Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Muzammil Tanveer
mtanveer8689@gmail.com
0316-7017457
Dedicated
To
My Honorable Teacher
Dr. Rao Muzamal Hussain
&
My Parents
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Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
Lecture # 01
Fluid:
A fluid is a substance that deform continuously under the application of sheer
stress (tangential stress). No matter how small or large the sheer stress.
Examples: Water, milk, oil, jam, lipstick etc.
Stress:
Forcer per unit area (F/A) is called stress. It is denoted by . It has two types
(i) Sheer stress / Tangential stress
(ii) Normal Stress
Sheer stress:
Tangent component of force per unit area is called sheer stress.
Normal stress:
Normal component of force per unit area is called Normal stress.
Types of forces:
There are two types of forces
(i) Surface force
(ii) Body force
Surface force:
All the force acting on the boundaries of medium through direct contact. OR Force
per unit area is called surface force.
The surface force is due to the surrounding fluid on the element under
consideration.
Examples: pressure, stress etc.
Body force: All the force develops without physical contact. OR Force per unit
volume (element of the body) is called body force. The body forces are distributed
throughout the volume of the body. Example: gravitational force, magnetic field
etc.
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Element:
Element is a part of substance that has all the specification of that substance.
Types of fluid:
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid:
If fluid satisfy the Newton’s law of viscosity is called Newtonian fluid otherwise
called Non-Newtonian fluid.
du
∝
dy
du
dy
Flow:
The quantity of fluid passing through a point per unit time is called flow.
Density:
Mass per unit volume is called density.
Viscosity:
It is the measure of resistance against the motion of fluid. It is denoted by . It is
also called absolute viscosity and dynamic viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity:
It is the ratio of absolute viscosity to density. It is denoted as Eta
Compressibility:
Compressibility is the measure of change in fluid w.r.t volume and density under
the action of external forces.
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Compressible fluid:
A type of fluid in which change occur due to volume and density changes by the
action of pressure (temperature) is called compressible fluid.
Examples: gases.
Incompressible fluid:
A type of fluid in which no change occur due to volume and density changes by
the action of pressure (temperature) is called incompressible fluid.
Ideal fluid:
A fluid that have zero viscosity and incompressible is called ideal fluid.
*An incompressible and inviscid fluid are called ideal fluid,
Viscous fluid:
Fluid that have non-zero viscosity or finite viscosity and can exert sheer stress on
the surface is called viscous fluid or real fluid.
Inviscid fluid:
Fluid having zero viscosity is called inviscid fluid.
Steady flow:
A type of flow in which velocity of any other fluid property does not change with
time.
P V
0 , 0 , 0
t t t
Unsteady flow:
A type of flow in which velocity of any other fluid property change with time.
P V
0 , 0 , 0
t t t
Rotational flow:
A type of flow in which fluid particle rotate about their own axis is called
rotational or rotating flow.
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Irrotational flow:
A type of flow in which fluid particle does not rotate about their own axis is called
irrotational flow.
Stream lines:
The imaginary line drawn in the fluid where the velocity along the tangent.
Potential line:
If we draw the line joining the points of equipotential on the adjacent flow lines,
we get potential lines.
Laminar and Turbulent flow:
A type of flow in which stream line does not cross each other is called Laminar
flow otherwise called turbulent flow.
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Lecture # 02
Stream lines:
A curve drawn in the fluid such that tangent to every point of it is in the direction
of fluid velocity Z
Steady flow:
The flow does not change with time.
Stream lines have same pattern at all points. Y
Unsteady flow:
Flow pattern changes with time. Stream line changes from point to point.
Differential Equations of stream lines:
Since the tangent drawn at every point in the fluid motion is in the direction of its
velocity. So,
r xi y j zk
d r dxi dy j dzk
d r
V 0
dx
i j k
u v w 0i 0 j 0k
dx dy dz
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dx dy dz
is the equation of stream line.
u v w
Vortex motion:
The most general displacement of a fluid involves rotation such that the rotational
vector (vortex vector or vorticity) q 0 or Curlq 0
where Xi .
Vorticity vector:
Let q ui v j wk be the fluid velocity such that Curlq 0 then
q vorticity vector
Let x i y j z k i.e. x , y , z are the cartesian components of
i j k
Then x i y j z k Curlq
x y z
u v w
w v u w v u
xi y j z k i j k
y z z x x y
On comparing
w v u w v u
x , y , z
y z z x x y
In two dimensions cartesian coordinates vorticity is given as
i j k
v u
x i y j z k z k
x y z x y
u v 0
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1 1 Vr
In polar coordinates z V V
r r r
Vortex line:
Vortex line is a curve in the fluid such that tangent to it at every point is in the
direction of vorticity vector.
x i y j z k & r xi y j zk be the position vector of the point P on the
vortex line.
Then / / d r i.e d r 0
i j k
` x y z 0i 0 j 0k
dx dy dx
dz dy 0
y z , x dz z dx 0 , dy dx 0
x y
dx dy dz
gives the equation of vortex line.
x y z
Figure: 1
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Figure 1 shows the evolution of a vortex tube.
*Note: A vortex line or tube cannot terminate or originate at internal points in a
fluid. Only for closed curves. They can terminate on boundaries.
Question: If the velocity components are given as u = kx , v = 0 , w = 0
Then show that the motion is not rotational.
Solution: q = [ u , v , w] q ui v j wk
Here u = kx , v = 0 , w = 0
i j k
Curlq kx k 0
x y z y
kx 0 0
x by 2t , y 0 , z ax 2t
Circulation:
If C is a closed curve, then circulation about C is given by
q . dr n . curlqdS n . dS d S
C
S S S
*The quantity n . dS is called the strength of the vortex tube.
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Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
A vortex tube with a unit strength is called a unit vortex tube.
Different types of Vortices:
(i) Forced vortex:
In this type the fluid rotates as a rigid body with constant angular velocity.
