Nouns

● Have plural and possessive forms

● function as: (1) SUBJECT - that which is talked about in the sentence
(2) SUBJECT COMPLEMENT - that which completes the meaning of the subject
(3) DIRECT OBJECT - direct receiver of the action of the verb
(4) INDIRECT OBJECT - indirect receiver of the action of the verb
(5) OBJECT OF THE VERBAL - follows a verbal
(6) APPOSITIVE - identifies a noun before it
(7) NOMINATIVE ADDRESS - used in direct address

● ends in the following suffices: - ion, -ation, -er, -ar, -or, - ee, -ist, -ia, -ian, -an, -ant, -ent, -ment, -ence,
-ance, -acy, -cy, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ry, -ary, -ism, -ure, -um, - ium, -arium, -on, -ile, -ite, -ad, -ade, -al,
-ette, -et, -let, -ling

● positioned as: (1) before verbs - subjects

(2) after linking verbs - subjective complement
(3) after transitive verbs - direct and indirect objects
(4) after prepositions - objects of the preposition
(5) after nouns - appositives
(6) after adjectives - headwords

● introduced by noun-markers: (1) articles - a, an

(2) demonstrative - this, that, these, those, such
(3) indefinite adjectives - any, many, all, some, few, little, much
(4) possessive adjectives - my, our, your, his, her, their, its
(5) interrogative - which, what, whose
(6) numerical adjectives - one, two, third, fourth..

● combined with other nouns, verbs, and adjectives to form solid compounds (footnote, basketball),
hyphenated compounds (nation-building, essay-writing, air-condition), and spaced compounds (beauty
parlor, barber shop)

● usually replaced by pronouns

Pronoun
BASIS KIND DEFINITION EXAMPLES
Personal Pronoun Refers to one or more persons, places, I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Us things, events, or ideas
Relative Pronoun Introduces a relative clause The room where I study is coz.
e Let's meet at a time when we are
both free.
or The lady who is in the red is the
celebrant.
Fu Demonstrative Gives indefinite reference to one or This is a good place for a rest.
Pronoun more persons, places, things, events, Don't you know that?
nc or ideas. Such is a nice idea.
 Interrogative Pronoun Introduces interrogative sentence Who gave you the authority to
ti print those?
What is the date today?
on Whose pen is this?
Reflexive Pronoun Indicates that the doer and the He killed himself because of love.
receiver of the action are the same. You love yourself too much.
She hid herself so she would not be
seen by her mother.
Intensive Pronoun Shows emphasis I myself cooked this dish.
You yourself should do your
assignments.
They themselves submitted their
individual reports.
Reciprocal Pronoun Shows reciprocity of action Husband and wife should love each
other.
We are all brothers that we have to
take care of one another.
Singular Pronoun Refers to only one person, place, I am a Filipino.
NU thing, event, or idea You are my friend.
M It is a mechanical robot.
Plural Pronoun Refers to two or more persons, places, We are Filipinos.
BE things, events, or ideas. You are my friends.
R They are robots.
First-Person Pronoun Refers to the speaker or person I love the Philippines.
C speaking We are the world.
Second-Person Refers to the addresses or person You have to protect the
AS Pronoun spoken to environment.
You are my song.
E Third-Person Pronoun Refers to the person spoken of or He enjoys playing basketball.
about She loves watching his game.
It is an exciting game.
They are having fun.
Nominative/Subjectiv Used as a subject, subjective I ​study always but ​you​ don't.
e Pronoun complement Either ​he​ or ​she​ is coming.
Objective Pronoun Used as a direct object, indirect object, I will see ​him​ or ​her​.
object of the preposition, object of the Look for ​it​.
verbal, or objective complement. I want to bring ​him​ to our home.
Possessive Pronoun Indicates possession This flower vase is ​mine​.
The bakery around the corner is ​his​.
Their​ computers were stolen.

