp. m ? bgabur;rtpFjp.
mse;J ? ms + j (e;) + j; + c fhl;Lk; ? fhl;L + ck;
ms ? gFjp fhl;L ? gFjp
j; ; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; ck; ? bra;a[k; vd;Dk;
j; ; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy tha;ghl;L bgabur;r tpFjp.
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1 @nte;jh; gw;wpa bra;jpfisf; TWk; E}y;

m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpnkfiy
,) tisahgjp <) Fz;lynfrp [tpil: m]
2. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fhz;l=;fs;
m) Ie;J M) VG ,) @d;W <) xd;gJ [tpil: ,]
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhijfs;
m) 30 M) 27 ,) 33; <) 36 [tpil: m]
4. `mofs; ePnu mUSf~ vd;w ,s=;nfhit ntz;of; bfhz;lth;
m) fk;gh;; M) fgpyh;
,) jpUj;jf;fnjth; <) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; [tpil: <]
5. rpyg;gjpfhuj;njhL bjhlh;g[ila fhg;gpak;
m) kzpnkfiy M) Nshkzp ,) tisahgjp <) ePynfrp [tpil: m]
6. ehl;LtJk; ahnkhh; ghl;Lilr;bra;a[s; vd;wth;
m) ghujpahh; M) fk;gh;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) ckWg;g[yth; [tpil: ,]
7. kzpnkfiyapd; Mrphpah;
m) ,s=;nfh M) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;
,) jpUj;jf;fnjth; <) g[j;jkpj;jpuh; [tpil: M]
8. ,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij mike;j fhz;lk;
m) g[fhh;f;fhz;lk; M) kJiuf;fhz;lk;
,) t+;rpf;fhz;lk; <) ghyfhz;lk; [tpil: m]
9. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; bgUk; gphpt[
m) ghfk; M) m=;fk; ,) fhz;lk; <) fhij [tpil: ,]
10. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; cl;gphpt[
m) glyk; M) rUf;fk;; ,) fhij <) fhl;rp [tpil: ,]
11. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; jkpH; eil
m) ciug;ghl;L kil M) ciueil
,) trdeil <) bra;a[s; eil [tpil m]
12. ngRk; bkhHpapd; Xl;lk; vd;gJ
m) bkhHp M) ciu ,) fhij <) fhl;rp [tpil: <]
13. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpnkfiya[k; ________ MFk;.
m) ,izfhg;gpak; M) Kjw;fhg;gpak;
,) gpidfhg;gpak; <) ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak; [tpil: <]
14. fz;zfpa[k; nfhtyDk; brd;W mile;j Ch;
m) jpUj;jzp M) jpUtu=;fk;
,) ciwa{h; <) bfhLk;ghAh; [tpil: <]
15. ,s=;nfhtofs; ve;j ehl;ilr; nrh;e;jth;>
m) nru M) nrhH ,) ghz;oa <) gy;yt [tpil: m]
16. mHfh; kiy vd;gJ
m) jpUtu=;fk; M) jpUkhy;Fd;wk;
,) ntytd;Fd;wk; <) khy;Fd;wk; [tpil: M]
17. nfhtyida[k; fz;zfpiaa[k; miHj;Jr; brd;wth;
m) ft[e;jpaofs; M) khjhp
,) khjtp <) Mah;Fyg;bgz; [tpil: m]
18. fztid ,He;j fz;zfp brd;W mile;j ,lk;
m) itiff;fiu M) nt=;iff;fhdy;
,) mHfh;kiy <) ciwa{h; [tpil: M]
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 7 X
19. bgU=;Fzj;Jf; fhjyhs; ahh;>

m) fz;zfp M) khjtp
,) khjhp <) kzpnkfiy [tpil: m]
20. brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; bghUj;Jf.
m) J}R ? 1. bry;tk;
M) Jfph; ? 2. gl;L
,) btWf;if ? 3. tpiy
<) behil ? 4. gtsk;
m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 ,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m]
21. kUt{h;g;ghf;fk; mike;j efuk; ____________ MFk;
m) g[fhh; M) kJiu ,) t+;rp <) g[Jit [tpil: m]
22. kz;zPl;lhsh; vdf; Fwpf;fg; bgWgth;
m) Xtpah; M) tzpfh; ,) rpw;gp <) rhypah; [tpil: m]
23. Ttk; Ftpj;j ? ,jpy; `Ttk;~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) jhdpak; M) Fg;ig ,) gHk; <) njhy; [tpil: m]
24. fs; tpw;gth; ahh;>
m) gujth; M) ckzh;
,) ghrth; <) tiyr;rpah; [tpil: <]
25. bghUj;Jf.
1. kz;Qs; tpid+h; ? m) rpw;gp
2. kz;zPl;lhsh; ? M) Xtpah;
3. fpHp ? ,) bjhHpy;
4. tpid ? <) Jzp
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
26. brhy;Yk; bghUSk; bghUe;jhj brhy; vJ>
m) Rz;zk; ? eWkzg;bgho M) fhUfh; ? bea;gth;
,) J}R ? gl;L <) Jfph; ? Kj;J [tpil: <]
27. brhy;Yk; bghUSk; rhpahfg; bghUe;jpa brhy; vJ>
m) Rz;zk; ?bea;gth; M) fhUfh; ?gtsk;
,) J}R ?gl;L <) Jfph; ?eWkzg;bgho [tpil: ,]
28. brhy;Yk; bghUSk; rhpahfg; bghUe;jpa brhy; vJ>
m) btWf;if ?bry;tk M) behil ?vz;bza; tpw;nghh;
,) ghrth; ?tpiy <) XReh; ?btw;wpiy tpw;nghh; [tpil: m]
29.
`gUj;jp E}ypDk; fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfh; ,Uf;ifa[k;~ ,t;tofspy; `bea;gth;~
vd;gijr; Rl;Lk; brhy;
m) bea;gth; M) Ez;tpid ,) rpw;gp <) Xtpah; [tpil: ,]
30. `mU=;fiy btWf;ifnahL mse;J fil mwpah~ ,t;tofspy; `btWf;if~ vd;gijr;
Rl;Lk; brhy;
m) Jzp M) gtsk; ,) gl;L <) bry;tk; [tpil: <]
31. `XReh; brwpe;j Cd;kyp ,Uf;if~ ,t;tofspy; `XReh;~ vd;gijr; Rl;Lk; brhy;
m) vz;bza; tpw;nghh; M) btw;wpiy tpw;nghh;
,) rpw;gp <) Jzp tpw;nghh; [tpil: m]
32. `kz;Qs; tpid+Uk; kz;zPl;L MsUk;~ ,t;tofspy; `kz;Qs;~ vd;gijr; Rl;Lk;
brhy;
m) rpw;gp M) Xtpah; ,) rhypah; <) bry;tk; [tpil: M]
33. `tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; jz;eW+; rhe;jKk;~ ,t;tofspy; mike;j eak;
m) vJif M) nkhid ,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ tisahgjp/ Fz;lynfrp.
2. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhz;l=;fs;/ fhijfs; Fwpg;gLf.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhz;l=;fs; @d;W/ fhij Kg;gJ MFk;. mit:
g[fhh;f;fhz;lk; ? 10
kJiuf;fhz;lk; ? 13
t+;rpf;fhz;lk; ? 7
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ntWbgah;fs; ahit>
Kjy;fhg;gpak;/ Kj;jkpH;f;fhg;gpak;/ Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;/ xw;Wikf;fhg;gpak; ?
ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s;.
4. ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s; tpsf;Ff.
ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lil vd;gJ `ciug;ghl;L kil~ vd;Dk; jkpH;eil.
,J rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; bgWfpwJ.
ciueilg;gh=;fpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ghl;L vd;gJ bghUshFk;.
5. `f+;rfhuUk; brk;g[ bra;FeUk; kuk; bfhy; jr;rUk; fU=;iff; bfhy;yUk;~
,t;to mike;j E}y; vJ>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
,ay; 7 X
,t;to mike;j fhij vJ>

