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Sandstones have been widely used as a source of concrete aggregates. Sandstones show a variety of textural,
mineralogic and chemical characteristics that may affect their physico-mechanical properties as well as their use as a
construction material. The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of the composition and texture of sandstones
on aggregate properties. In this study, Ordovician sandstones were compared with Carboniferous, Devonian and
Permo-Triassic sandstones used as concrete aggregates in Istanbul. The sandstone samples were tested to determine
their petrographic, mineralogic and chemical characteristics and aggregate properties. Then, the testing concretes
were prepared by using these aggregates, and hardened concrete properties were determined. According to the
results obtained, although Ordovician sandstones have poor aggregate quality as compared to other sandstones,
they were found to be suitable for use as coarse aggregate in low-strength concrete production.
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Magazine of Concrete Research Assessing the quality of sandstones for
Volume 64 Issue 12 use as aggregate in concrete
Tugrul and Yilmaz
Mi Usküdar OS 5
Mi OS 4
Kadikoy
Bakirköy Or-Dev
Avcilar
Black Sea N
Marmara Sea Gr
Kartal
Istanbul
Ankara
Turkey Tuzla
Izmir
Gebze Cr
0 20 km Pl-Qal
0 200 km
Permo-Triassic N
Qal Quaternary units Eo Eocene units PT Settlements
Sermat Quartzite
Carboniferous Quarry
Pl-Qal Plio-Quaternary units Cr Cretaceous units Ca
Trakya formation
Ordovician-Devonian
Pl Pliocene units Gr Granitic rocks Or-Dev Cut slopes
Kurtköy and Kartal formations
Laboratory analysis The sandstone samples were broken into smaller pieces with a
The petrographic and mineralogic characteristics of the sand- hammer. The aggregate fractions were prepared from the smaller
stones were determined by thin section studies (Figure 2), and pieces using a laboratory jaw crusher. The aggregate tests
were classified according to Folk (1968) classification. The results included methylene blue, sand equivalent, saturated surface dried
are given in Table 2. particle density, water absorption, Los Angeles coefficient, flaki-
ness indices, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) and the accelerated
To determine the chemical characteristics of the sandstones, mortar bar test. The tests were performed in accordance with
chemical analyses were performed by semi-quantitative elemen- European Standards (EN). Each test was performed at least three
tary analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry times. The results of these tests are given in Table 4 and Figure 3.
(Philips PW-2404). The chemical compositions of the sandstones
are given in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, the sandstones contain Alkali–silica reactivity
variable compositions: 24.1–96.82% silicon dioxide (SiO2 ), The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is an internal chemical reaction
0.26–17.54% aluminium oxide (Al2 O3 ), 0.96–12.21% iron (III) between the alkaline components in the cementitious system and
oxide (Fe2 O3 ), 0–34.9% calcium oxide (CaO), 0.53–2.43% certain silica-based mineral constituents in some aggregates. The
magnesium oxide (MgO), 0.15–3.5% potassium oxide (K2O) and reaction results in the formation of a gel that absorbs water,
0.03–3.11% sodium oxide (Na2 O). The loss on ignition values expands and produces internal stresses sufficient to cause the
vary between 0.74 and 28%. concrete to crack (Binal, 2008; Moranville-Regourd, 1997; Nixon
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Magazine of Concrete Research Assessing the quality of sandstones for
Volume 64 Issue 12 use as aggregate in concrete
Tugrul and Yilmaz
Permo-Triassic
Carboniferous
Carboniferous
and Page, 1987) causing loss of concrete strength (Marzouk and
Ordovician
Ordovician
The accelerated mortar bar test is a fast reliable test for the potential
alkali–aggregate reactivity of an aggregate source. This test was
performed on at least three samples in accordance with ASTM C
few angular
Roundness
Fine–moderate
cement met all the requirements for use in the mortar bar test. The
Degree of
Moderate
bars were removed from the moulds after 1 day of storage in air at
sorting
Fine
Fine
Fine
Fine–medium
Fine–medium
sion at 14, 16 and 21 days was obtained in samples OS1 and OS4.
