Problems 441

Problems
Section 10.2 Nodal Analysis 10.6 Determine Vx in Fig. 10.55.

10.1 Determine i in the circuit of Fig. 10.50. + Vx ‒

i 1Ω 20 Ω
20 Ω
0.2Vx j10 Ω
+ 60 0° V
2 cos 10t V +
‒ 1F 1H 1Ω ‒

Figure 10.55
For Prob. 10.6.
Figure 10.50
For Prob. 10.1.
10.2 Using Fig. 10.51, design a problem to help other 10.7 Use nodal analysis to find V in the circuit of
students better understand nodal analysis. Fig. 10.56.
2Ω
40 Ω j20 Ω V
+
4 0° V +
‒ ‒ j5 Ω j4 Ω Vo
‒
120 ‒15° V +
‒
6 30° A ‒ j30 Ω 50 Ω

Figure 10.51
For Prob. 10.2.
10.3 Determine vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.52.
Figure 10.56
1
F For Prob. 10.7.
4Ω 12 2H

10.8 Use nodal analysis to find current io in the circuit of

+
+ Fig. 10.57. Let is = 6 cos(200t + 15°) A.
16 sin 4t V ‒ vo 1Ω 2 cos 4t A 6Ω
‒
0.1 vo

Figure 10.52
For Prob. 10.3. io 40 Ω

10.4 Compute vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 10.53.

+
ix 1H 0.25 F is 20 Ω vo 50 μF 100 mH
‒

+
24 cos (4t + 45°) V +
‒ 0.5ix 1Ω vo Figure 10.57
‒ For Prob. 10.8.

Figure 10.53 10.9 Use nodal analysis to find vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.58.
For Prob. 10.4.
10.5 Find io in the circuit of Fig. 10.54. 50 μF
20 Ω 10 mH
io 2 μF
2 kΩ io
+
10 cos 103t V + 20 Ω 4io 30 Ω vo
+ ‒
25 cos(4 × 103t) V +
‒ 0.25 H ‒ 10io ‒

Figure 10.54 Figure 10.58

For Prob. 10.5. For Prob. 10.9.
442 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.10 Use nodal analysis to find vo in the circuit of 10.14 Calculate the voltage at nodes 1 and 2 in the circuit
Fig. 10.59. Let ω = 2 krad/s. of Fig. 10.63 using nodal analysis.

j4 Ω
2 µF

+ 20 30° A
+
36 sin ωt A 2 kΩ vx 50 mH 0.1 vx 4 kΩ vo 1 2
‒
‒ ‒ j2 Ω 10 Ω j2 Ω ‒ j5 Ω

Figure 10.59
For Prob. 10.10.

Figure 10.63
10.11 Using nodal analysis, find io(t) in the circuit in For Prob. 10.14.
Fig. 10.60.
10.15 Solve for the current I in the circuit of Fig. 10.64
using nodal analysis.
0.25 F 2H

5 0° A
2Ω 1H

io
2Ω j1 Ω
8 sin (2t + 30°) V +
‒ 0.5 F cos 2t A
I
20 ‒90° V +
‒ ‒ j2 Ω 2I 4Ω
Figure 10.60
For Prob. 10.11.

10.12 Using Fig. 10.61, design a problem to help other Figure 10.64
students better understand nodal analysis. For Prob. 10.15.

2io 10.16 Use nodal analysis to find Vx in the circuit shown in

Fig. 10.65.

j4 Ω
R2
io + V ‒
x

R1 2 0° A 5Ω ‒j3 Ω 3 45° A
is C L

Figure 10.61 Figure 10.65

For Prob. 10.12. For Prob. 10.16.