,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij.
fU=;iff; bfhy;yh; vdg;gLth; ahh;>
,Uk;g[f; bfhy;yh;.
,t;toapy; mike;j bjhil vJ>
,iag[j; bjhil/ bra;FeUk; bfhy;yUk;.
6. VG ,irfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Fuy;/ Jj;jk;/ iff;fpis/ ciH/ fpsp/ tpshp/ jhuk; MfpaitahFk;.
7. kUt{u;g;ghf;f tPjpapy; ,Ue;j iftpidj; bjhHpy; ty;Yeh;fs; ahth;>
brg;g[g; ghj;jpuk; bra;nthh;/ kuj;jr;rh;/ ,Uk;g[f;bfhy;yh;/ Xtpah;/ bghw;bfhy;yh; ?
ijaw;fhuh;/ njhy; bghUs; ijg;gth; ? Mfpnahh;.
8. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuKk;/ kzpnkfiya[k;/ ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak; MFk;.
fhyj;jhYk;/ fijj; bjhlh;ghYk; bjhlh;g[ilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.
9.
kUt{h;g;ghf;fk; gw;wpa bra;jp ,lk; bgWk; rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhz;lk; kw;Wk; fhij
vitbadr; Rl;Lf.
kJiuf; fhz;lk;/ ,e;jputpHh CbuLj;j fhij.
10. `Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;~ bjhlh; bghUs; TWf.
kUt{h;g;ghf;fj;jpy; vl;L tifj; jhdpa=;fSk; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; Tyf;filj; bjUf;fs;
cs;sd.
11. `FHypDk; ahHpDk; Fuy;Kjy; VGk;tGtpd;wp ,irj;J~ ,t;tofspy; Rl;Lk; Fuy;
Kjyhd VHpirfs; ahit>
Fuy;/ Jj;jk;/ iff;fpis/ ciH/ ,sp/ tpshp/ jhuk;/
12. VG Ru=;fisr; Rl;Lf.
!/ up/ f/ k/ g/ j/ ep
13. ed;fyk; jUeh; ? vd;W vtiur; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;LfpwJ>
,uj;jpdk; Kjyhd mzpfyd;fs; ntiy bra;gth;.
14. `gl;oDk; kaphpDk; gUj;jp E}ypDk;
fl;L Ez;tpidf; fhUfh; ,Uf;ifa[k;~ ,t;tofspy; ,s=;nfhtofs; g[yg;gLj;Jk;
fUj;jpid vGJf.
kUt{h;g;ghf;fj;jpy; gl;L/ gUj;jp E}y;/ Ko ,tw;iwf; bfhz;L mHfhfg;
gpd;dpf; fl;Lk; ifj;bjhHpy; ty;Yeuhd berthsh; thGk; tPjpfSk; cs;sd.
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15. `kPd;tpiyg; gujth;/ bts;cg;g[g; gfUeh;~ ? ,t;tofspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;Lk; bra;jp

ahJ>
kPd;tpiyg; gujth; ?kPd;fis tpw;gid bra;a[k; bea;jy; epy gujth;
bts;cg;g[g; gfUeh; ? btz;ikahd cg;g[ tpw;Fk; ckzh;
Rl;Lk; bra;jp :
kPd;fis tpw;gid bra;a[k; bea;jy; epy gujth; kw;Wk; btz;ikahd cg;g[
tpw;Fk; ckzh;kUt{h;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; tzpfk; bra;fpd;wdh;.
rpWtpdh
1. `ghy;tif bjhpe;j gFjpg; ghz;lbkhL

Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; Rl;ly; :
rpyg;gjpfhuk; g[fhh;f; fhz;lj;jpy; ,e;jpu tpHh CbuLj;j fhijapy; kUt{h;g;ghf;fj;
bjUf;fspy; eilbgw;w tzpfk; gw;wpf; TWkplj;jpy; ,t;thpfs; ,lk; bgWfpd;wd.
bghUs; tpsf;fk; :
kUt{h;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; gyg;gy gz;l=;fspd;(bghUl;fspd;) tpw;gid
eilbgWfpd;wJ.vl;Ltifj; jhdpa=;fSk; Ftpe;J fplf;Fk; Tyj;bjUf;fSk;
cs;sd.
2. kUt{h;g;ghf;fj; bjUf;fspy; vt;btt; kzg;bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;Jbfhz;L
,Ue;jdh;>
g[fhh; efu kUt{h;g;ghf;f tzpf tPjpfspy; :
tz;zf;FHk;g[/ Rz;zg;bgho/ Fsph;e;j kzr;rhe;J/ g{/ eWkzg;bghUs;fs;/
mfpy; ? Kjyhd kzg;bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;Jbfhz;L ,Ue;jdh;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; kUt{h;g;ghf;fk; gw;wpa tpthpg;ig ,d;iwa filj; bjUt[ld;

xg;gpl;L ciuahLf.
ciuahly;
khzth;fns- kUt{h;g;ghf;f tzpf tpjpfs; gw;wpf; fw;nwhk; my;yth- mij kdjpy;
bfhz;L ,d;iwa fil tPjpfnshL xg;gpl;L ciuahlyhkh>
rpw;g=;fs;/ Xtpa=;fs; Mfpatw;iw xspg;gl=;fshfr; nrfhpj;J. tuyhw;Wf;
Fwpg;nglhf itj;Jf; bfhs;S=;fs;.
,ay; 7 X
ciuahLgth;fs;:kjd;/ Rjd;/ ckh.

Rjd;/ ckh vg;go ,Uf;fpwPh;.
kjd; :
,UtUk; : ed;whf ,Uf;fpnwhk;-
,UtUk; tpLKiwf;F v=;fhtJ brd;wPh;fsh>
kjd; :
ehd; brd;id brd;nwd; kjd;.
ckh :
ehd; kJiuf;Fg; nghndd;.
Rjd; :
ehDk; jpUr;rpf;Fr; brd;W ,Ue;njd;.
kjd; :
Rjd; ehd; kJiuf;Fg; nghdnghJ m=;F `khy;~ vd;W brhy;yg;gLk; tzpf
:
tshfj;Jf;Fr; brd;wpapUe;njd;.
brd;idapYk; bghpa bghpa tzpf tshf=;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
ckh :
kjd; ehDk; jhd; brd;nwd;. mtw;iwbay;yhk; ghh;f;Fk; nghJ Vndh- vd;
:
kdjpy; ehk; ghlj;jpy; gapd;W bjhpe;J bfhz;l kUt{h;ghf;f tzpf
tPjpfspd; fhl;rp vd; kdjpy; te;J nghdJ.
Rjd; Mkhlh....... tzpf tPjpfspy; vy;yhg; bghUs;fSk; fpilj;jJ nghy;
:
,=;Fk; fpilf;fpwJ.
ckh kUt{h;g;ghf;f tPjpia tpl ,=;F MuhtuKk;/ my=;fhuKk; mjpfkhf
:
cs;sJ.
kjd; m=;F cw;gj;jpahsnu bghUisf; bfhz;L te;J tpw;ghh;. ,]=;F
:
KjyPl;lhsh;fs; ,ilj;jufh; @yk; th=;fp te;J tpw;gidahsiu
itj;J tpw;fpd;wdh;.
Rjd; me;jf; fhyj;jpy; xt;bthU bghUSf;Fk; epahakhd tpiy/ gz;lkhw;W
:
Kiw ,Ue;jJ.
ckh jhdpa=;fs; Ftpj;J itj;J mse;J bfhLj;jdh;. Mdhy;. ,e;j
:
tshf=;fspYk;/ m=;fhofspYk; tz;zf; fhfpj=;fspy; Vw;fdnt
fl;oitj;J mLf;fp itj;Js;shh;fs;. ehk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;s
ntz;oaJjhd;.
kjd; @d;W Ch;fspYk; bghJthd Kiwapy; xU tpw;gid Kiw ,Ue;jij
:
ahUk; czh;e;jPh;fsh.....
bghJthd tpw;gid Kiwah...... vd;dlh mJ.
Rjd; :
vdf;Fj; bjhpe;J tpl;lJ. eilghij filfisj;jhnd brhy;fpwha;.
ckh :
kjd; Mkh ckh.... xt;bthU filj;bjUtpYk; fz;izf; ftUk; gykhof;
:
fl;ol=;fs;/ my=;fhu tpsf;Ffs; mikj;J gy; bghUs; m=;fhofs;
,Ug;gpDk; mnj bghUs;fis eilghijfspy; itj;J rpWFW
tpahghhpfs;/ tptrhapfs; j=;fs; cw;gj;jpg;bghUis tpw;wy; Mfpa
fhl;rpfisa[k; fhz Koe;jJ jhnd.....
Mk; kjd;- eilghijf; filfspYk; jukhd bghUs; fpilf;Fk; vd;W