(ii) Free cylindrical vortex:
In this type the fluid moves along streamlines which are concentric circles in
horizontal planes and there is no variation of total energy with radius.
(iii) Free spiral vortex:
In this type there is a combination the free cylindrical vortex and a source (radial
flow).
(iv) Compound vortex:
In this type the fluid rotates as a forced vortex at the centre and as a free vortex.
Vortex pair:
A pair of vortices of equal and opposite strengths is called a vortex pair.
Let K and −K be the strengths of the two vortices at A (z = z1) and B (z = z2)
respectively. Then the complex potential is
W = iK log (zz1) iK log (zz2)
The velocity at A is due to the presence of the vortex at B and vice-versa.
Vortex Rows:
When a body moves slowly through a liquid, rows of vortices are sometimes
formed. There vortices can, when stable, be photographed.
Here we consider infinite system of parallel line vortices and two-dimensional flow
will be presumed throughout.
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Lecture # 03
Flow along a curve:
Let A and B be any two points in the fluid and ABP curve or path joining them
lying entirely within the fluid divide the curve ABP into number of small elements.
Let P and P ' be an element of the curve of length s .
B T
Let V be the velocity vector and T is the flow along P'
s
the element PP ' is defined as the product of tangential
P V
component of velocity vector V with the length s of A
B
Flow along ABP V cos d ___ ii
A
dr
Since T by differential geometry
ds
dr Tds _____ iii
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Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
B
Flow along ABP V . dr ___ iv
A
Since V ui v j wk
r xi y j zk
dr dxi dy j dzk
V .dr udx vdy wdz
B
Flow along ABP udx vdy wdz
A
Flow along AB x 2 ydx x 2 y 2 dy
A
B
Flow along AB x 2 3x 2 dx x 2 9 x 4 6 xdx
A
1
Flow along AB 3 x 4 dx 6 x3 54 x 5 dx
0
1
Flow along AB 3 x 4 6 x 3 54 x 5 dx
0
1
x5 x4 x6
Flow along AB 3 6 54
5 4 6 0
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3 6 54 3 3
Flow along AB 0 9
5 4 6 5 2
6 15 90 69
Flow along AB
10 10
(b) y = 3x dy = 3dx
B
Flow along AB V . dr
A
B
Flow along AB udx vdy
A
1
Flow along AB x 2 ydx x 2 y 2 dy
0
1
Flow along AB x 2 3 x dx x 2 9 x 2 3dx
0
1
Flow along AB 3x 3 24 x 2 dx
0
1
x4 x3
Flow along AB 3 24
4 3 0
3 24 3 3 32
Flow along AB 0 8
4 3 4 4
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Flow along AB
4
Circulation:
The circulation of the fluid along the simple closed curve lying entirely within the
fluid is denoted by and is defined as the line integral of tangential component of
velocity taken along close curve C.
*Circulation is the measure of rotation of the fluid.
V cos ds
V . dr V .Tds
C
Circulation of circuit is equal to the sum of circulation of its sub circuit.
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C C1 C2
From here we can define the relationship between vorticity and circulation as
V . dr V ds By Stoke ' s Theorem
C S
where vorticity V
Question: The velocity component for a certain flow field are given by
u = x+y , v = x2 −y
Calculate the circulation around the squares enclosed by the lines x = ±1 , y = ±1
Solution: The square enclosed by the lines x = ±1 , y = ±1 as shown in figure.
D y = +1 C
The circulation around this square is given by
V . dr u dx vdy
ABCDA ABCDA
x = −1 x = +1
x y dx x 2 y dy
Since x y dx x 2 y dy
A B
_____ i y = −1
AB BC CD DA
x y dx x y dy
2
AB AB
y 1 dy 0
1 1
x2
x 1 dx 0 x
1
2 1
1 1 1 3
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
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Circulation along straight-line BC. So, y varies from −1 to 1.
x y dx x y dy
2
BC BC
x 1 dx 0
1 1
y2
0 1 y dy y
1
2 1
1 1 1 3
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
Circulation around straight-line CD. So, x varies from 1 to −1.
x y dx x y dy
2
CD CD
y 1 dy 0
1 1
x2
x 1 dx 0 x
1
2 1
1 1 1 3
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
Circulation along straight-line DA. So, y varies from 1 to −1.
x y dx x y dy
2
DA DA
x 1 dx 0
1 1
y2
0 1 y dy y
1
2 1
1 1 3 1
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
Put in (i) V .dr 2 2 2 3 4 ____ A
ABCDA
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v u
Verification: Since 2 x 1 By stokes theorem
x y
v u
C V . dr S x y dxdy
1 1 1 1
x2
2 x 1 dxdy 2 x dy
1 1 1
2 1
1 1
1
x x dy 1 1 1 1 dy
2
1
1 1
1
1
2 dy 2 y 1 2 1 1
1
4 ____ B
3x y dx 2 x 3 y dy
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2
3 6cos 6 2sin 2sin d 2 4cos 18 6sin 2cos d
0
2
9 6cos 2sin 2sin d 16 4cos 6sin 2cos d
0
2
2
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
18sin 12sin 2 4 2
32cos 8
2
d
0
2
cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
18cos 12 2 32sin 4
2 2 2 0
18 6 2 2 0 32 0 4 2 0 18 6 0 0 0
18 6 4 8 18 6
4
Kelvins Theorem: (For rotation or circulation) or State and prove
Kelvins theorem for circulation:
Statement:
For an inviscid (non-viscous) incompressible fluid circulation around any closed
curve C moving fluid constants at all times provided that the central forces remain
conserved.
Proof:
Let C be the closed curve in fluid such that the curve moves with the fluid so that
at all instant circulation consist of same fluid particle. Circulation is defined as
V . dr
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D
To prove that circulation is constant it is sufficient to show 0
Dt
D D D
Now
Dt Dt
V . dr
Dt
V . dr
D D DV
Dt Dt
V . dt dr. _____ i
Dt
D Dr
Since dr d dV Bernoulli equation
Dt Dt
D 1 1
Similarly V . dr V .dr d V .V d V 2 ____ ii
Dt 2 2
Using equation (ii) in (i)
D 1 DV
d V 2 dr. ____ iii
Dt 2 Dt
From Euler’s equation of motion
DV 1
F P ____ iv
Dt
As we know forces are conservative.