10.17 By nodal analysis, obtain current Io in the circuit of

10.13 Determine Vx in the circuit of Fig. 10.62 using any Fig. 10.66.
method of your choice.

‒j2 Ω 8Ω j6 Ω j4 Ω 1Ω
Io 2Ω
+
+ 100 20° V ‒
+ Vx 3 Ω 10 Ω 5 0° A
40 30° V ‒ 3Ω ‒ j2 Ω
‒

Figure 10.62 Figure 10.66

For Prob. 10.13. For Prob. 10.17.
 Problems 443

10.18 Use nodal analysis to obtain Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.67 below.

8Ω j6 Ω 4Ω j5 Ω

+ +
4 45° A Vx 2Ω 2Vx ‒ j1 Ω ‒ j2 Ω Vo
‒ ‒

Figure 10.67
For Prob. 10.18.

10.19 Obtain Vo in Fig. 10.68 using nodal analysis. 10.22 For the circuit in Fig. 10.71, determine Vo∕Vs.

R1
j2 Ω

12 0° V R2 +
4Ω
+‒ Vs +
‒ C Vo
L ‒
+
2Ω Vo ‒ j4 Ω 0.2Vo
‒
Figure 10.71
For Prob. 10.22.
Figure 10.68
For Prob. 10.19.
10.23 Using nodal analysis obtain V in the circuit of
Fig. 10.72.
10.20 Refer to Fig. 10.69. If vs(t) = Vm sin ωt and
vo(t) = A sin(ωt + ϕ), derive the expressions for
R
A and ϕ.

j𝜔L +
1
R Vs +
‒ j𝜔C
V
‒
1
+
j𝜔C
vs(t) + L C vo(t)
‒
‒
Figure 10.72
For Prob. 10.23.
Figure 10.69
For Prob. 10.20.

Section 10.3 Mesh Analysis

10.21 For each of the circuits in Fig. 10.70, find Vo∕Vi for 10.24 Design a problem to help other students better
ω = 0, ω → ∞, and ω2 = 1∕LC. understand mesh analysis.
10.25 Solve for io in Fig. 10.73 using mesh analysis.

R L R C
+ + + + 4Ω 2H

Vi C Vo Vi L Vo io

‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 10 cos 2t V +
‒ 0.25 F +
‒ 6 sin 2t V

(a) (b)
Figure 10.70 Figure 10.73
For Prob. 10.21. For Prob. 10.25.
444 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.26 Use mesh analysis to find current io in the circuit of 10.29 Using Fig. 10.77, design a problem to help other
Fig. 10.74. students better understand mesh analysis.

2 kΩ 1 µF

io
jXL1 R3
10 cos 103t V +
‒ 0.4 H + 20 sin 103t V
‒
R2
R1 I1 I2 jXL3
Figure 10.74
For Prob. 10.26. jXL2

+‒
Vs ‒ jXC
10.27 Using mesh analysis, find I1 and I2 in the circuit of
Fig. 10.75. Figure 10.77
For Prob. 10.29.

j10 Ω 40 Ω

60 30° V +
‒
I1 ‒ j20 Ω I2 + 75 0° V
‒ 10.30 Use mesh analysis to find vo in the circuit of
Fig. 10.78. Let vs1 = 120 cos(100t + 90°) V,
vs2 = 80 cos 100t V.
Figure 10.75
For Prob. 10.27.

10.28 In the circuit of Fig. 10.76, determine the mesh 20 Ω 400 mH 200 mH
currents i1 and i2. Let v1 = 10 cos 4t V and
v2 = 20 cos(4t − 30°) V. +
vs1 +
‒ 300 mH 50 µF vo 10 Ω
‒
1Ω 1H 1H 1Ω + v
‒ s2

1F Figure 10.78
v1 + i2 + v2 For Prob. 10.30.
‒ i1 ‒
1Ω

Figure 10.76
For Prob. 10.28. 10.31 Use mesh analysis to determine current Io in the
circuit of Fig. 10.79 below.