,UtUk; :
vd; mk;kh mof;fo brhy;thh;fs;.
xUtUf;bfhUth;
@tUk; : ...... neukhfptpl;lJ ngha; tuyhkh..... vd;W
tpilbgw;wdh;.

,ay; ehL tphpthdk;
k=;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf
7
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. epfH;t[fisj; bjhFj;J mwpf;if vGJf.

kfsph; ehs; tpHh
,lk; : gs;spf;fiuau=;fk;. ehs; : 08.03.2019
fiyau=;fj;jpy; Mrphpah;fs;/ khzth;fs; TLjy; ? jiyikahrphpahpd;
tuntw;g[ ? ,jHhsh; fiyaurpapd; rpwg;g[iu ? Mrphpah;fspd; thH;j;Jiu
? khztj; jiythpd; ed;wpa[iu
kfsph; ehs; tpHh
vk;gs;spf; fiyau=;fpy; 08.08.2019 md;W kfsph; ehs; tpHh eilbgw;wJ.
mt;tpHhtpidg; gw;wpa mwpf;ifahtJ.
tpHh ehs; : 08.03.2019
,lk; : gs;spf;fiuau=;fk;.
khzth;/ Mrphpah; TLjy;:

vk;gs;sp md;WtpHhf; nfhyk; g{z;oUe;J. rhpahf khiy 3.30 kzp mstpy;
tpHh epfH;tplkhd gs;spf; fiyau=;fpw;Fs; khzth;fs;/ Mrphpah;fs;/ bgw;nwhh;fs;
kfpH;t[ld; te;J mkh;e;jdh;. rhpahf 4.00 kzpf;F rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdh; ,jHhsh; fiyaurp
tUif g[hpe;jhh;. khzth;fs; Mrphpah;fs; kfpH;t[ld; Muthuk; bra;J ifjl;o rpwg;g[
tpUe;jpdh; mth;fis tuntw;wdh;.
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 7 X

jiyikahrphpahpd; tuntw;g[:
,jHpay; Jiwapy; gl;lk; bgw;W. gl;lg;gog;g[ld; mr;Rj;Jiwapy; KJfiya[k;
gapd;W/ ehspjH; thu,jH; gog;gth;fspd; kdjpy; eP=;fh ,lk; gpoj;jpUf;Fk; ,jHhsh;
jpUkjp. fiyaurp mth;fs; jhd; gzpg[hpa[k; ,jHpy; bra;jpfis btspapLtJ/
rKjhatpHpg; g[zh;it Vw;gLj;Jk; fl;Liu vGJtJ/ FHe;ijfSf;fhd gFjpfis
totikg;gJ. nfypr;rpj;jpuk; thapyhf r@f mty=;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;o tpHpg;g[zh;t[
Vw;gLj;JtJ vd ,jHpay; Jiwapy; gd;Kfj; jpwik bgw;wth;. `fdy;~ vd;Dk;
ehspjHpd; Mrphpauhft[k; `Rlh;~ vd;Dk; thu ,jHpd; Mrphpauhft[k; gzpahw;wp. kf;fspd;
kdf; fz; jpwf;Fk; kfj;jhd gzpg[hpa[k; fiyaurpia tuntw;gjpy; bgUkfpH;r;rp
milfpnwd; vd;W jiyikahrphpah; brwpthd tuntw;g[iu epfH;j;jpdh;.
,jHhshpd; rpwg;g[iu:
`
fhhpUs; mfj;jpy; fjpbuhsp gha;r;RtJk;/ Japy;gth;fs; be+;rpy; vGr;rpia
Vw;gLj;JtJk;~ ,jH;fns vd;why; kpifapy;iy.
gl;l=;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;l=;fs; bra;tJk; ghhpdpy; bgz;fshy; ,aYk; vd;gij
kfhftp ekf;F xU Cf;f rf;jpahf je;J brd;wpUf;fpwhh;.
,g;gs;spapy; khzth;fistpl khztpfns mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;fpwPh;fs;
vd;gJ ghh;j;jhny g[hpfpwJ.
bgz;fns c=;fSf;F KGikahd fy;tp fl;lhak; njit. ve;j xU
fhuzj;jpw;fhft[k; c=;fs; fy;tpia tpl;Lf; bfhLf;fhjPh;fs;.
`fy;tpapy;yh bgz; fsh; epyk;~ vd;whh; g[ul;rpf;ftp.
ehk; fsh;epykhf gadw;Wg; nghf gpwf;ftpy;iy.
èpkph;e;j ed;dila[k;
neh;bfhz;l ghh;ita[k;
ahh;f;Fk; m+;rhky; ,Ug;gJ
+hdr; brUf;Fk; cilath;fsha;/ g[jpa cyfk; gilf;Fk; typik
bghUe;jpath;fsha; gpwe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. vdnt ed;F goa[=;fs;" g[jpa rKjhak;
gila[=;fs;" g[Jikg; bgz;zpd; kfpH;t[ fz;L ,k;kz;QyF tpaf;fl;Lk;
vd;W rpwg;g[iuahw;wpdhh;.
ed;wpa[iu:
epiwthf gs;spapd; khztj;jiyth; `nkhfdh~ ed;wp Twpdhh;.
miHg;gpw;fpz=;fp tUifje;j rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdUf;Fk;/ mtiu miHj;J te;J
tpHhtpid Vw;ghL bra;j jiyikahrphpaUf;Fk;/ cld; xj;JiHj;j Mrphpag;
bgUkf;fSf;Fk;/ bgw;nwhh;fSf;Fk;/ mikjp fhj;j khzt ez;gh;fSf;Fk; ed;wp
Twpdhs;.
kfsph; ehs; tpHhtpy; g[jpa cWjp bkhHpa[k; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
epiwthf ehl;Lg;gz;Qld; tpHh ,dpjhf epiwntwpaJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; njh;f.