Particle size
Coarse
To observe the effects of the ASR and its products following the
Fine
Fine
accelerated mortar bar tests, the OS1 sample was examined using
SEM analysis. The morphological and microstructural features of
Mottled light purple
the mortar used in the accelerated mortar bar tests are shown in
Purplish–dark pink
White–light grey
Greyish black
ASR products, including the ASR gel and the shape and aperture
of microcracks formed during the ASR. The SEM results show
Colour
clearly that the circular cracks that formed on the surface of OS1
Grey
Grey
The cement type used in this study was CEM II 42.5 R which
Kurtköy
Kurtköy
Kurtköy
Trakya
Kartal
Kartal
Istanbul
Çatalca
1.05 and a free water content in the range between 179 and
287 kg/m3 : In all mixtures, cement content was kept constant and
a lignosulfonate-based plasticisers admixture was used.
code
OS1
OS4
OS5
CBS
K3
K4
AS
CS
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Magazine of Concrete Research Assessing the quality of sandstones for
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Tugrul and Yilmaz
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OS1 Quartz, feldspar, sericite, muscovite, rock fragments (schist, Very little clay Subarkose/arkose
quartzite, silicious sedimentary rock fragments)
OS4 Quartz, feldspar, rock fragments (quartzite, schist, phyllite), Clay Sublitharenite–litharenite/
sericite, muscovite, opaque minerals methasandstone
OS5 Quartz, feldspar, clay, muscovite, rock fragments Clay Arkose/methasandstone –
methasiltstone
K3 Quartz, feldspar, muscovite, sericite Carbonate Arkose
K4 Quartz, feldspar, muscovite, calcite, opaque minerals Carbonate and very Quartz sandstone
little clay
AS Quartz, feldspar, muscovite Carbonate and very Subarkose
little clay
CBS Quartz, feldspar, muscovite, rock fragments Very little carbonate Subarkose
CS Quartz, muscovite, opaque min. Mosaic texture Quartzite
150 mm 3 150 mm 3 150 mm cubes. These cubes were cast. damaging the bond between the aggregate and the cement paste
After 24 h, concretes were removed from the mould and cured in (Koukis et al., 2007). The most important negative effect of fine
lime-saturated water until the age of test. Compressive strength materials in aggregate is an increase in the quantity needed for
testing was performed to determine hardened concrete properties. the concrete to achieve a given workability. When some coatings
The results of these tests are given in Table 7. are not removed during processing, fine material can impair the
aggregate–cement bond (Fookes, 1980; Neville, 1995). To deter-
The compressive strength tests were performed on the hardened mine the quality of very fine particles in fine aggregates,
concrete specimens at ages of 7 and 28 days. The tests were methylene blue and sand equivalent test results can indicate the
carried out according to the procedures given by EN 12390-3 amount of potentially harmful fine material (Kandall et al., 1998).
(CEN, 2009a). Table 7 displays the results for compressive Low absorption values may show a small amount of clay (Stapel
strength at different ages. The results range between 9.1 and and Verhoef, 1989). There is no absolute value given that limits
33.4 MPa at 7 days and between 12.1 and 40.8 MPa at 28 days. these values in standards. However, results based on past research
These values are the lowest for OS5 and the highest values for indicate that if the methylene blue value is found to be below
the hardened concrete belong to CS at 7 and 28 days. 1 g/kg, there is no negative effect on concrete strength, and a high
sand equivalent value for fine aggregate indicates a positive effect
Results and discussion on concrete properties (Eryurtlu et al., 2004; Hasdemir, 2004).