80 Ω Io j60 Ω 20 Ω

+ ‒ j40 Ω ‒ j40 Ω +
50 120° V ‒ ‒ 30 ‒30° V

Figure 10.79
For Prob. 10.31.
 Problems 445

10.32 Determine Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 10.80 using 10.38 Using mesh analysis, obtain Io in the circuit shown
mesh analysis. in Fig. 10.83.

Io
j4 Ω

Io
+ 2 0° A 2Ω + 10 90° V
‒ ‒ j4 Ω ‒
10 ‒30° A 2Ω Vo 3Vo ‒ j2 Ω j2 Ω
+
‒

1Ω 4 0° A 1Ω
Figure 10.80
For Prob. 10.32.
Figure 10.83
For Prob. 10.38.
10.33 Compute I in Prob. 10.15 using mesh analysis.
10.39 Find I1, I2, I3, and Ix in the circuit of Fig. 10.84.

10.34 Use mesh analysis to find Io in Fig. 10.28 (for 10 Ω

Example 10.10).
I3
20 Ω ‒ j15 Ω j16 Ω
10.35 Calculate Io in Fig. 10.30 (for Practice Prob. 10.10)
using mesh analysis. Ix
I1 I2
10.36 Compute Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.81 using mesh 12 64° V + 8Ω ‒ j25 Ω
‒
analysis.

j4 Ω ‒ j3 Ω Figure 10.84
For Prob. 10.39.
+
4 90° A 2Ω Vo + 12 0° V
‒
2Ω ‒ 2Ω
Section 10.4 Superposition Theorem
10.40 Find io in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.85 using
superposition.
2 0° A
Figure 10.81 4Ω 2Ω
For Prob. 10.36.
io

25 cos 4t V +
‒ 1H + 20 V
‒
10.37 Use mesh analysis to find currents I1, I2, and I3 in
the circuit of Fig. 10.82.

Figure 10.85
I1 For Prob. 10.40.

10.41 Find vo for the circuit in Fig. 10.86, assuming that

120 ‒90° V +
‒ Z is(t) = 2 sin (2t) + 3 cos (4t) A.
I2
Z = 80 ‒ j35 Ω
+
‒ Z
120 ‒30° V + is(t) 10 Ω 5H vo
I3 ‒

Figure 10.82 Figure 10.86

For Prob. 10.37. For Prob. 10.41.
446 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.42 Using Fig. 10.87, design a problem to help other 10.46 Solve for vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 10.91 using the
students better understand the superposition theorem. superposition principle.

jXL Io R2
6Ω 2H

+
V1 + + V 18 cos 3t V + + 15 V
1 vo
‒ R1 ‒ jXC ‒ 2 ‒ 12 F 6 sin 2t A ‒
‒

Figure 10.87 Figure 10.91

For Prob. 10.42. For Prob. 10.46.

10.43 Using the superposition principle, find ix in the 10.47 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 10.92, using the
circuit of Fig. 10.88. superposition principle.

1
8 F ix
1
F
3Ω 6 24 V
1Ω 2H
‒+
io
10 cos(2t + 10°) A 4H + 20 cos(2t ‒ 60°) V
‒ 10 sin(t ‒ 30°) V + 2Ω
‒ 2 cos 3t 4Ω

Figure 10.88
For Prob. 10.43. Figure 10.92
For Prob. 10.47.

10.44 Use the superposition principle to obtain vx in the

circuit of Fig. 10.89. Let vs = 50 sin 2t V and 10.48 Find io in the circuit of Fig. 10.93 using superposition.
is = 12 cos(6t + 10°) A.

20 μF

io
20 Ω + 150 cos 2000t V +
‒ 80 Ω 100 Ω
vx is 40 mH
20 Ω 50 mF
‒
vs +
‒
6 sin 4000t A 60 Ω + 72 V
‒
Figure 10.89
For Prob. 10.44.
Figure 10.93
For Prob. 10.48.

10.45 Use superposition to find i(t) in the circuit of

Fig. 10.90.
Section 10.5 Source Transformation

i
10.49 Using source transformation, find i in the circuit of
20 Ω Fig. 10.94.