m) ghyruRtjp ? kPuh M) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp ? kfnrnr
,) uh$k; fpU&;zd; ? ntUf;F ePH; <) rpd;dg;gps;is ? fs+;rpak; [tpil: m]
2. 1954?y; jhkiuazp tpUJ bgw;wth;.
m) rpd;dg;gps;is M) ghyruRtjp
,) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp <) uh$k; fpU&;zd; [tpil: ,]
3. vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkpiaj; bjhl;Lj; jltpg; ghuhl;oath;
m) rnuh$pdp eha[L M) fkyhneU
,) b\yd; bfy;yh; <) kPuh [tpil: ,]
4. bt=;fnlr Rg;ughjk; jpUg;gjpapy; xypf;fj; bjhl=;fpa Mz;L
m) 1966 M) 1963 ,) 1971; <) 1976 [tpil: m]
5. ,irf;Ff; fpilj;j kFlk; vdg; nghw;wg;gl;l tpUJ.
m) nehghy; ghpR M) jhkiutpUJ
,) kfnrnr tpUJ <) ,e;jpakhkzp tpUJ. [tpil: ,]
6. rupahd Tw;Wfisj; njh;e;bjL.
m) vk;.v!;. mth;fs; 1966y; I.eh mitapy; ghodhh;.
M) rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w Kjy ;bgz; vGj;jhsh; rpd;dg;gps;is
,) fhe;jp mikjp tpUJ bgw;wth; fpU&;zk;khs;
m) Tw;Wfs; @d;Wk; rhpahdit. M) Tw;W M kl;Lk; rhp.
,) Tw;Wfs; m/ , rhpahdit. <) Tw;Wfs; M/ , rhpahdit [tpil: ,]
7. bghUj;Jf.
bgz;fs; tpUJ
m) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp ? 1. jhkiur; brt;tzptpUJ
M) ghyruRtjp ? 2. thH;t[hpik tpUJ
,) uh$k; fpU&;zd ? 3. ,e;jpakhkzp
<) fpU&;zk;khs; ? 4. rhfpj;a mfhbjkp
m) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 ,) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: M]
8. fpU&;zk;khSf;F `thH;t[hpik tpUJ~ tH=;fpa ehL.
m) Rtpl;rh;yhe;J M) RtPld; ,) jha;yhe;J <) knyrpah [tpil: M]
,ay; 7 X
10. gLfh; ,dkf;fspd; thH;tpay; khw;wj;ijg; ngRk; g[jpdk;

m) fhpg;g[kzpfs; M) ntUf;FePh;
,) nrw;W kdpjh;fs; <) Fwp+;rpj;njd; [tpil: <]
11. `g{jhd ,af;fj;jpy;~ gzpg[hpe;jth;
m) rpd;dg;gps;is M) fpU&;zk;khs;
,) uh$k; fpU&;zd; <) ghyruRtjp [tpil: M]
12. r@f mty=;fis cw;W nehf;fp vGj;jpd; tHpahf cyFf;Ff; fhl;oath;.
m) uh$k;fpU&;zd; M) fpU&;zk;khs;
,) ghyruRtjp <) vk;.v!;.Rg;g[yl;rkp [tpil: m]
13. `fs+;rpak;~ kfsph; FG Kjd; Kjypy; Muk;gpj;jth;.
m) rpd;dg;ghg;gh M) rpd;dj;Jiu
,) rpd;dg;gps;is <) ruRtjp [tpil: ,]
14. `cGgtUf;nf epy chpik ,af;fk;~ bjhl=;fpath;
m) uh$k;fpU&;zd; M) fpU&;zk;khs;
,) ghyruRtjp <) vk;.v!;.Rg;g[yl;rkp [tpil: M]
15. vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;rkpia gpugyg;gLj;jpa ghly;
m) Rg;ughjk; M) fhw;wpdpny tUk; fPjk;
,) ,uFgjp uhftuh$huhk;. <) kPuh gw;wpa ghly; [tpil: M]
16. ghyruRtjpapd; ehl;oaf; fr;nrhpiag; g[fH;e;jth;
m) gz;ol; neU M) fhe;jp
,) gz;ol; ,utpr=;fh; <) ,af;Feh; ,utpf;Fkhh; [tpil: ,]
17. `fhe;jp mikjp tpUij~ fpU&;zk;khSf;F tH=;fpa ehL.
m) ,e;jpah M) Rtpl;rh;yhe;J ,) rp=;fg;g{h; <) RtPld; [tpil: M]
FWtpdh
1. vk;.v!; Rg;g[yl;Rkpapd; ,iriag; ghuhl;onahh; ahth;>

$t\h;yhy; neU
rnuh$pdp eha[L
fhe;jpaofs;
b\yd; bfy;yh; ? Mth;
2. uh$k;fpU&;zdpd; g[fH;bgw;w r@f ehty;fisg; gl;oaypLf.
fhpg;g[ kzpfs;
Fwp+;rpj;njd;
www.nammakalvi.org
miytha;f; fiuapy;
nrw;wpy; kdpjh;fs;
ntUf;F ePh; ? MfpaitahFk;
3. vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp jd; ,irj;jpwid vk;bkhHpfspbyy;yhk; btspg;gLj;jpdhh;-
jkpH; bjY=;F/ rk!;fpUjk;/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk;/ ,e;jp/ kuhj;jp/ F$uhj;jp Mfpa
,e;jpa bkhHpfspy; ghoa[s;shh;. M=;fpyj;jpYk; ghoa[s;shh;.
4. fpU&;zk;khs; fsg;gzpg[hpe;j ,af;f=;fs; ahit>
xj;JiHahik ,af;fk;
rl;lkWg;g[ ,af;fk;
bts;isand btspnaW ,af;fk;
g{jhd ,af;fk;
cGtUf;nf epy chpik ,af;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; gzpg[hpe;jhh;.
5. fs+;rpak; kfsph; FG@yk; bra;ag;gl;l gzpfs; ahit>
tptrha epyj;ij Fj;jiff;F vLj;jy;
Typntiyf;F Ml;fisr; nrh;j;jy;
mth;fs; @yk; elt[/ fisbaLg;g[/ mWtil ntiyfisr; bra;jy;
Typia rhprkkhfg; gphpj;Jf; bfhLj;jy;.
tajhdth;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F cjt[jy; MfpaitahFk;.
6. kfsph; FG@yk; bra;ag;gl;l gzpfs; ahit>
tptrha epyj;ij Fj;jiff;F vLj;jy;
Typntiyf;F Ml;fisr; nrh;j;jy;
mth;fs; @yk; elt[/ fisbaLg;g[/ mWtil ntiyfisr; bra;jy;
Typia rhprkkhfg; gphpj;Jf; bfhLj;jy;.
tajhdth;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F cjt[jy; MfpaitahFk;.
1. c=;fs; Chpy; fod ciHg;ghsh; ? rpwg;g[kpf;fth; ? nghw;wj;jf;fth; ? vd;w epiyfspy;

eP=;fs; fUJfpd;w bgz;fs; bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J tH=;Ff.
fod ciHg;ghsh; (khiyapy; g{ tpw;gth; tPl;L ntiy bra;gth;)
v=;fs; Chpy; tpkyh vd;bwhU bgz;kzp ,Ue;jhh;. mth; fy;tpahsnuh/
vGj;jhsnuh/ nghuhl;lf;fhunuh my;yh;. fod ciHg;ghsh;.
,ay; 7 X
vt;thbwdpy;/ jpUkzkhd ehs; Kjy; fztuhy; gy ,d;dy;fisj;

Jd;g=;fis mDgtpj;njhL/ ,sk;tajpny tpjita[khfp r@f mtyj;Jf;Fk;/
cs;shdhh;.
Jd;g=;fisg; bgw;w mth; `Jd;gk;~ Jilj;J}d;Wk; J}zhf khwpdhh;.
ciHg;ig kl;Lk; @yjdkhff; bfhz;lhh;. ciHg;igna caph; @r;rha;
khw;wpdhh;. tPl;L ntiy Kjy; fpilf;Fk; ntiyfis vy;yhk; bra;J. jd;
gps;isfspd; fy;tpf; fz;fisj; jpwe;jhh;.
xU FHe;ijia kUj;Jtuhft[k; kw;bwhU FHe;ijiag; bghwpahsuhft[k;
khw;wpa tpkyh ciHg;gpd; ,yf;fzkhfj; jpfH;e;jhh;.
nghw;wj;jf;fth;
vk; Chpy; bgz; kUj;Jth; xUth; ,Uf;fpwhh;. mth; bgah; kufjk;/ tWik vd;Dk;
,Us; NH;e;j NHypYk; fy;tp btspr;rj;jhy; thH;tpd; fiufz;L nghw;wj;jf;fth;.
jd; kUj;Jtg; gzpia khjk; xUKiw Cjpak; ,d;wp ViH. vspa kf;fSf;fhfr;
bra;J tUfpwhh;.
jhd; trpf;Fk; efiur; Rw;wpa[s;s gj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l fpuhk=;fisj; jj;bjLj;J
kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf kUj;Jt cjtpfis bra;J tUtnjhL/ tpHhf; fhy=;fspy;
mf;fpuhk=;fspy; md;d jhd=;fisa[k; t!;jpuj;jhd=;fisa[k; gy;yhz;Lfshfj;
bjhlh;e;J bra;J tUk; kUj;Jth;. kufjk; mth;fs; bgz;zpdj;jpy; nghw;wj;jf;f
rpwg;g[ilath; vdpy; kpifahfhJ.
mtuJ nritiag;ghuhl;o/ r@f mikg;g[fs;/ gy tpUJfisa[k; tH=;fp cs;sd.