F _______ v Where is force potential.
.dr i j k . dxi dy j dzk
x y z
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.dr dx dy dz
x y z
.dr d
Similarly P.dr dP
Equation (vii) becomes
DV 1 P
dr. d dPd d d ____ viii
Dt
Since fluid is incompressible i.e. = constant
Using equation (viii) in (iii)
D 1 P
d V 2 d d
Dt 2
D 1 P
d V 2
Dt 2
Since V, P and are constant. Therefore, their derivative will also zero.
D
Dt
d constant
00
is constant. Hence circulation remains constant.
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Lecture # 04
Remark:
1
K.E for finite liquid is K . E dS
2 S n
The velocity potential is V
As q = (u,v,w)
q u v w
Acyclic:
Acyclic motion is defined as the irrotational motion in which velocity
potential is single valued (as the rectilinear flow of fluid).
Theorem:
Show that acyclic irrotational motion is impossible in a finite volume of fluid
bounded by rigid surfaces at rest
OR
In infinite fluid at rest at infinity and bounded internally by rigid bodies at rest.
Proof:
If possible, suppose that acyclic irrotational motion is possible and let be the
velocity potential. Then, K.E. of the fluid is
2
K. E T d
2
2
d dS ____ i
2 2 S
n
Where S is the sum of all the rigid boundaries when is finite or the sum of
internal rigid boundaries when is infinite.
Now, since the boundaries are rigid, then at every point of S, the normal velocity is
zero i.e. 0 _____ ii at each point of S.
n
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From (i) and (ii) we get
2
d 0
2
2
d 0
q d 02
q
q2 0
q0
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Uniqueness Theorem:
If the region occupied by the fluid is finite, then only one irrotational motion of the
fluid exists when the boundaries have prescribed velocities.
OR
Show that there cannot be two different forms of acyclic irrotational motion of a
given liquid whose boundaries have prescribed velocities.
Proof:
If possible, let 1 and 2 be two different velocity potentials representing two
motions, then
21 0 22 _______ i
Since the kinetic conditions at the boundaries are satisfied by both flows therefore
at each point of S
q 2 d 2 d dS
2 2 2 S n
1 1 0 1 0 ______ ii
n n
2 2 0 2 0 ______ iii
n n
From (ii) and (iii)
1 2
______ iv
n n
Let = 12
2 21 22
2 0 at each point of fluid.
1 2
And 0 at each point of S.
n n n
represents a possible irrotational motion.
Also, the K.E given by
q 2 d dS 0
2 2 S n
Since the boundaries are rigid then at every point of S the normal velocity is zero
i.e.
0
n
q = 0 at each point of fluid
0
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0 at each point of fluid
1 2 0
1 2
which shows that the motions are the same. (Moreover is unique apart from an
additive constant).
Theorem-II:
If the region occupied by the fluid is infinite and fluid is at rest at infinity, prove
that only one irrotational motion is possible when internal boundaries have
prescribed velocities.
Proof:
If possible, let there be two irrotational motions given by two different velocity
potentials 1 & 2. The conditions on boundaries are
1 2
______ i
n n
And q1 q2 0 ____ ii at infinity
Let us write = 1 2 _____(iii)
2 21 22
subject to
1 2
0 from i
n n n
q . n 0
q 1 2
q q1 q2 at infinity.
W = iK log z + iK log (za) + iK log (z2a) +…..+ iK log (zna)+ iK log (z+a)
+ iK log (z +2a) + …… + iK log (z + na)
Double Infinite Row of Vortices:
Let us suppose that we have a system consisting of infinite number of vortices each
of strength ‘K’ evenly placed along a line AA' parallel to x-axis and another
system also consisting of infinite number of vortices each of strength ‘K’ placed
similarly along a parallel line BB ' . Let the line midway between these two lines of
vortices be taken as the x-axis.
(0,0)
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Let one vortex on infinite row AA' be at z z1 and one vortex on infinite row BB '
be at z z2 , so that the system consists of vortices K at z z1 na and vortices
‘K’ at z z2 na , n = 1, 2, ….
The complex potential of the system is
z z1 na z z1 na
W iK log
n 0 z z2 na z z2 na
Velocity potential:
If the flow is irrotational a potential function can be formulated to represent the
velocity field. From vector identity
0
The velocity of an irrotational flow can be defined by a potential function so that
V
u , v , w
x y z
In polar form Vr , V , Vz
r z
Kinetic Energy of irrotational motion:
Let S be the surface enclosing the volume of the fluid then
1
K .E V 2 d
2
2 2
V 2 V V V .V
1
K .E
2
V
.V d ____ i
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V
1
K .E . d
2
1
K .E . d _____ ii
2
. . 2 0
1
ii K .E . d _____ iii
2
1
Eq (iii) K. E . n dS
2 S
1
K. E dS
2
S
n
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D
From equation of continuity
Dt
.V 0 _____ i
D
Since the fluid is incompressible 0
Dt
Eq (i) becomes
.V 0
.V 0 _____ ii
2
T d
V ____ iii
2
Let T ' and V ' be the K.E and velocity of any other flow of the fluid respectively.
So, that
V ' V V0
. V ' 0
. V ' 0
. V V0 0
V V0 0 ____ iv
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It is also given that the flow has same normal velocity
V . n V ' . n
V . n V V0 . n
V . n V . n V0 . n
V0 . n 0 ___ v
2
T'
2
V V0 d
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eq vii
T ' T T0 V0 .V0 d
From Eq (ii) .V 0 .V0 0
T ' T T0 . V0 d
_____ viii
T T T0 V0 . n dS
'
From eq (v) V0 . n 0
T ' T T0
T' T
Or T T'
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Lecture # 06
Laplace equation:
If fluid is an incompressible and is a velocity potential then 2 0 is called
Laplace equation.