8 cos(10t + 30°) V + + 3 sin 4t V 20 Ω i 5 mF

‒ ‒
25 cos(20t + 15°) +
‒ 20 Ω
1H
300 mH
Figure 10.90 Figure 10.94
For Prob. 10.45. For Prob. 10.49.
 Problems 447

10.50 Using Fig. 10.95, design a problem to help other ‒ j5 Ω

students understand source transformation. a

12 0° A 8Ω j10 Ω
R1 L

b
+
vs(t) + R2 vo (b)
‒ C
‒ Figure 10.98
For Prob. 10.55.
Figure 10.95 10.56 For each of the circuits in Fig. 10.99, obtain Thevenin
For Prob. 10.50.
and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a‑b.
j4 Ω
10.51 Use source transformation to find Io in the circuit of 6Ω
Prob. 10.42. a
10.52 Use the method of source transformation to find Ix in
‒ j2 Ω
the circuit of Fig. 10.96.
2 0° A
2Ω j4 Ω ‒ j2 Ω
b
ix
(a)
4Ω
60 0° V +
‒ 6Ω 5 90° A 30 Ω
‒ j3 Ω
j10 Ω
Figure 10.96 120 45° V +
‒ 60 Ω a
For Prob. 10.52. ‒ j5 Ω
b
10.53 Use the concept of source transformation to find Vo (b)
in the circuit of Fig. 10.97.
Figure 10.99
For Prob. 10.56.
4Ω ‒ j3 Ω j4 Ω
10.57 Using Fig. 10.100, design a problem to help other
students better understand Thevenin and Norton
+
equivalent circuits.
80 0° V +
‒ j2 Ω 2Ω ‒ j2 Ω Vo
‒ R1 ‒ jXC R2

Figure 10.97
For Prob. 10.53. Vs +
‒ jXL

10.54 Rework Prob. 10.7 using source transformation.

Figure 10.100
Section 10.6 Thevenin and Norton For Prob. 10.57.
Equivalent Circuits 10.58 For the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.101, find the
Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a‑b.
10.55 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at a
terminals a‑b for each of the circuits in Fig. 10.98. 10 Ω

j20 Ω 10 Ω
a 3 0° A ‒ j10 Ω 30 90° V +
‒

25 30° V +
‒
‒ j10 Ω
b
b Figure 10.101
(a) For Prob. 10.58.
448 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.59 Calculate the output impedance of the circuit shown 10.63 Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit depicted
in Fig. 10.102. in Fig. 10.106 at terminals a-b.

‒ j2 Ω 10 Ω
10 Ω 50 mH
a
+ Vo ‒
0.2Vo j40 Ω + 160 sin (200t + 60°) V 500 µF
‒

Figure 10.102 Figure 10.106

For Prob. 10.59. For Prob. 10.63.

10.60 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in 10.64 For the circuit shown in Fig. 10.107, find the Norton
Fig. 10.103 as seen from: equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.
(a) terminals a-b (b) terminals c-d

c d

j10 Ω 10 Ω 60 Ω 40 Ω
a
3 60° A a b
10 Ω 2 0° A ‒ j20 Ω 20 0° A +
‒ j80 Ω ‒ j30 Ω

b
Figure 10.107
Figure 10.103 For Prob. 10.64.
For Prob. 10.60.

10.61 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the 10.65 Using Fig. 10.108, design a problem to help other
circuit in Fig. 10.104. students better understand Norton’s theorem.

4Ω
a vs(t)
R
Ix +‒
io
15 0° A ‒ j3 Ω 1.5Ix
C1 L C2

b
Figure 10.104 Figure 10.108
For Prob. 10.61.
For Prob. 10.65.