,ay; ehL fw;fz;L
g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk;
7
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ,U ehl;L murh;fSk; Jk;igg; g{itr;Nog; nghhpLtjd; fhuzk;

m) ehl;ilf;ifg;gw;wy; M) Mepiufth;jy;
,) typikia epiyehl;ly; <) nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifaply; [tpil: ,]
FWtpdh
1. g[wj;jpizfspy; vjpbujph;j; jpizfisml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

m) btl;rpj;jpiz epiu fth;jy;
fue;ijj;jpiz epiu kPl;ly;
M) t+;rpj;jpiz t+;rpg;g{ No nghUf;Fr; bry;Yjy;
fh+;rpj;jpiz fh+;rpg;g{ No vjph;j;Jg; nghhply;
,) behr;rpj;jpiz nfhl;iliaf; fhf;f cs;spUe;J nghhpLjy;
cHpi+j;jpiz nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;w Rw;wp tisj;jy;.
<) Jk;igj; jpiz typikia epiyehl;l fsk; Fwpj;Jg; nghhpLjy;
thifj;jpiz nghhpy; btw;wp bgw;wtd; thif No kfpH;jy;
nghiu kl;Lk; brhy;yhJ kd;ddpd;
c) ghlhz;jpiz
nguhz;ikfisg; ghLtJ
g[wj;jpizfspy; bghJthdtw;iwa[k;/ mtw;Ws;
bghJtpay;
Twg;glhjdtw;iwa[k; TWtJ.
C) iff;fpis bgUe;jpiz xUjiyf;fhkk;
bgUe;jpiz bghUe;jhf;fhkk;
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 7 X
rpWtpdh
1. mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; kUjehl;L kd;dDld; nghh;g[hpe;J me;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w

epidf;fpwhd;. mg;nghh; epfH;itg; g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzj;jpd;
tHp tpsf;Ff.
,e;epfH;t[f;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpiz `t+;rpj;jpiz~ MFk;.
kz;zhir fhuzkhfg; gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjp t+;rpg;g{itr; Nog;
nghUf;Fr; bry;tJ t+;rpj;jpizahFk;.

mte;jp ehl;Lkd;dd;/ kUj ehl;L kd;dDld; gifbfhz;L nghh; g[hpe;J
kUj ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w epidg;gjhy; ,e;epfH;t[ `t+;rpj;jpizf;Fg;~ bghUe;jp
tUfpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. g[wk; gw;wpa bewpfisf; TWtJ

m) g[wj;jpiz M) g[wehD}W ,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) ghpghly; [tpil: m]
2. g[wj;jpizfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) xd;gJ M) gjpbdhd;W ,) gd;dpuz;L <) gjp@d;W [tpil: ,]]
3. btl;rpg; g{ ,d;W vt;thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) ky;ypifg;g{ M) ,l;ypg;g{ ,) r=;Fg;g{ <) cd;dpg;g{[tpil: M]
4. xU jiyf;fhkj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; jpiz
m) bgUe;jpiz M) bghJtpay;
,) iff;fpis <) bfhilia [tpil: ,]
5. `thif~ vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;>
m) nghu; M) btw;wp
,) MepiukPl;ly; <) kjpy; tisj;jy; [tpil: M]
6. `behr;rp~ ve;epyj;Jf;F chpaJ
m) Fwp+;rp M) kUjk; ,) Ky;iy <) ghiy [tpil: M]
7. behr;rpg; g{it Nog; nghhpLtJ
m) nfhl;iliaf; fhf;f M) kd;didf; fhf;f
,) Mepiuf; ftu <) typikia epiyehl;l [tpil: m]
8. ghlhz; jpiz gphpj;J vGJf.

m) ghlhz; + jpiz M) ghlhz; + Mz; +jpiz
,) ghL +Mz; +jpiz <) ghl +Mz; +jpiz [tpil: ,]
9. fh+;rp vd;gJ xU tif
m) beLkuk; M) FWkuk; ,) FW+;bro <) g[jh;r;bro[tpil: M]
10. nghiuj; bjhl=;Fk; epfH;thff; fUjg;gLtJ
m) nfhl;il tisj;jy; M) nghhply;
,) Mepiu fth;jy; <) nfhl;il fhj;jy; [tpil: ,]
11. kf;fs; rpW FGf;fshf thH;e;j nghJ ________ brhj;jhff; fUjpdh;
m) nfhl;ilia M) Mepiufis ,) epyj;ij <) tPuj;ij [tpil: M]
12. kd;ddJ nghiu kl;Lk; brhy;yhJ gpw khz;g[fisa[k; ghLk; jpiz
m) ghlhz;jpiz M) bghJtpay; jpiz
,) thifj;jpiz <) behr;rpj;jpiz [tpil: m]
13. md;gpd; Ie;jpiz gw;wpaJ _______ MFk;.
m) mfg;bghUs; M) g[wg;bghUs;
,) Ez;bghUs; <) Itifepyk; [tpil: m]
14. fth;e;J bry;yg;gl;l Mepiufis kPl;gJ.
m) btl;rp M) t+;rp ,) fue;ij <) cHpi+ [tpil: ,]
15. bghUj;Jf.
1. btl;rpj;jpiz ? m) fth;e;J bry;yg;gl;l Mepiu kPl;ly;
2. fue;ijj;jpiz ? M) kz;zhir fUjp gifehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w nghhply;
3. t+;rpj;jpiz ? ,) e
hl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurndhL vjph; epd;W
nghhply;
4. fh+;rpj;jpiz ? <) Mepiu fth;jy;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
16. bghUj;Jf.
1. behr;rpj;jpiz ? m) nfhl;iliaf; ftu nfhl;iliar; Rw;wp tisj;jy;
2. cHpi+j;jpiz ? M) nfhl;iliaf; fhj;jy; ntz;o cs;spUe;J nghhply;
3. Jk;igj;jpiz ? ,) ,
UbgU nte;jUk; tPuh;fSk; xUtnuhL xUth;
nghhpLtJ.
4. thifj;jpiz ? <) nghhpy; btw;wp
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: ,]
,ay; 7 X
17. bghUj;Jf.
1. ghlhz;jpiz ? m) btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu Twg;glhj bra;jpfs;
2. bghJtpay; jpiz ? M) MSikahshpd; fy;tp Kjyhdtw;iwg; g[fH;e;J ghly;
3. iff;fpis ? ,) bghUe;jhf; fhkk;
4. bgUe;jpiz ? <) xUjiyf;fhkk;
m) 1? M 2?m 3? < 4?, M) 1?< 2? m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
18. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs;

m) 8 M) 12 ,) 6 <) 4 [tpil: m]
19. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgwhj g[wj;jpizfs;
m) 8 M) 12 ,) 6 <) 4 [tpil: <]
20. mfj;jpizahf ,Ue;J g[wj;jpizahf;fg;gl;l jpizfs;
m) iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz M) bghJtpay;/ ghlhz;
,) btl;rp/ fue;ij <) behr;rp/ cHpi+ [tpil: m]
21. Klf;fj;jhd; (Klf;bfhw;whd;)vd;gJ...