PRONOUN CASE CHART

SUBJECTS OBJECTS POSSESSORS
I, we (1st person) Me, us (1st person) My, our (1st person)
You (2nd person) You (2nd person) You (2nd person)
He, she, it, they (3rd person) It, them (3rd person) Its, their (3rd person)

Activity:
1. Fred whispered to his wife, "Let's keep it a secret between you and (I, me)."
2. (We, Us) students began our adventure at dawn.
3. Charlie and (I, myself) are handling all the renovations.
4. He is one of those doctors (who, whom) others frequently ask for advice.
5. Steven and I are both hearty eaters, but Steven can eat more than (I, me).
6. Each of the books is in (its, their) proper place on the shelves.
7. Dotty gave a party for Bob and (I, me).

Choose the item which has the grammatically correct sentence.

8. A) That cannot be me.
B) She and I went to the movies.
 C) When the bell rings, it might be he.
D) The monster is him.

The boy who/whom she met lives nearby.

*Use the possessor form of the pronoun before gerunds.

She resents (his/him) playing basketball all day.
He had no patience for (them/their) whining about homework.

9. A) If I had known who she was, I would have introduced myself.

B) If I had known whom she was, I would have introduced myself.

10 A. Here is a gift from she.

B. You can go with her.

11 A. Derek is going with she and I.

B. Derek is going with me and her.
C. Derek is going with her and me.

12. A. Between you and I, who is the better writer?

B. Between you and me, who is the better writer?
C. Between me and you, who is the better writer?

13. A. The two boys, Larry and him, are sleeping.

B. The two boys, Larry and he, are sleeping.

14. A. She is funnier than him.

B. She is funnier than me.

15. A. One should be considerate when speaking to their parent.

B. One should be considerate when speaking to his or her parent.

16. A. You should be considerate when speaking to your parent.

B. You should be considerate when speaking to his/her parent.

17. A. When the teachers are away, they leave things to do.
B. When the teachers are away, it leaves things to do.
Adjectives

Basis Kind Definition Examples

Descriptive Describes noun or a Large, attractive,

U
Adjectives pronoun rectangular, fuschia
S
Definite Denotes definiteness of the​ story, ​the ​character,
E Article the noun modified the ​editor, t​ he​ author

o Indefinite Does not denote a​ story, ​a​ character

Article definiteness an​ editor, ​an​ author
r
Ordinal Denotes the order of the Fifth element, first
F Numerical noun modified sacrament
u Cardinal Denotes the quantity of Five players, seven
n Numerical the noun modified games

ct Demonstrativ Modifies a noun This goose, these geese,

e Adjective that moose, those
io moose
n Indefinite Modifies a noun Any mousse, all mice,
Adjective each foot, both feet

Possessive Modifies a noun My uniform, our

adjective uniforms, her dress,
their dresses

Interrogative Modifies a noun Which bookshelf, whose

Adjective books, what occupation

Common Modifies a noun Student handbook,

nominal laboratory manual,
adjective science journal

Proper Modifies a noun Chemistry manual, DCC

nominal handbook

Attributive Precedes the noun or Square table

Adjective pronoun it modifies Elliptical road,
classroom activities
 Predictive Follows a linking verb The table is square.
Adjective and serves as a The road is elliptical.
subjective complement

Regular Forms its comparative Quick - quicker-quickest

Adjective and superlative forms by Stable, more stable,
adding -ER/more and most stable
-EST/most to the base
form respectively

Irregular Forms comparative and Well - good - better -

Adjective superlative changing the best
word Far- farther
Bad - worse - worst

Positive Describes one noun Fe is a fast thinker.

Adjective

Comparative Compares two nouns Compared to Fe, Aida is

a faster thinker.

Superlative Compares three or more Among the three

nouns friends, Lorna is the
fastest thinker.

