Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Inspection
Taguchi Method: 3 Methods to Improve Product
and Process Quality Involves examining items to see if an item
is good or defective
1. Quality Robustness – which a product or Detect a defective product
process is least influenced by the variation o Does not correct deficiencies in
of individual factors process or product
To become robust is to become less sensitive o It is expensive
to variants Issues
2. Quality Loss Function (QLF) – o When to inspect
mathematical function that identifies all o Where in process to inspect
costs connected with poor quality and Many problems
shows how these costs increase as product o Worker fatigue
quality moves from what the customer o Measurement error
wants o Process variability
3. Target-oriented Quality – a philosophy of Cannot inspect quality into a product
continuous improvement to bring the Robust design, empowered employees, and
product exactly on target sound processes are better solutions
Quality Loss Function
Economical and societal penalties due to a
purchase of a nonconforming product
Shows that costs increase as the product
moves away from what the consumer wants
Costs include customer dissatisfaction,
warranty and service, internal scrap and
repair, and costs to society
Source Inspection
Source control
Next step in the process is your customer
TOTALQM Reviewer
Ensure perfect product to your customer
Automated Inspection
Modern technologies allow virtually 100%
inspection at minimal costs
Not suitable for all situations
Kinds of Sampling
1. Periodic Sampling
Uses items selected periodically by a
constant unit of time
Product Inspection: Sampling
A proportion of the population may be
Goal: To accept good lots and reject bad lots a denied representation in the sample
high percentage of the time Unknown degree of bias
2. Stratified Sampling
Divides the population into groups or data
A sample is taken at random from each
group
3. Consecutive Sampling
A sample is taken in the order in which
items were produced
Any changes in processing are quickly
detected
4. Simple Random Sampling
A method is selected in which each item
from the process has an equal chance of
being selected in the population
TOTALQM Reviewer
5. Skip lot or Acceptance Sampling
Used if there has been an established or past
record for quality
Only fraction of “lots” are chosen to
randomly tested
Acceptance Sampling
Randomly inspecting a certain number of
items from a lot or batch in order to decide
whether to accept or reject the entire batch
Performed either before or after the process
rather than during
o Sampling before is done to supplier
material
o Sampling after involves sampling
finished items before shipment or
finished components prior to
assembly
Purpose is to sentence lots (accept or reject)
rather than to estimate the quality of a lot
A form of inspection that is used to
determine whether or not goods are
coherent with a set standard of quality
Most effective use of acceptance sampling is
as an auditing tool to help ensure that the
Dimensions of Quality in Product and Service
output of a process meets requirements
Acceptance sampling plans do not Quality
improve quality
Customer
The nature of sampling is such that
o Fitness for use
acceptance sampling will accept some lots
o Getting what you expect
and reject others even though they are of the
o Perceived performance
same quality
o “lies in the eyes of the beholder”
Manufacturing/ Service
o Conformance to requirements
o Meet specification
o Product is well-made
o Service performed according to
operational guidelines
TOTALQM Reviewer
o Desired quality – represent the
aspects of the product that define it
for customer
o Tend to be easy to measure, and
therefore become benchmarks for
competitive analysis
Delighter
Product attributes or features that are
pleasant surprises to customers when they
first encounter them
o Not present, customer will not be
dissatisfied
Customer Perceived Value o Exciting quality or unexpected
quality
Measures how customers assess benefits –
o Latent or hidden needs
such as product performance, ease of use, or
time savings – against costs, such as
purchase price, installation cost or time, and
so on, in making purchase decisions
3 Classes of Customer Needs
1. Dissatisfier – needs that are expected in a
product or service; must-be, basic, expected
characteristics
2. Satisfiers – needs that customers say they
want; one dimensional or straight-line
characteristics
3. Delighters – new or innovative features that
customers do not expect; attractive or
exciting characteristics
Dissatisfier
Customer takes for granted when it is
presented, but that causes dissatisfaction
when it is missing
o Don’t normally ask about because
they expect it to be taken care of
o Absence of expected quality
o Customer complaints – primary
source of information on existing
dissatisfier
Satisfier
Something that customers want in their
products and usually ask for
o More satisfier, happier
TOTALQM Reviewer
Transcendental
Quality is difficult to define or to
operationalize
Becomes elusive when using the approach
as basis for competitive advantage
The functions of design, production and
service may find it difficult to use the
definition as a basis for quality management
I can’t define it, but I know it when I see it
Product-Based