m) cHpi+g; g{ M) Jk;igg;g{ ,) btl;rpg;g{ <) behr;rpg;g{[tpil: m]
22. ,l;ypg;g{ vd;gJ ......
m) cHpi+g; g{ M) Jk;igg;g{ ,) btl;rpg;g{ <) behr;rpg;g{ [tpil: ,]
23. kUj epyj;jpw;Fhpa g{
m) cHpi+g; g{ M) Jk;igg;g{ ,) btl;rpg;g{ <) behr;rpg;g{ [tpil: <]
24. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) btl;rpj;jpiz ? Mepiu fth;jy;
M) fue;ijj;jpiz ? Mepiu kPl;ly;
,) t+;rpj;jpiz ? kz;zhir fhuzkhf nghh;
<) fh+;rpj;jpiz ?nfhl;iliaf;fhj;jy; [tpil: <]
25. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) fh+;rpj;jpiz ? vjph;j;Jg;nghhply;
M) behr;rpj;jpiz ? nfhl;ilf; fhj;jy;
,) cHpi+j;jpiz ? kjpy; tisj;jy;
<) Jk;igj;jpiz ? nghhpy; btw;wp [tpil: <]
www.nammakalvi.org
FWtpdh
1. g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy Fwpg;gpLk; g[wj;jpizfs; ahit>
btl;rp  fue;ij
t+; r p  fh+;rp
behr;rp  cHpi+
Jk;ig  thif
ghlhz;  bghJtpay;
iff;fpis  bgUe;jpiz MFk;.
2. behr;rpg; g{f;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kzpbehr;rp/ fU behr;rp/ kiy behr;rp/ btz; behr;rp ? nghd;witahFk;.
3. Jk;igj; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
gif bfhz;l nte;jh;fs; ,UtUk; `jk; typikna bghpJ~ vd;gij epiy ehl;Lk;
bghUl;L jk; tPuh;fSld; Jk;igg; g{r;No fsk; Fwpj;Jg; nghhpLjy; MFk;.
4. ghlhz; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
ghL + Mz; + jpiz vdg; gphpf;fg;gLk;.
ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdJ/ fy;tp/ tPuk;/ bry;tk;/ g[fH;/ <if Kjypatw;iwg;
nghw;wpg;ghLtJ.
nghiu kl;Lk; brhy;yhJ xUthpd; gpw khz;g[fisa[k; Fwpg;gpLtnj ghlhz;
jpizahFk;.
5. bghJtpay; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu cs;s g[wj;jpizfspy; bghJthdtw;iwa[k;/ mtw;Ws;
Twg;glhjdtw;iwa[k; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpiz MFk;.
6. g[wj;jpiz vd;gJ ahJ >
g[wk; gw;wpa bewpfisf; TWtJ g[wj;jpizahFk;.
7. Mepiu fth;jy; eilbgwf; fhuzk; ahJ>
kf;fs; rpW FGf;fshf thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; / Mepiufis(khLfis) brhj;jjhfe;
fUjpdh;.
xU FGtpdh; kw;bwhU FGtpdh; Mepiufisf; fth;jy; tHf;fkhapw;W.
nghiuj; bjhl=;Fk; epfH;thf Mepiu fth;jy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
8. nghhpLk; murh;fs; ,UtUk; xnu tifg;g{itr; NLth; ?vg;nghJ> vt;tifg;g{>
gifkd;dh; ,UtUk; typik bghpJ vd;W epiyehl;l/ jk; tPuh;fSld; Jk;igg;
g{itr;Nog; nghhpLth;.
,ay; 7 X
9. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs;vj;jid > mit ahit>

g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs; : vl;L
btl;rpg;g{ ? btl;rpj;jpiz
fue;ijg; g{ ? fue;ijj; jpiz
t+;rpg;g{ ? t+;rpj;jpiz
fh+;rpg;g{ ? fh+;rpj;jpiz
behr;rpg;g{ ? behr;rpj;jpiz
cHpi+g;g{ ? cHpi+j;jpiz
Jk;igg;g{ ? Jk;igj;jpiz
thifg;g{ ? thifj;jpiz
10. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgwhj g[wj;jpizfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
g{f;fs; ,lk;bgwhj g[wj;jpizfs; : ehd;F
ghlhz; jpiz
bghJtpay; jpiz
iff;fpis
bgUe;jpiz
11. bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; mfj;jpizahf ,Ue;J g[wj;jpizahf;fg;gl;l jpizfs;
ahit>
iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz.
12. kjpy; nghh; gw;wpa jpizfs; ahit>
behr;rpj;jpiz/ cHpi+j;jpiz.
13. Mepiu gw;wpa jpizfs; ahit>
btl;rpj;jpiz/ fue;ijj;jpiz.
14. vjph; vjph; g[wj;jpizfs; ahit>
btl;rpj;jpiz (fth;jy;)
fue;ijj;jpiz (kPl;ly;)
t+;rpj;jpiz (kz;zhir fUjpg; nghhply;)
fh+;rpj;j;piz (vjph;nghhply;)
behr;rpj;jpiz (nfhl;il fhj;jy;)
cHpi+j;jpiz (nfhl;il Kw;Wifaply;)
15. btw;wpg;g{ vJ>
btw;wpg;g{ : thif
nghhpy; btw;wp bgw;w kd;dDf;F thifg;g{ No kfpH;th;.
16. fy;tp/ bry;tk;/ tPuk; Kjypatw;iwg; g[fH;e;J ghLk; g[wj;jpiz vJ>

ghlhz; jpiz
17. g[wg;bghUs; gw;wp ciuahoath;fs; ahth;>
KJfiyj; jkpH; ,yf;fpak; gapYk; khzth; : fps;sptstd;
gj;jhk; tFg;g[ khzth; : nruyhjd;
18. ghz;lth;fSf;Fk; bfsuth;fSf;Fk; bgUk;nghh; elf;fpd;wJ.,jidg; g[wg;bghUs;
btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; tHp tpsf;Ff.
g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; :
gifkd;dh; ,UtUk; typik bghpJ vd;W epiyehl;l/ jk; tPuh;fSld;
Jk;igg;g{itr;Nog; nghhpLth;. ,J Jk;igj; jpiz.
tpsf;fk; :
ghz;lth;fSf;Fk; bfsuth;fSf;Fk; j=;fs; typik bghpJ vd;W epiyehl;l/
jk; tPuh;fSld; nghhpLtjhy;/ ,jidj; Jk;igj; jpizahff; bfhs;syhk;.
19. kiyg;gFjpapy; mhpajhff; fpilf;Fk; bey;ypf;fdp. mJ ePz;l Ma[s; jUk;. mjpand
ePtph; cz;zhJ. vk; rhjy; xHpa bfhLj;j bgUkfnd vd;W thH;j;Jfpwhh; xsitahh;.
,jidg; g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; tHp tpsf;Ff.
g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy TWk; ,yf;fzk; :
ghLtjw;Fj; jFjp cila Xh; MSikahshpd; fy;tp/ tPuk;/ bry;tk;/ g[fH;/
fUiz Kjypatw;iwg; nghw;wpg;ghLtJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
tpsf;fk; :
mjpakhdpd; g[fiH xsitahh; ghLtjhy;. ,BJ ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 180
bkhHpbgah;f;f.
Among the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in Sangam literature, the
Marutam region was the fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands. The properity of a farmer
depended on getting the necessary sunlight, seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these
elements of nature, sunlight was considered indispensible by the ancient Tamils.
tpil:
gz;ila r=;f ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpy;/ g{nfhs mog;gilapy; (epy mikg;g[g;go)
jkpH;ehL Ie;J tifahf ,Ue;jJ. mtw;Ws; kUj epyg;gFjpna cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F
Vw;wjha; ,Ue;jJ. me;j epyg;gFjpapy; tptrhapfs; (cHth;fs;) gad;bgWk; tifahd
njitahd gUt fhy=;fs; rpwe;jpUe;jJ. njitahd Nhpa btg;gk;/ tskhd
epyk;/ nghJkhd mst[ kiHa[k; ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; tptrhak; brHpj;jJ. kUj
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,ay; 7 X
epyj;jpd; ,aw;iff; TWfshYk;/ nghJkhd Nhpa btg;gj;jpdhYk; gHe;jkpHfj;jpy;