Deleterious materials such as clay, silt and dust in aggregates may According to the test results reported in Table 4, except for the
result in expansion and shrinkage when wetted and dried, thereby quartz sandstone (K4) and quartzite (CS) samples, the methylene
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Methylene blue absorption: g/kg 2.25 2.5 4 1.25 0.5 1.8 1.8 0.25
EN 933-9 (2009)
Sand equivalent: % 30 53 35 38 65 36 65 79
EN 933-8 (1999)
Saturated surface dried 0–4 mm 2.75 2.70 2.77 2.70 2.70 2.68 2.68 2.65
particle density: g/cm3 4–11.2 mm 2.70 2.65 2.64 2.73 2.71 2.71 2.70 2.66
EN 1097-6 (2000) 11.2–22.4 mm 2.69 2.62 2.66 2.73 2.73 2.72 2.71 2.66
Water absorption: % 0–4 mm 2.63 2.21 3.75 3.01 1.82 1.6 1.6 1.8
EN 1097-6 (2000) 4–11.2 mm 2.19 2.17 3.65 0.89 0.48 0.7 0.7 0.57
11.2–22.4 mm 2.03 2.19 3.62 0.45 0.37 0.7 0.5 0.45
Los Angeles coefficient (500 cycles): % 26 34 29 13 14 20 22 12
EN 1097-2 (2010) 45 87 82 36 12 10 11 6.8
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) value: %
EN 1367-2 (2009)
Flakiness index: % 31 26 35 13 10 19 20 30
EN 933-3 (1997)
0·10
CEM II 42.5 R
Percentage of expansion
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Cement: kg/m3 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Water: kg/m3 236 235 287 213 211 205 215 179
Natural sand: kg/m3 202 203 195 217 221 534 509 358
Crushed sand (0/4 mm): kg/m3 572 565 489 611 621 255 269 452
Crushed stone no. 1 (4/11.2 mm): kg/m3 491 485 499 394 397 442 454 529
Crushed stone no. 2 (11.2/22.4 mm): kg/m3 489 480 502 636 646 591 564 529
Chemical additive: kg/m3 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.78 3.78 1.80 1.80 2.12
Water/cement 0.84 0.83 1.05 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.72 0.61
90
7 days 28 days
Sand equivalent: %
80
70 y ⫽ ⫺9·85x ⫹ 67·79
OS1 15.2 20.4 R ⫽ 0·65
60
OS4 17.8 21.9
50
OS5 9.1 12.1 40
K3 24.2 30.3 30
K4 26.4 32.7 20
AS 20.6 40.4 0 1 2 3 4
CBS 21.5 37 Methylene blue absorption: g/kg
CS 33.4 40.8
Figure 5. Relationship between sand equivalent value and
Table 7. The properties of hardened concrete methylene blue absorption
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Volume 64 Issue 12 use as aggregate in concrete
Tugrul and Yilmaz
4·5 90
4·0 80
Sand equivalent: %
3·5 y ⫽ 0·29e0·13x
3·0 70
R ⫽ 0·92
2·5 60
2·0 50
1·5
40
1·0 y ⫽ ⫺2·30x ⫹ 78·10
0·5 30 R ⫽ 0·85
0 20
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3): % Aluminium oxide (Al2O3): %
(a) (b)
Methylene blue absorption: g/kg
4·5 90
4·0 80
y ⫽ 0·38e0·66x
Sand equivalent: %
4·5 90
4·0 80
Sand equivalent: %
3·5 y ⫽ 0·30e0·64x
R ⫽ 0·86 70
3·0
2·5 60
2·0 50
1·5 40 y ⫽ ⫺12·30x⫹ 79·27
1·0 R ⫽ 0·83
0·5 30
0 20
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Potassium oxide (K2O): % Potassium oxide (K2O): %
(e) (f)
Methylene blue absorption: g/kg
4·5 90
4·0
80
y ⫽ 0·01x2 ⫹ 0·13x ⫹ 0·33
Sand equivalent: %
3·5
3·0 R ⫽ 0·87 70
y ⫽ ⫺17·15ln(x)⫹ 79·86
2·5 60 R ⫽ 0·79
2·0 50
1·5
40
1·0
0·5 30
0 20
0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3): % Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3): %
(g) (h)
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40
The saturated surface-dried particle density of normal aggregates
35 y ⫽ 1·69x ⫹ 9·30
coefficient (after 500 cycles) between 30–40% can be used in
30 R ⫽ 0·85
low-strength concrete (, 36 MPa). Based on the Los Angeles test
25
results, all of the sandstone aggregates in this study fulfil the Los
Angeles requirements for use in all types of applications (Table 20
4). A good correlation was obtained between the Los Angeles 15
coefficient and the percentage of aluminium oxide, sodium oxide 10
and iron (III) oxide (Figure 7). As the percentage of aluminium 5
oxide, sodium oxide and iron (III) oxide increased, the Los 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Angeles coefficient also increased. Thus, the higher the Los
Angeles coefficient, the poorer the aggregate quality. Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3): %
(c)
Durability tests evaluate the wetting and drying behaviour of Figure 7. Relationship between percentage of aluminium oxide
aggregates, with the addition of chemicals to hasten breakdown (Al2 O3 ), sodium oxide (Na2 O), iron (III) oxide (Fe2 O3 ) and Los
(McNally, 1998). According to ASTM C 33 (ASTM, 1986), Angeles coefficient
which has a similar test procedure and equipment to EN 1367-2
(CEN, 2009b), the soundness values for coarse aggregates should
be less than on 18% loss. In this study, the magnesium sulfate possible high Los Angeles coefficient and generally will result in
values of subarkose/arkose (OS1), sublitharenite/litharenite (OS4) a harsh mix with poor handling properties and poor pumpability.