Proof:
We know that the standard form of equation of continuity is
. V 0 ____ i
t
D
Since V .
Dt t
D
V . ____ ii
Dt t
From (i) . V
t
D
Put in (ii) V V .
Dt
D
.V V . V .
Dt
D
.V V . V .
Dt
D
.V
Dt
D
.V 0 ____ iii
Dt
Since fluid is incompressible = constant.
D
0
Dt
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Equation (iii) .V 0
.V 0 _____ iv
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 2 2
0 which is required Laplace equation.
x 2 y 2 z 2
Stress:
It is defined as stress in a medium result from forces acting on some portion of
medium
F
stress
A
Normal stress:
Fn
n Lim
A 0 A
n
n
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As we have following sheer stress
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
Note: (i) We have double subscript notation to label stresses like yx etc.
x denotes the direction in which stress acts and y denotes the plane on which stress
acts.
(ii). X-plane = YZ-plane
mass m
(iii). Density =
volume V
(iv). By Newton second law
F = ma
dV dV
F m a
dt dt
dV
if m then F
dt
Generalization equation of motion:
Consider a fluid element whose center point is P and stress xx . P1 and P2 is its
right side and left side corner point respectively. Z
Length element along X-axis is x P1 z
P2 P
Length element along Y-axis is y
y
x
Length element along Z-axis is z
X
xx x
At point P1 xx . Y
x 2
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xx x
At point P2 xx .
x 2
Consider the X-component of surfaces forces
x x
dFsx xx xx . yz xx xx . yz
x 2 x 2
y y
yx yx . xz yx yx . xz
y 2 y 2
z z
zx zx . xy zx zx . xy
z 2 z 2
x x
dFsx xx xx . xx xx . yz
x 2 x 2
y y
yx yx . yx yx . xz
y 2 y 2
z z
zx zx . zx zx . xy
z 2 z 2
x yx y zx z
dFsx 2 xx . y z 2 . xz 2 . xy
x 2 y 2 z 2
xx
dFsx x yz yx x yz zx x yz
x y z
dFsx xx yx zx x yz ____ i
x y z
Now for body forces dFBx mg x
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Net force along X-component dFx dFsx dFBx
dFx xx yx zx x yz mg x
x y z
V x y z
xx yx z x
dFx V mg x
x y z
By Newton second law of motion
dFx max
max xx yx zx V mg x ____ ii
x y z
m
m V
V
Vax xx yx zx V Vg x
x y z
dV du dv dw
Since a ax , a y , az , ,
dt dt dt dt
du xx yx zx
V V Vg x
dt x y z
V 0 because if V 0 then one of our components x, y, z becomes zero and
our body can never move. So, V 0 we divide V and
du 1 xx yx zx
gx _____ iii
dt x y z
Similarly, for y-direction
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dv 1 xy yy zy
gy _____ iv
dt x y z
Similarly, for z-direction
dw 1 xz yz zz
gz _____ v
dt x y z
If u u x, y, z , t then
du u x u y u z u t
. . . .
dt x t y t z t t t
du u u u u
u v w
dt x y z t
Equation (iii) becomes
u u u u 1 xx yx zx
u v w gx ____ vi
x y z t x y z
Similarly, the equation of motion in ̂ and directions are
v v v v 1 xy yy zz
u v w gy ____ vii
x y z t x y z
w w w w 1 xz yz zz
u v w gz ____ viii
x y z t x y z
Equation (vi),(vii),(viii) provide the equation of motion of fluid element at P(x,y,z)
Euler equation of motion for in-viscus (real) fluid:
We consider X component of general equation of motion
u 1 xx yx zx
gx ____ i
t x y z
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We may have some assumption
Set-I:
x y yx 0
yz z y 0
x z zx 0
Set-II:
xx P xx
yy P yy
zz P zz
Set-III:
xx yy zz 0
Diff. set II w.r.t x,y and z
xx P P
xx xx 0
x x x x
P
y
yy
y
y
yy Py yy 0
zz P P
zz zz 0
z z z z
Put all these values in (i)
du P
0 0 gx
dt x
du P
gx _____ ii
dt x
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Similarly, for y and z component
dv P
gy _____ iii
dt y
dw P
gz _____ iv
dt z
As we know that
V ui v j wk
dV du dv dw
i j k
dt dt dt dt
Multiplying by
dV du dv dw
i j k ____ v
dt dt dt dt
Put equations (ii),(iii) (iv) in (v)
dV P P P
g x i g y j
gz k
dt x y z
dV P P P
i j k g x i g y j g z k
dt x y z
dV
P g ___ vi
dt
d d
Since is a material time derivative, .V
dt dt t
V
Equation (vi)
.V V P g is the Euler equation of
t
motion.
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Lecture # 07
Bernoulli Equation:
We know that Euler equation of motion is
V
t
.V V g P ____ i
From vector analysis, we know that
V 2 V .V 2 .V V 2V V
V .V 2V V 2 .V V
1
.V V V .V V V
2
Let g g k g z
V 1
V .V V V g z P
t 2
V 1
t 2
V .V V V g z P
V 1
V .V g z P V V
t 2
V 1 1
Divide by
t
2
V .V g z
P V V
1 V 1
Rearranging
P g z
t 2
2
V V V ___ ii
is called the Bernoulli equation for unsteady flow.
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Bernoulli Equation for steady flow:
V
For steady flow 0
t
1 1
Put in (ii)
P g z 0 V 2 V V
2
1 1
P g z V 2 V V
2
Taking dot product on both side with ds
1 1
2
2
P.ds g z.ds V .ds V V .ds ____ iii
As V V ds V V .ds 0
Also P.ds dP
z.ds dz
V 2 .ds dV 2
1 1
Put in (iii) dP gdz dV 2 0
2
1 1
Now integrate above equation dP gdz dV 2 0
2
1 1
P gz V 2 constant
2
*This is called Bernoulli equation for in viscous, incompressible, steady and
rotational flow along the stream line.