kUjepyj;jpy; cHt[j;bjhHpy; rpwe;jpUe;jJ.
gpd;tUk; bjhlh;fisf; bfhz;L bghUj;jkhd bjhlh; mikf;f.
tug;nghfpnwd;/ ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ/ bfh+;rk; mjpfk;/ Kd;Df;Fg; gpd;/ kwf;f
epidf;fpnwd;.
tug;nghfpnwd;
vd; ez;gd; ,d;Dk; rpwpJ neuj;jpy; tug;nghfpnwd; vd;whd;.
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ
v=;fs; ehL g+;rk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ.
bfh+;rk; mjpfk;
r=;ffhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fSf;F fhjYk; tPuKk; bfh+;rk; mjpfkhfnt ,Ue;jJ.
Kd;Df;Fg; gpd;
Kd;Df;Fg; gpd; Kuzhfg; ngRtJ ed;wd;W.
kwf;f epidf;fpnwd;.
vd; kdjpw;Fg; gpof;fhky; ele;j epfH;t[fis kwf;f epidf;fpnwd;.
bjhifr; brhw;fisg; gphpj;J vGjp vz;QU jUf.
@nte;jh;fshy; ehw;wpira[k; nghw;wp tsh;f;fg;gl;l Kj;jkpnH/ cyf
bkhHpfspy; cah;e;jbjd;w brk;khe;j Tw;wpw;F/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; mike;Js;s
,Ujpiz mikg;ng fhuzkhFk;. Kg;ghiy KGikahfj; je;j jkpHpd; rpwg;gpid
Ie;jpizfspy; mHFw tpsf;Fgit r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. ehdpyj;jpy; grpj;jth;f;F
mWRit czt[nghy; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;bjhifa[k; gog;gth;f;F kdjpw;fpdpik
<e;J jkpH;g;bgUik rhw;WfpwJ.
bjhifr; brhw;fs;
bjhifr; brhw;fs; vz;QU
ehw;wpir : ehd;F + jpir (ehd;F ? ௪) fpHf;F/ nkw;F/ bjw;F/ tlf;F.
Kj;jkpH; : @d;W + jkpH; (@d;W ? ௩) ,ay;jkpH;/ ,irj;jkpH;/ ehlfj;jkpH;.
,Ujpiz : ,uz;L + jpiz (,uz;L ? ௨) cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz.
Kg;ghy; : @d;W + ghy; (@d;W ? ௩) mwj;Jg;ghy;/ bghUl;ghy;/
,d;gj;Jg;ghy;.
Ie;jpiz : Ie;J + jpiz (Ie;J ? ௫) Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/
ghiy.
mWRit : mW + Rit (MW ? ௬) ,dpg;g[/ g[spg;g[/ fhh;g;g[/ frg;g[/
cth;g;g[ (fhpg;g[)/ Jth;g;g[.
fojk; vGJf.
hspjH; xd;wpd; bgh=;fy; kyhpy; `cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F te;jid bra;nthk;~ vd;w c=;fs;
e
fl;Liuia btspapl ntz;o me;ehspjH; MrphpaUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
mDg;g[eh;
Mh;. ,uhftd;/
16/ bghpafiltPjp/
j+;rht{h;
bgWeh;
Mrphpah; mth;fs;/
`fdy;~ ehspjH;/ kJiu.
bghUs;: fl;Liu btspapl ntz;Ljy; ? bjhlh;ghf.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah/
j=;fs; ehspjHpd; rhh;ghf bgh=;fy; gz;oifia xl;o btspapLk; bgh=;fy;
kyUf;fhf cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F te;jid bra;nthk;. vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu
xd;W vGjpa[s;nsd;. mf;fl;Liuiaj; j=;fs; mYtyfj;Jf;F mDg;gpa[s;nsd;.
jh=;fs; mf;fl;Liuiaj; j=;fs; ehspjH; rhh;ghf btspapLk; bgh=;fy; rpwg;g[ kyhpy;
vd; fl;Liua[k; btsptu Mtd bra;a[k;go gzptd;g[ld; nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
ed;wp-
,g;gof;F/
Mh;. ,uhftd;.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
Mrphpah; mth;fs;/
`fdy;~ ehspjH; mYtyfk;/
kJiu ? 10.
ftpijia ciuahlyhf khw;Wf.
mk;kh- vd; fhJf;F xU njhL th=;fpj; jh=;fk;kh- njhL ,y;yhky;
kfs;; :
btW=;fhnjhL vd;dhy; ,Uf;fKoahJ... brhy;ypl;nld;
fhjpw;F j=;ff; fk;ky; kl;Lk; mHF fpilahJ. ehd; brhy;tijf; ftdpj;J
jha; :
gzpthd brhw;fisa[k; ey;y fUj;Jfisa[k; cd; fhJfSf;F mzpahf
mzpe;J bfhs;.
iff;F ,uz;L tisay;fs; fld; th=;fpahtJ vdf;F th=;fpj;jh mk;kh
kfs;; :
gf;fp tisay; ,y;iyah? vd;W gs;spapy; vd;idf; nfyp bra;fpwhh;fs;.
kfns..... ek;ikj; njo tUk; tpUe;jpdiu kfpH;r;rpa[ld; cgrhpj;jny
jha; :
tisay; .... mwpthh;e;j kfns nfs;... mth;fs; brhy;Yk; tisay;... cdf;F
if tpy=;F.
,ay; 7 X
mzpfyd;fs; ,y;yhky; bjUtpy; nghdhy; vd;id ahh; jhd; kjpg;ghh;>

kfs;; :
,ijr; brhd;dhy; cdf;Ff; nfhgk; tUfpwJ. vd; Fiwia ePf;f khl;lha;...
fy;tpjhd; bgz;fSf;F cz;ikahd mzpfyd;" khzpf;ff;fy; itj;j
jha; :
mzpfyd; jPuhj uzj;ijna jUk; kfns" fy;tp vd;Dk; mzpfyd;
mzpe;j bgz;fis ,e;ehL fz;Qf;Fs; itj;Jg; nghw;Wk; vd;gij
czh;e;Jbfhs;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 181
Ch;g;bgah;fspd; kqcit vGJf.
g[Jf;nfhl;il g[Jif
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jpUr;rp
cjfkz;lyk; cjif
nfhak;g[j;J}u; nfhit
ehfg;gl;odk; ehif
g[Jr;nrhp g[Jit
Fk;gnfhzk; Fle;ij
jpUbey;ntyp bey;iy
kd;dhh;Fo kd;id
kapyhg;g{h; kapiy
irjhg;ngl;il irij.
glk; jUk; bra;jpiag; gj;jpahfj; jUf.
bra;jp
gif bfhz;l ntw;W muriu vjph;j;Jg;
nghhpl;L gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w ntz;Lk;
vd;w nehf;fj;njhL bry;fpd;wdh;. t+;rp No
`btd;nw jPh;nthk;~ vd;W t+;rpdk; Twp/ ehy; tifg;
gilfSs;. Kg;gilfs; kl;Lnk Kd;ndwpr;
bry;fpd;wd. fhyhl;gil/ Fjpiug;gil/ ahidg;gil @d;Wk; Kd;ndwpr; brd;W
btw;wp thif Nlg; nghfpwJ. ,g;glk; 17k; E}w;whz;Lr; Rtnuhtpak; MFk;.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
kphpay; ? kpsF
tUj;jid ? gpiHg;g[/ bjhHpy;/ bgUFjy;/ khdpa chpik/ rk;gsk;.
mjrp ? rzy;
Jhp+;rpy; ? btsthy;tif/ rPf;fhpkuk;
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.
fpHf;F btSj;jJ
bghGJ g[yh;e;jJ
miuFiw cwf;fj;jpYk;
vGe;jhd; vGr;rpnahL
njhspny xw;wpdhd; Vhpid
re;jjpfs; brHpj;J tsu
grpj;jtDf;Fg; grpahw;w.....
ahth;f;Fk; njthkph;jkhk;
czitg; gilf;f
g[[wg;gl;L tpl;lhd;.
miu eph;thzj;njhL.....
fiyr;brhw;fs; mwpnthk;.
Consulate -
Jizj;J}jufk;
Guild -
tzpff;FG
Patent -
fhg;g[hpik
Irrigation -
ghrdk;
Document -
Mtzk;
Territory -
epyg;gFjp
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
y;btl;Lfspd; tHp mwpayhFk;