and arkoses (OS5 and K3) do not lie within this standard limit, Fookes (1984) indicated that the flakiness indices should be less
but the quartz sandstone (K4), subarkoses (AS and CBS) and than 25%. An increase in the Los Angeles coefficient can occur
quartzites (CS) are within the standard limit (Table 4). In with an increase in the flakiness index. Also, the sandstone
contrast, the magnesium sulfate values of the sandstones studied aggregate tensile strength can decrease with an increasing per-
herein correlated with the percentage of aluminium oxide and centage of flaky particles (Smith and Collis, 2001). In this study,
iron (III) oxide (Figure 8). Figure 8 shows that when the percent- the flakiness index values of subarkose/arkose (OS1), sublithar-
age of aluminium oxide and iron (III) oxide increases, the enite/litharenite (OS4) and arkoses (OS5) are higher than 25%.
magnesium sulfate values of sandstones also increase.
Shakoor et al. (1982) and Pigeon and Pleau (1995) suggested that
Aggregate shape is an important property and is influenced by rocks with water absorption values greater than 3% and 2%,
the petrographic, fabric and structural characteristics of the rock respectively, have the potential to be damaged in freezing and
and production techniques (Ramsay et al., 1974; Smith and thawing service conditions. According to the test results obtained
Collis, 2001). Thin elongated particles can be an indicator of a from this study, all sandstones except arkoses (OS5) have water
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Magazine of Concrete Research Assessing the quality of sandstones for
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Tugrul and Yilmaz
100
90 feldspars, micas and clay minerals, and they did not display an
y ⫽ 4·87e0·13x expansion of more than 0.10% (Figure 3). This result is expected
80
R ⫽ 0·86
MgSO4 value: %
70
at the particle surface.
60
50
40 Based on the results of the aggregate tests, especially the
30 methylene blue, water absorption and magnesium sulfate tests
20 (Table 4), the sublitharenite/litharenite (OS4) and arkose (OS5)
10
0
samples are of extremely poor quality when compared with all
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 the other samples in the study. This result is expected because
Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3): % these sandstones contain a higher percentage of clay cement, as
(b) indicated by the highest aluminium oxide and iron (III) oxide
contents (Table 2). In addition, these two samples are metamor-
Figure 8. Relationship between percentages of aluminium oxide
phosed (Table 2 and Figure 2) and their particle sizes range from
(Al2 O3 ), iron (III) oxide (Fe2 O3 ) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 )
very fine to fine (OS5) to coarse (OS4). Therefore, based on these
value
potentially deleterious properties, the sublitharenite/litharenite
(OS4) and arkose (OS5) samples should not be used in concrete
absorption values of less than 3% (Table 4). The water absorption production. Other low-quality sandstones such as subarkose
values of samples can be related to the type of clay mineral (OS1) and arkose (K3) can be used in low-strength concrete, but
present and the feldspar and mica minerals. Based on petrographic they should not be used in freezing and thawing service
evaluation, the studied sandstones, subarkose/arkose, sublithare- conditions.
nite/litharenite and arkose contain feldspar and mica minerals.