*This equation is also true for both rotational V 0 and irrotational
V 0 flow.
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Navier-Stokes equation:
As we know that the X-component of general equation of motion is
u xx yx zx
gx ____ i
t x y z
Now we will make following assumptions
Set-I:
v u
xy yx _____ ii
x y
w v
yz zy _____ iii
y z
u w
zx xz _____ iv
z x
Set-I:
2 u
xx P .V 2 ____ v
3 x
2 v
yy P .V 2 ____ vi
3 y
2 w
zz P .V 2 ____ vii
3 z
As V ui v j wk
u v w
.V
x y z
2 u v w u
Equation (v) becomes xx P 2
3 x y z x
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xx P 2 u v w 2u
Diff. w.r.t ‘x 2
x x 3 x x y z x 2
xx P 2 2u 2v 2w 2u
2 ___ viii
x x 3 x 2 yx zx x 2
yx 2v 2v
Diff. equation (ii) w.r.t ‘y’ ___ ix
y y x y 2
zx 2u 2w
Diff. equation (iv) w.r.t ‘z’ 2 ___ x
y z xz
Using equation (viii), (ix), (x) in (i)
u P 2 2 u 2 v 2w 2u 2v 2v 2u 2 w
gx 2 2 2 2
t x 3 x 2 y x z x x y x y z x z
Rearranging
u P 2 2u 2v 2 w 2u 2u 2v 2v 2u 2 w
gx 2 2
2
t x 3 x yx zx x2 x2 y x y z xz
u P 2 2u 2v 2w 2u 2 v 2 v 2u 2u 2 w
gx 2 2 2
2 2
t x 3 x yx zx x y x y x z xz
u P 2 u v w 2 u v w
gx u
t x 3 x x y z x x y z
u P 2
t
gx
x 3 x
.V 2u
x
.V
For incompressible fluid .V 0
u P 2
gx 0 2u 0
t x 3 x x
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u P
gx 2u is the X-component of Navier-Stokes equation.
t x
Similarly, for Y and Z components.
v P
gy 2 v
t y
w P
gz 2 w
t z
Parallel flows:
A flow is called parallel if there is only one velocity component. If
V ui v j wk then V ui when v w 0
The practical application of this simple case if the flow between parallel flat plates
(planes). Circular pipes and concentric rotating cylinder in such one component
flow the Navier-Stokes equation simplify, consider by and infect permit and exact
solution e.g. .V 0
u v w u
0 becomes 0
x y z x
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Lecture # 08
Couette flow:
The simple Couette flow or simple sheer flow is the flow between two
parallel plates one which y = 0 is at rest and other is y = h moving with the
uniform constant velocity ‘u’ parallel to itself.
Consider the steady laminar flow of inviscous,
incompressible fluid between the two infinite
horizontal parallel flat plates. Let X-axis be
the direction of the flow and Y-axis perpendicular
to the direction of flow. Consider the distance
between the plates be ‘h’ and the width of the
plates in Z-direction be finite.
Case-I: The X-component of Navier-Stokes equation is
du P
gx 2 u ___ i
dt x
*The assumptions are
(i) One dimensional flow i.e u = u(y) , v = w = 0
(ii) Viscous medium i.e µ ≠ 0
(iii) Incompressible flow i.e. ≠ 0
(iv) Steady flow i.e. independent of time
(v) No pressure i.e pressure gradient is zero.
(vi) No body force i.e. gx = 0
From equation (i)
du 1 P 2
u gx
dt x
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du u u u 1 P 2u 2u 2u
u v w x 2 y 2 z 2 g x
dt x y z x
According to these above assumptions
2u
0 2 0
y
d 2u
2 0
dy
Integrating w.r.t ‘y’
du
c1
dy
Again integrating
y c1 y c2 ___ ii
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Case-I: When both plated moves with uniform velocity i.e
According to boundary condition
u = u1 at y = 0 ____ (vi)
u = u2 at y = h ____(vii)
From equation (ii)
y c1 y c2 ___ viii
u
u2 u1 y u1h which is the required solution.
h
Generalization of Couette flow:
It is simple Couette flow with non-zero pressure gradient. Therefore, the boundary
conditions are same. The X-component of Navier-Stokes equation is
du u u u 1 P 2u 2u 2u
u v w g x ___ i
dt x y z x x 2 y 2 z 2
According to assumptions
(i) One dimensional flow i.e u = u(y) , v = w = 0
(ii) Viscous medium i.e µ ≠ 0
(iii) Incompressible flow i.e. ≠ 0
(iv) Steady flow i.e. independent of time
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(v) No body force i.e. gx = 0
1 P 2u
Equation (i) 0
x y 2
1 P 2u
x y 2
d 2u 1 dP
2
dy dx
On integrating w.r.t ‘y’
du 1 dP
y c1
dy dx
Again, integrating w.r.t ‘y’
1 dP y 2
u c1 y c 2
dx 2
1 dP 2
u y c1 y c 2 ____ ii
2 dx
Using boundary condition
u = 0 at y = 0 _____(iii)
u = U at y = h ____ (iv)
Using (iii) in (ii) we have
1 dP 2
0 0 c1 0 c 2 c 2 0
2 dx
1 dP 2
Put in (ii) u y c1 y ___ v
2 dx
1 dP 2
Using (iv) in (v) we have U h c1 h
2 dx
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U h dP
c1
h 2 dx
1 dP 2 U h dP
Put in (v) u y y
2 dx h 2 dx
1 dP 2 U h dP
u y y y
2 dx h 2 dx
U hy dP 1 dP 2
u y y
h 2 dx 2 dx
U hy dP y
u y 1 ____ vi
h 2 dx h
Which is the equation for the velocity field of generalized Couette flow.