Simple Composed of only one Hard, friendly, worthy,

Adjective word bold, well, good

Compound Composed of two or Hard-working,

adjective more words environment-friendly,
noteworthy, bold-faced,
good-looking

Noun-Determiners Descriptive Nominal Headword

Adjectives (age, Adjectives (noun)
Article Pronomina Numerical
size, shape,
l Adjective Adjective
color, quality)

the first five small, circular, leather bags

red
 those four tall brown Filipino athletes
muscular

my only white durable rubber shoes

some long English essays

biographical

a short Spanish poem

heart-rending

an eight-hour birthday part

happy

The last two old humorous talk show hosts

Our fifth memorable wedding anniversary

your five attractive gold rings

whose ten brown beautiful French hens

the third shortest business news

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS

KIND DEFINITION EXAMPLES

U ADVERB OF TIME DENOTES TIME THEY MET

SE YESTERDAY.
O
ADVERB OF PLACE DENOTES THE PLACE OF Come here.
R
OCCURENCE See you there
F
U ADVERB OF DENOTES THE MANNER OF Read aloud. You do it
C MANNER ACTION fast.
N
ADVERB OF Denotes the frequency of I always brush my
TI
FREQUENCY occurrence teeth. It is usually
O
flooded
N
ADVERB OF DEGREE Denotes the degree or The coffee is so hot.
intensity of the verb, You are quite early. It
adjective or adverb is too late.
modified
 Adverb of Denotes affirmation He'll surely miss us.
Affirmation Indeed, this book is
error-free.

Adverb of Negation Denotes negation of the No, you won't attend

assertion the party.

Adverb of Denotes doubt or Probably, this is the

Doubt/Uncertainty uncertainty best beer.

D Interrogative Adverb Introduces interrogative Where are you going?

E sentence When will I see you
G again?
R
Positive Adverb Describes one action Lydia runs fast.
EE
O Comparative Adverb Compares two actions Lydia runs faster than
F Elma.
C
Superlative Adverb Compares three or more Lydia runs fastest
O
actions among Asian
M
sprinters.
P
A
RI
S
O
N

for Regular Adverb Comparative and Soon-sooner-soonest

m superlative forms are
-er/more and -est/most to
the base form respectively

Irregular Adverb Uses other means to create Well - better- best

its Comparative and
superlative form

C Simple Adverb Composed of one word Swiftly, smartly,

M terribly
P
Compound Adverb Composed to two or more Sideward, clockwise
O
words
SI
TI
O
N

CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS

BASI KIND DEFINITION EXAMPLES

S

TEMPORAL Denotes time Will schools open in

September?
Classes at 7:30AM.
Philippine
independence was
first declared on June
12, 1898.

SPATIAL Denotes location, position She stays in an

or direction apartment.
Get out of your shell.
Observe no smoking
within the school
premises.

RELATIONAL Denotes relationship Michael Jackson is the

between the object of the King OF Pop.
preposition and another He is a doctor BY
word in the sentence profession.
The two countries are
AT war.

INSTRUMENTAL Denotes instrument Slice it WITH a bread

knife. The child was
saved BY her sister

CAUSAL/CAUSATIVE Shows cause-effect We were born

Preposition relationship BECAUSE of love.
Many were stranded
DUE to a storm. There
is a price hike OWING
TO the increase of oil
 COMPARATIVE Denotes similarity Treat me LIKE a rose.

CONTRASTIVE Denotes dissimilarity UNLIKE me, you came

from a well-to-do
family.

REPLACIVE Denotes substitution Why don't you take

engineering INSTEAD
of dentistry?
The nurse in place of
the physician took the
patient's vital
statistics.

POSSESSIVE Denotes possession One of leg OF the

table is broken. The
arms OF the starfish
are long.

PURPOSIVE Denotes purpose We will go to Boracay

for an outing.

QUANTITATIVE Denotes quantity They slept there FOR

a day.

Simple Preposition One word only In, out, on, of, for, up

Compound Two or more words Out of, in front of, on

Preposition top of, due to, owing
to, because of