10.62 Using Thevenin’s theorem, find vo in the circuit of

Fig. 10.105. 10.66 At terminals a-b, obtain Thevenin and Norton
equivalent circuits for the network depicted in
2vo Fig. 10.109. Take ω = 10 rad/s.
10 Ω
+‒
10 µF 12 cos ωt V
‒ j10 Ω ‒+ a
+
+ vo 1
2 0° A j5 Ω j5 Ω 2 sin ωt A 10 Ω H 2vo
10 Ω 10 Ω vo ‒
2
‒
b
Figure 10.105 Figure 10.109
For Prob. 10.62. For Prob. 10.66.
 Problems 449

10.67 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at R2

terminals a‑b in the circuit of Fig. 10.110.
C

R1
‒j5 Ω ‒
12 Ω + +
13 Ω vs +
‒ vo
‒
90 30° V +
‒
a b

j6 Ω Figure 10.113
10 Ω For Prob. 10.70.
8Ω
10.71 Find vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.114.
Figure 10.110
For Prob. 10.67. +
‒ +

10.68 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a‑b in the 0.5 µF

circuit of Fig. 10.111. +
12 cos(2t + 30°) V ‒ vo
10 kΩ

2 kΩ
io 4Ω
a ‒
+
1
vo + F
3 sin10t V +
‒ 4io 20 1 H vo Figure 10.114
3 ‒
For Prob. 10.71.
‒
b 10.72 Compute io(t) in the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.115 if
vs = 4 cos(104t) V.
Figure 10.111
For Prob. 10.68. 50 kΩ
+
‒
io
vs + 1 nF
‒
Section 10.7 Op Amp AC Circuits 100 kΩ

10.69 For the integrator shown in Fig. 10.112, obtain

Vo∕Vs. Find vo(t) when vs(t) = Vm sin ωt and
ω = 1∕RC. Figure 10.115
For Prob. 10.72.

10.73 If the input impedance is defined as Zin = Vs∕Is,

C find the input impedance of the op amp circuit in
Fig. 10.116 when R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 20 kΩ,
R C1 = 10 nF, C2 = 20 nF, and ω = 5000 rad/s.
‒
+ + C1
vs +
‒ vo
‒ Is R1 R2
+
+
‒- Vo
Figure 10.112
For Prob. 10.69. Vs +
‒ C2

Zin
10.70 Using Fig. 10.113, design a problem to help other Figure 10.116
students better understand op amps in AC circuits. For Prob. 10.73.
450 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.74 Evaluate the voltage gain Av = Vo∕Vs in the op amp 10.76 Determine Vo and Io in the op amp circuit of
circuit of Fig. 10.117. Find Av at ω = 0, ω → ∞, Fig. 10.119.
ω = 1∕R1C1, and ω = 1∕R2C2.

20 kΩ io

R2 C2
‒ j4 kΩ 10 kΩ
R1 C1
+
‒ ‒ +
+ +
Vs +
‒ Vo + ‒ j2 kΩ Vo
6 30° V ‒
‒
‒

Figure 10.117
For Prob. 10.74. Figure 10.119
For Prob. 10.76.

10.75 In the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.118, find the closed‑ 10.77 Compute the closed‑loop gain Vo∕Vs for the op amp
loop gain and phase shift of the output voltage with circuit of Fig. 10.120.
respect to the input voltage if C1 = C2 = 1 nF,
R1 = R2 = 100 kΩ, R3 = 20 kΩ, R4 = 40 kΩ, and
ω = 2000 rad/s.
R3 C2 R2
‒
R1 + +
R1
vo
C1 C2 vs +
‒ C1
+ ‒
‒ +
R4
vs + R2 vo Figure 10.120
‒
For Prob. 10.77.
R3
‒

Figure 10.118 10.78 Determine vo(t) in the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.121
For Prob. 10.75. below.