f mtw;wpd; kjpg;igf;
bra;jpfis vd; ez;gh;fSf;Ff; TWntd;. Fiwf;Fk; go vJt[k; Tw
mDkjpf;fkhl;nld;.
y;btl;Lfisf; Fwpj;J mth;fisg;
f tuyhw;W rhrdk; vd;gij czur;
bgUkpjk; milar; bra;ntd;. bra;ntd;.
y;btl;L kd;dh;fisg; gpd;gw;wp
f y;btl;L TWk; ,yf;fpa/
f
ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;f;fyhk; vd;gij fiy tuyhw;iw kf;fs; mwpar;
czh;j;Jntd;. bra;ntd;.
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,ay; ehL ciueil cyfk;

1. `khytd; Fd;wk; nghdhbyd;d> ntytd; Fd;wkhtJ v=;fSf;F ntz;Lk;~khytd;

1. `jiyiaf; bfhLj;njDk; jiyefiuf; fhg;nghk;~- ,l+;Rl;o tpsf;Ff.>

1. ehl;L tpHhf;fs; – tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tuyhW – ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; khzth;

1. k.bgh.rp.f;F bgw;nwhh; ,l;l bgah;

6. `,e;jpahit tpl;L btspnaW~ vd;w jPh;khdj;ij ,e;jpag; nguhaf; fl;rp epiwntw;wpa

16. k.bgh.rp rhfpj;a mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w Mz;L

28. tlf;bfy;iyj; jkpHh;fis xU=;fpizj;Jj; jkpGzh;t[ bfhs;sr; bra;jth;

1. 1906 Mk; Mz;od; rpwg;g[fs; ahit>

5. k.bgh.rp tfpj;j gjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. `brd;idia kPl;nghk;~ ? vd;W k.bgh.rp. Fwpg;gpLtJ gw;wp vGJf.

bgah; khw;wk; : ruigah; vd;w Kjpath; ,tiur; `rpt+hdp~ vd;nw miHj;jhh;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 164

 nguHfpahd rptfhkpiaa[k;/ mts; je;ij MadhUk; kjk; bfhz;l ahidapd;

,ay; ehL ftpijg; ngiH

1. rhpahd mfuthpiriaj; njh;e;bjLf;f.

1. Kjy; kiH tpGe;jJk; vd;dbty;yhk; epfH;tjhf F.g.uh. ftpghLfpwhh;.

1. r=;fj;jkpHhpd; jpiz thH;t[ vij mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ>

1. F.g.uhtpd; gilg;g[fs; ml=;fpa E}y; bjhFg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. `bghGnjwg; bghd;gut[k; Vuoapy;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 165

,ay; ehL ftpijg; ngiH

1. bka;f;fPh;j;jp ghlg;gLtjd; nehf;fk; ahJ>

1. gpd;tUk; gj;jpiag; goj;J ikaf;fUj;ij vGJf.

1. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s bka;f;fPh;j;jp ghlypd; eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

1. bka;f;fPh;j;jpf;F Kd;ndhoaha;j; jpfGk; r=;f ,yf;fpag;ghly;fs;

11. mHpahj fy; ,yf;fpak; vdg; nghw;wg;gLtJ.

1. ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrdpd; gl;l=;fs; ahit>

1. bka;f;fPh;j;jp Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

 kfdpy;yhjtUf;F kfd;  bkhHp bgw;w bghUs;

,ay; ehL ftpijg; ngiH

Cu; : t+;rpkhefh; (nruehL)

1. gfh;tdh; jphpjU efutPjpa[k;

1 @nte;jh; gw;wpa bra;jpfisf; TWk; E}y;

19. bgU=;Fzj;Jf; fhjyhs; ahh;>

,t;to mike;j fhij vJ>

15. `kPd;tpiyg; gujth;/ bts;cg;g[g; gfUeh;~ ? ,t;tofspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;Lk; bra;jp

1. `ghy;tif bjhpe;j gFjpg; ghz;lbkhL

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 132

rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; kUt{h;g;ghf;fk; gw;wpa tpthpg;ig ,d;iwa filj; bjUt[ld;

ciuahLgth;fs;:kjd;/ Rjd;/ ckh.

Mk; kjd;- eilghijf; filfspYk; jukhd bghUs; fpilf;Fk; vd;W

,ay; ehL tphpthdk;

1. epfH;t[fisj; bjhFj;J mwpf;if vGJf.

khzth;/ Mrphpah; TLjy;:

1. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; njh;f.

10. gLfh; ,dkf;fspd; thH;tpay; khw;wj;ijg; ngRk; g[jpdk;

1. vk;.v!; Rg;g[yl;Rkpapd; ,iriag; ghuhl;onahh; ahth;>

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 175

1. c=;fs; Chpy; fod ciHg;ghsh; ? rpwg;g[kpf;fth; ? nghw;wj;jf;fth; ? vd;w epiyfspy;

vt;thbwdpy;/ jpUkzkhd ehs; Kjy; fztuhy; gy ,d;dy;fisj;

,ay; ehL fw;fz;L

1. ,U ehl;L murh;fSk; Jk;igg; g{itr;Nog; nghhpLtjd; fhuzk;

1. g[wj;jpizfspy; vjpbujph;j; jpizfisml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

1. mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; kUjehl;L kd;dDld; nghh;g[hpe;J me;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w

1. g[wk; gw;wpa bewpfisf; TWtJ

8. ghlhz; jpiz gphpj;J vGJf.

18. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs;

21. Klf;fj;jhd; (Klf;bfhw;whd;)vd;gJ...

9. g{f;fs; ,lk;bgWk; g[wj;jpizfs;vj;jid > mit ahit>

16. fy;tp/ bry;tk;/ tPuk; Kjypatw;iwg; g[fH;e;J ghLk; g[wj;jpiz vJ>

1. `khytd; Fd;wk; nghdhbyd;d> ntytd; Fd;wkhtJ v=;fSf;F ntz;Lk;~khytd;

1. ehl;L tpHhf;fs; – tpLjiyg; nghuhl;l tuyhW – ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; khzth;

6. `,e;jpahit tpl;L btspnaW~ vd;w jPh;khdj;ij ,e;jpag; nguhaf; fl;rp epiwntw;wpa

bgah; khw;wk; : ruigah; vd;w Kjpath; ,tiur; `rpt+hdp~ vd;nw miHj;jhh;.

nguHfpahd rptfhkpiaa[k;/ mts; je;ij MadhUk; kjk; bfhz;l ahidapd;

kfdpy;yhjtUf;F kfd;  bkhHp bgw;w bghUs;

15. `kPd;tpiyg; gujth;/ bts;cg;g[g; gfUeh;~ ? ,t;tofspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;Lk; bra;jp

1. c=;fs; Chpy; fod ciHg;ghsh; ? rpwg;g[kpf;fth; ? nghw;wj;jf;fth; ? vd;w epiyfspy;

1. ,U ehl;L murh;fSk; Jk;igg; g{itr;Nog; nghhpLtjd; fhuzk;

1. mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; kUjehl;L kd;dDld; nghh;g[hpe;J me;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w

y;btl;Lfspd; tHp mwpayhFk;