Equation (vi) can be written as
u y hy dP y
1
U h 2 U dx h
u y y 1 dP y
h2 1 ____ vii
U h h 2 U dx h
h2 dP
*Let U be the dimensionless pressure gradient. Equation (vii)
2 dx
u y y y
becomes 1 ____ viii
U h h h
dP
Case-I: If > 0 0 *Pressure is decreasing in the direction of flow.
dx
dP
Case-II: If < 0 0 *Pressure is increasing in the direction of flow.
dx
dP u y
Case-III: If = 0 0 equation (viii) becomes which is the
dx U h
solution of simple Couette flow.
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Lecture # 09
Plane Poiseuille flow:
If two parallel plates are stationary, the fully developed between the plates is
generally referred to as place Poiseuille flow.
Let plane is situated at
h h
y and y .
2 2
The X-component of Navier-Stokes
equation is
u u u u 1 dP 2 u 2 u 2 u
u v w gx
t x y z dx x 2 y 2 z 2
Now without body forces. (Apply assumption)
1 dP 2 u
0
dx y 2
d 2u 1 dP
_____ i
dy 2 dx
Integrate w.r.t ‘y’
du 1 dP
y c1
dy dx
Again, integrate w.r.t ‘y’
1 dP y 2
u c1 y c 2
dx 2
1 dP 2
u y c1 y c 2 _____ ii
2 dx
Boundary conditions are
h
u 0 at y ____ iii
2
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h
u 0 at y ____ iv
2
Using equation (iii) and (iv) in (ii)
1 dP h 2 h
0 c1 c 2 _____ v
2 dx 4 2
1 dP h 2 h
0 c1 c 2 _____ vi
2 dx 4 2
Adding equation (v) and (vi)
1 dP h 2
0 2 2c2
2 dx 4
h 2 dP
2c2
4 dx
h 2 dP
c2
8 dx
On subtracting (v) and (vi)
h
0 0 2 c1 0 c1 0
2
Equation (ii) becomes
1 dP 2 h 2 dP
u y 0
2 dx 8 dx
h 2 dP 4 y2
u 1 2
8 dx h
Which is velocity profile of the fully developed laminar flow between two parallel
plates is parabolic. Thus, if the pressure gradient viscosity and place spacing are
specified then the velocity distribution can be determined.
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Poiseuille flow or General Poiseuille flow:
Steady viscous fluid flow drives by an effect of pressure gradient established
between the ends of a long straight pipe of uniform circular cross-section or
between two parallel plates both are at rest. This flow is symmetric and axis
symmetric. If v = (u,v,w) then u ≠ 0 and v = w = 0. Also u = u(y,z).
X-component of Navier-Stokes equation is
u u u u 1 dP
u v w 2u g x w here
t x y z dx
u u u u 1 dP 2 u 2 u 2 u
u v w gx
t x y z dx x 2 y 2 z 2
Without body forces (by assumption)
1 dP 2u 2u
0 2
u u y, z
dx y z 2
dP
h2 2
1 dP dx 2
y *2 z *2
dx h2
1 2u *
2 u * 1 0 Which is called Poiseuille equation.
The velocity component in the radial and tangential direction are zero. Vr = V = 0.
Under these assumptions the equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates is
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1 1 V V z
r .V r 0
r r r z
V z
Reduce to 0 _____ i V r V 0
z
Showing that Vz is independent of z due to axial symmetry of the flow. Vz will be
independent of . Also, Vz is a function of r only i.e. Vz = Vz(r) _____(ii)
The Navier-Stokes equation without body forces in cylindrical coordinates reduce
to
1 P
0
r
1 P
0 _______ iii
r
1 P V z 1 V z
2
0 2
z r r r
Equation (iii) can be written as
P P
0
r
P = P(z) or P is a function of z alone and
P 2Vz 1 Vz
2
z r r r
P 2Vz Vz
z r 2 r r
r
Multiply by
r dP d 2Vz dVz
r 2
dz dr dr
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r dP d dVz
r
dz dr dr
Integrate w.r.t ‘r’
dVz r 2 dP
r A
dr 2 dz
dVz r dP 1
A divide by r
dr 2 dz r
Again integrating
r 2 dP
Vz A ln r B _____ iv
4 dz
Where the arbitrary constant A and B are to be determined from the boundary
condition. The first boundary condition is found from the symmetry of the flow
which requires that Vz must be finite on the axis of the pipe (r = 0). It follows that
we must take A= 0 because otherwise Vz would be infinite at r = 0. Thus equation
(iv) reduce to
r 2 dP
Vz B
4 dz
The second boundary condition Vz = 0 at r = R. With this boundary condition the
constant B is obtained from (v)
R 2 dP R 2 dP
0 B B
4 dz 4 dz
Put the value of B in (v) we get the axial velocity distribution of Hagen Poiseuille
flow through pipe as
r 2 dP R 2 dP
Vz
4 dz 4 dz
2
R 2 dP r 2 R 2 dP r
Vz 1 Vz 1 which has the form of
4 dz R 2 4 dz R
paraboloid of revolution.
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Lecture # 10
Couette-Poiseuille flow:
As we have V u, v, w . For one dimension (parallel flow) we can write as
V 0,0,0 i.e. v = 0 , w = 0 and u ≠ 0. Also, the equation of continuity in 2-D is
u u
0 where u,v are component of V and we have v = 0
x y
u
0
x
So, u = u (y) , u ≠ u(x) , u is a function of y and independent of x i.e. there is no
change in u w.r.t x.