The cement in these sandstones is composed of clay (Table 2). The compressive strength of testing concretes produced from
different sandstones is shown in Table 7. As seen in this table,
According to ASTM C 1260 (ASTM, 1994b), the expansion at crushed aggregates of subarkoses (AS and CBS) and quartzite
16 days should be less than 0.10%. Expansions of less than (CS) produce higher compressive strength than other sandstones.
0.10% at 16 days are, in most cases, indicative of innocuous The 28-day compressive strengths of concretes made with
behaviour. Expansions of more than 0.20% at 16 days are subarkose–arkose (OS1), sublitharenite–litharenite (OS4) and
indicative of deleterious aggregates. Expansions between 0.10% arkose (OS5) aggregates are nearly 40–50% lower when com-
and 0.20% at 16 days are known to be either innocuous or pared to subarkose aggregate concrete.
deleterious. In such a situation, it may also be useful to take
comparative readings until 28 days or to perform other alkali Conclusion
reactivity tests. According to CSA A23.2-94 (CSA, 1994), the Petrographic studies indicate that most of the sandstones tested in
percent expansion at 14 days should be under 0.10%. An this work are classified as subarkose, arkose, sublitharenite,
expansion of less than 0.10% indicates non-reactive aggregates, litharenite, quartz sandstone and quartzite. According to the test
and expansions between 0.10% and 0.40% have a potential for results, sublitharenite/litharenite and arkose cemented with clay
slow ASR. Many field and laboratory investigations on concrete, should not be used as concrete aggregates, whereas quartz
mortar or aggregate samples have demonstrated or suggested that sandstone, subarkose and quartzite can be used. However, the
quartz, feldspars, micas, clay minerals, metamorphic or strained hardened concrete properties produced with studied sandstones
quartz in sandstones can release significant amounts of alkalis in support aggregate test results.
the concrete pore solutions or can react with the free alkalis in
cement (Blight et al., 1981; Choquette et al., 1991; Hünger et al., Additionally, subarkose and arkose should be evaluated carefully
1996; Van Aardt and Visser, 1977). Based on petrographic before use as coarse aggregates in low-strength concrete owing to
studies, all the studied sandstones are mainly composed of quartz, their potential susceptibility to damage in freeze and thaw service
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Magazine of Concrete Research Assessing the quality of sandstones for
Volume 64 Issue 12 use as aggregate in concrete
Tugrul and Yilmaz
conditions. However, these sandstones do not appear to be Compressive strength of test speciments. CEN, Brussels,
susceptible to deleterious alkali–aggregate reactions. Belgium.
CEN (2009b) EN 1367-2: Magnesium sulfate test. CEN, Brussels,
The chemical composition of the sandstones (especially the Belgium.
percentage of aluminium oxide, potassium oxide, sodium oxide Choquette M, Berube MA and Locat J (1991) Behavior of
and iron (III) oxide) provide generally positive information about common rock forming and soil forming minerals in a strong
the aggregate quality. basic NaOH solution. Canadian Mineralogist 29: 163–173.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association) (1994) A23.2-94: Test
Although there is an increasing demand for aggregates and method for detection of alkali-silica reactive aggregate by
decreasing amounts of good quality aggregate resources in the accelerated expansion of mortar bars. CSA, Ontario, Canada,
world, especially around large metropolitan areas, lower quality Methods of Test for Concrete, pp. 236–242.
aggregates should be used with caution in low-strength concrete, Eryurtlu D, Işık M and Öztekin E (2004) Kum eşdeğerliği
with special attention paid to durability characteristics and test- deneyinin beton performansı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi.
ing, especially for magnesium sulfate soundness, when used in Beton 2004 Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Istanbul, Turkey, pp.
exterior service conditions. 604–614.
Folk RL (1968) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill
Acknowledgement Publishing Company, Texas, USA.
This study was supported by the Research Fund of the Istanbul Fookes PG (1980) An introduction to the influence of natural
University (project number: 517/05052006). aggregates on the performance and durability of concrete.
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
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