20 kΩ

10 kΩ 0.5 µF
+ vo
‒

+ 0.25 µF 10 kΩ
10 sin(400t) V ‒ 40 kΩ

20 kΩ

Figure 10.121
For Prob. 10.78.
 Problems 451

10.79 For the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.122, obtain Vo. 2Ω

200 kΩ 6Ω 8Ω

is +
‒j 100 kΩ ‒j 200 kΩ vo
4 µF
10 mH ‒
4Ω
100 kΩ
‒ ‒
+
+ +
200 0° µA 50 kΩ Vo Figure 10.125
‒ For Prob. 10.83.

10.84 Obtain Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.126 using PSpice

Figure 10.122 or MultiSim.
For Prob. 10.79.

‒j2 Ω 2Vx
10.80 Obtain vo(t) for the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.123 if j4 Ω +
vs = 12 cos(1000t − 60°) V. 2Ω Vo
+ ‒
3 0° A 1Ω Vx
50 kΩ ‒

20 kΩ 0.2 µF Figure 10.126

For Prob. 10.84.
0.1 µF
10 kΩ
‒
+ ‒ 10.85 Using Fig. 10.127, design a problem to help other
+ +
vs + students better understand performing AC analysis
‒ vo with PSpice or MultiSim.
‒

Figure 10.123 +
R1 0.25Vx R3 Vo
For Prob. 10.80.
‒
R2 ‒ jXC
Section 10.8 AC Analysis Using PSpice + ‒
Vx

jXL R4
Is
10.81 Use PSpice or MultiSim to determine Vo in the
circuit of Fig. 10.124. Assume ω = 1 rad/s.

‒j2 Ω
Figure 10.127
25 Ω For Prob. 10.85.

24 0° V +
‒ 30 Ω 10.86 Use PSpice or MultiSim to find V1, V2, and V3 in the
10 Ω + network of Fig. 10.128.
40 Ω Vo
‒ 8Ω
4 0° A j4 Ω

V1 j 10 Ω V2 j 10 Ω V3

Figure 10.124 60 30° V + ‒ j4 Ω ‒ j4 Ω 4 0° A

For Prob. 10.81. ‒

10.82 Solve Prob. 10.19 using PSpice or MultiSim.

10.83 Use PSpice or MultiSim to find vo(t) in the circuit of Figure 10.128
Fig. 10.125. Let is = 2 cos(103t) A. For Prob. 10.86.
452 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.87 Determine V1, V2, and V3 in the circuit of 10.90 Figure 10.132 shows a Wien‑bridge network. Show
Fig. 10.129 using PSpice or MultiSim. that the frequency at which the phase shift between
1
the input and output signals is zero is f = ___
2π
RC,
and that the necessary gain is Av = Vo∕Vi = 3 at
that frequency.
j10 Ω

‒j4 Ω 2Ω 1Ω
V1 V2 V3

4 0° A 8Ω j6 Ω ‒ j2 Ω 2 0° A

R
R1
C

Figure 10.129 Vi +
‒ + Vo ‒
For Prob. 10.87. C

R2
R

10.88 Use PSpice or MultiSim to find vo and io in the Figure 10.132

circuit of Fig. 10.130 below. For Prob. 10.90.

4Ω 20 mF 2H
io
+
6 cos 4t V + + vo
‒ 0.5vo ‒ 4io 10 Ω 25 mF
‒

Figure 10.130
For Prob. 10.88.

Section 10.9 Applications 10.91 Consider the oscillator in Fig. 10.133.

10.89 The op amp circuit in Fig. 10.131 is called an (a) Determine the oscillation frequency.
inductance simulator. Show that the input (b) Obtain the minimum value of R for which
impedance is given by oscillation takes place.

Vin
Zin = ___ = jωLeq
Iin
where
R1R3R4
Leq = ______ 80 kΩ
R2C
20 kΩ
‒
+
R1 R2 R3 C R4
0.4 mH 2 nF R
Iin
‒
+ ‒ + V
+ 10 kΩ
‒ in

Figure 10.131 Figure 10.133

For Prob. 10.89. For Prob. 10.91.