Now from the Navier-Stokes equation in 2-D x-component
u u 1 P 2u 2u
u v 2 2
___ i
x y x x y
v v 1 P 2y 2y
y-component u v 2 2
___ ii
x y y x y
u
As we have 0, v 0 and u u y
x
Using these values in equation (i) and (ii)
1 P 2u
(i) 0
x y 2
2u 1 P
y 2 x
2u 1 P
y 2 x
2u P
_____ iii
y 2 x
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1 P P
(ii) 0 0
y y
It means P ≠ P(y) , P = P(x) . P is a function of x. Thus, from equation (iii)
2u P
2 _____ iv
y x
Now we take Poiseuille and Couette at a time. For example, the equation (iv) is
of Poiseuille but conditions are of Couette. The boundary conditions are
y = 0 then u = 0
y = h then u = U
u=U
Equation (iv) can be written as
d 2 u 1 dP
dy 2 dx u = u(y)
du 1 dP
dy dx
y=0 u=0
du 1 dP
d .dy
dy dx
On integration
du 1 dP
. y c1 _____ v
dy dx
Again, on integration
1 dP 2
u . y c1 y c 2 _____ vi
2 dx
By applying boundary conditions
When y = 0 , u = 0
(vi) 0 = 0 + 0 + c2 c2 = 0
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1 dP 2
u . y c1 y _____ vii
2 dx
When y = h , u = U
1 dP 2
(vii) U . h c1 h
2 dx
h 2 dP
c1 h U
2 dx
U h dP
c1
h 2 dx
Put in (vii)
1 dP 2 U h dP
u .y y
2 dx h 2 dx
1 dP 2 U h dP
u .y y y
2 dx h 2 dx
U h dP 1 dP 2
u y y .y
h 2 dx 2 dx
y h dP y
u U y 1
h 2 dx h
y h 2 dP y y
u U 1
h 2 dx h h
Which is combine Couette Poiseuille equation.
For non-dimensional
u y h2 dP 1 y y
. 1
U h 2 dx U h h
u y y y h2 dP 1
P 1 w here P .
U h h h 2 dx U
P is non-dimensional pressure.
Non-dimensional equation of Couette Poiseuille at a time.
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u y
Let u * , y* u * y * P y * 1 y *
U h
This is the required Couette Poiseuille flow at a time.
Flow between two concentric rotating cylinders:
Consider the steady laminar flow of a viscous incompressible fluid between two
infinitely long concentric rotating cylinder with radii R1 and R2 (R2 > R1). Let 1
and 1 be the steady angular velocities (speed / rotating speed) of the inner and
outer cylinder respectively as shown in figure.
Assume the flow between the cylinders to be peripheral (circular or round about)
so that we have only the tangential component of velocity V i.e. Vr = Vz = 0. The
equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates is
1 1 V Vz
rV r 0
r r r z
V
Reduces to 0 ____ i Vr Vz 0
So, that V does not depend on and V = V(r,z). Also, since the cylinders are
infinitely long. So, V cannot be a function of z. Thus, we have
V = V(r)_____(ii)
The Navier Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates are
R – component
u r u r u u r u 2 u r P
ur uz gr
t t r r z z
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1 u r u r 1 2u r 2 u 2u r
r 2 2 2
r r r r r 2 r z 2
-Component
u u u u u r u u 1 P
ur uz g
t t r r z r
1 u u 1 2 u 2 u r 2 u
r 2 2 2
r r r r r 2 r z 2
z-component
u z u z u u u z 1 P
ur uz gz
t t r z r z
1 u z 1 2u z 2u z
r 2
r r r r 2
z 2
The Navier Stokes equation in cylindrical polar coordinates for present case
reduces to
V 2 P
_____ iii
r r
1 P 2V 1 V V
0 2
2 _____ iv
r r r r r
P
0 _____ v
z
Equation (v) shows that P is independent of z. So, P = P(r,).
Since V is a function of ‘r’ only. It follows that form equation (iii) the pressure
P
must be function of ‘r’ only i.e. P = P(r). Hence the term in (iv) is zero. The
equation (iii) and (iv) can be written as
V 2 dP
_____ vi
r dr
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d 2V 1 dV V
2 0 _____ vii
dr 2 r dr r
Equation (vii) can be written as
d 2V d V
2
0
dr dr r
On integration
dV V
2A 2A is constant
dr r
1 dV
r V 2 A
r dr
d
rV 2 Ar
dr
Again, on integration
r2
rV 2 A. B
2
rV Ar 2 B
B
V Ar _____ viii
r
Where A and B are constant of integration. The boundary conditions of this
rotating cylinder are
V R11 at r R1 v r
V R22 at r R2 v r
B
R22 R2 A ____ x
R2
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Solving these equation (ix) and (x)
R222 R121
A
R22 R12
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Lecture # 11
We know that
Angular Velocity:
V
Let be the angular velocity of the fluid then V r from equation
r
(A) we get
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V 2 dP
r dr
dP
V2
dr r
2
dP 1 2 R12 R 22 2 1
R 2 2 R1 1 r
2
.
dr r R 2 R 2 2 r
2 1
Since P = P1 at r = R1 we get
2
2 4 4
R12 R1 R2 2 1
P1
2 2
R
2 2 R2
1 1 2
2 R2
2 2 R2
1 1 .R2 2
R
1 2 2 1 lnR1 c1
2 1
R2
R 2 2R1
2
2 4 4
R12 R1 R2 2 1
c1 P1
2 2
R
2 2 R2
1 1 2
2 R2
2 2 R2
1 1 .R2 2
R
1 2 2 1 lnR1
R2 R1
2 2 2R1
Put the value of c1 in equation (C)
2
2 4 4
r2 R1 R2 2 1
R22 R1 1 2 R22 R1 1 .R1 R2 2 1 ln r
2 2 2 2 2
P
2 2 2
2 1
R2
R 2 2r
2
2 4 4
R12 R1 R2 2 1
P1
2 2
R
2 2 R 2
1 1 2
2 R 2
2 2 R 2
1 1 .R 2 2
R
1 2 2 1 lnR 1
2 1
R 2
R 2 2 R1
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2
2 r2 R12 R14R24 2 1 1 1
R22 R11 2 2 2 R22 R11 .R1 R2 2 1 lnr lnR1
2 2 2 2 2
P P1
2 2
2 1
R2
R 2 2 2 r R1
2
2 r2 R12 R14R24 2 1 1 1 lnr
P P1
2 2
R
2 2 R2
1 1
2 2 2 R2
2 2 R2
.R
1 1 1 2
2 2
R 2
1
2 1
R2
R 2 2 r R1 ln R
1
_____(D)
This equation is the required pressure distribution and can be used to find the
pressure of rotating cylinder.
Maximum Velocity:
dV
The maximum velocity will occur at the position r where 0
dr
R 2
2 2 R121 r 2 R12 R22 2 1 0
R 2
2 2 R121 r 2 R12 R22 2 1
R 2
2 2 R121 r 2 R12 R22 1 2
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2 R12 R22 1 2
r
R
2
2 2 R121
r R1R2
1 2
R222 R121
r R1 R2
1 2
R 2
R22 2 1 2 1
R2
r R1
1 2 ____ E
R 2
2 1 2 1
R2
For objectives
Several possible situations can arises depending on the value of angular
velocities 1 and 2 .
If 1 2 the numerator is negative. Then since R2>R1 we have
2
R
2 1 1 0 and there is no real value of r. This implies that fluid
R2
velocity increases continuously from V R11 at the inner surface to
V R22 at the outer surface.
If 2 1 , the numerator is positive. However, there are three possibilities
2
R1
depending on the denominator 2 1 being positive, negative or
R2
zero.
2
R
(i) If 2 1 1 the denominator is positive and there is a real value
R2
occurs at a definite radius r.
2
R
(ii) If 2 1 1 the denominator is negative and there is no real value of
R2
radius r.
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2
R
(iii) If 2 1 1 the value of radius r is indeterminate.
R2
To summarize the tangential velocity attains a Maximum value at some radius
2
R
attains a maximum value at some radius R1 < r < R2 only if 1 2 1 1
R2
Shearing Stress:
The shearing stress in this case can be determined from
d V 1 V
r r r
dr r r
Since Vr = 0
d V
r r
dr r
d 2
r R12 R22 2 1
r 2 . R2 2 R1 1
2
R2 R12 dr r2
r 2 R12 R22 2 1
r 2 . 0
R2 R12 r3
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2 R12 R22 2 1 2 R22 2 1
r r R _____ G
1
R 2
2 R12 R12 R 2
2 R12
And the shearing force per unit length of the inner cylinder is
F r r R 2 R1
1
2 R22 2 1
F 2 R1
R 2
2 R12
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Note that torque is independent of r. The moment or torque exerted by the
cylinders upon each other is of interest in viscometery by knowing the geometry
and measuring T(T1,T2) at either cylinder. One can calculate the viscosity of the
fluid, as first suggested by Couette (1890). This is still a popular method in
viscometery.
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Lecture # 12
Flow through a cylinder of uniform cross-section:
Consider the steady laminar flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a
cylinder of orbitrary but uniform cross-section as shown in figure below. Let z-axis
be taken as the axes of the pipe. Since the flow is parallel to z-axis. The velocity
components u = v = 0 everywhere. Moreover, the flow being steady so
0
t
The equation of continuity thus reduces to
w
0
z
So, that w = w (x,y). Thus, for the present problem
u = v = 0 , w = w (x,y) , 0
t
X
O
Z
1 P 2w 2w
0 2 2 _____ iii
z x y
1 P 1 P
From (i) and (ii) 0
x y
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P P
0 P P z
x y
From equation (iii)
1 P 2 w 2 w
0
z x 2 y 2
1 P 2 w 2 w
z x 2 y 2
2 w 2 w P
2 2
x y z
2 w 2 w P P dP
Moreover, 2 2
x y z z dz
The L.H.S of this equation is a function of x and y only while R.H.S is a function
of z only and since these are equal. Each side must be constant (say) −P. The
minus being taken as we except P to decreases as z increases. Thus,
2w 2w P dP
___ iv Where P
x 2 y 2 dz
Along with w = 0 on the walls of the cylinder. Hence the problem of finding the
velocity distribution reduces to that of finding the solution of equation (iv) subject
to boundary condition w = 0 on the cross-section of the pipe (cylinder) cuts the
XY-Plane.
The problem can be further simplifying if we write
P 2
w w1
4
x y2 _____ v
2 w 2 w1 P
Then 2 ___ vi
x 2 x 2
2 w 2 w1 P
And 2 ___ vii
y 2 y 2
69
Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
Substituting these partial derivatives in equation (iv) we find that w1 has to satisfy
the two-dimensional Laplace equation.
2 w1 P 2 w1 P P
x 2 2 y 2 2
2 w1 2 w1 P P
x 2 y 2
2 w1 2 w1
2 0
x 2 y
With boundary condition w = 0 equation (v) becomes
P 2
0 w1
4
x y2
P 2
w1
4
x y2
dV
V
is the mass of fluid with volume V.
70
Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
D
dV 0 ____ i
Dt
V
V t dV q .n ds 0
s
by ( i )
V t . q dV 0
. q 0
t
q .q 0 0 By Kelvins theorem
t
.q 0
t
For incompressible
0
t
0 .q 0 .q 0
.q 0
71
Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
Transport of any dynamical:
Let G = F be any fluid property per unit mass then prove that
D DF
Dt FV
dV
V
Dt
dV
Put G = F
D
Dt F dV
V
V t F dV F q .n ds
s
D F
Dt F
V
dV F
V
t
dV
t F
V
.q q . F dV
D F
Dt V
F dV F
V t dV V t dV V F .q dV V q. F dV
D F
F dV F dV dV F .q dV q. F F dV
Dt V V
t V
t V V
Rearranging
D F
Dt F
V
dV F t
V
.q q . dV
V
t
q. F dV
D F
F dV F .q 0 dV q. F dV 0
Dt V V t V t
72
Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
D D DF DF F D
F dV F .q dV dV q.F &
Dt
V V Dt V
Dt Dt t t Dt
By Equation of continuity
D
.q 0
Dt
D DF
F dV 0 dV
Dt
V
V
Dt
D DF
F dV dV
Dt Hence Proved.
V V
Dt
73
Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer