1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of the background of the study, statement of

the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition

of terms.

Background of the Study

The business performance of garlic is one of the primary concerns

among the planners and policy makers in setting up goals and strategies

as they prepare the sector for global competition. Also, this is the concern

of agribusiness players who are interested to venture in garlic farming

(PSA-BAS, 2013).

Garlic is one of the most important food seasonings in the world. It

is widely used for flavoring and seasoning dishes, pickles and sauces.

Because of its many other uses, demand for this crop is continuously

increasing worldwide (pinoybusiness.com). The crop has become an

increasingly popular vegetable in recent years among producers,

marketers and consumers (Department of Agriculture Forestry and

Fisheries, 2012). They have found garlic to be a potentially highly

profitable crop in the market, with respect to its production and economic

value.
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The country with the largest volume of garlic output in the world is

China accounting for 81 percent of global production. The garlic harvested

area has indicated a noticeable increase over the period of year since 2007

to 2015. In the Philippines, Ilocos Norte, a top producer of garlic, has

roughly produced 69 percent production output among the region. Despite

the rampant case and the out of investment funds of garlic by the sectors,

the country remains dependent on imports for its domestic garlic trade

and garlic remains a profitable venture (Andres, 2015).

However, there is no farming of garlic in Davao City. Nevertheless,

garlic is a demandable crop and can yield high profit. Therefore,

persuading farmers in other provinces and regions to plant garlic would

post a big challenge and to see to it that garlic is more profitable compared

to other valuable crops like rice and corn. Significantly, conducting this

study may serve as a guide by providing information to the garlic traders

about how garlic is currently performing in the market.

Hence, conducting this research aimed to focus on determining the

business performance of garlic traders in Davao City.

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Statement of the problem

The ultimate intention of this study is to analyze the business

performance of garlic traders in Davao City. More specifically, this study

sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the garlic traders in Davao

City in terms of:

a. Age;

b. Gender;

c. Civil Status;

d. Educational Attainment;

e. Business Location; and

f. Average monthly income?

2. What are the business attributes of the garlic traders in terms of:

a. Stall Location (Public Market and sidewalk);

b. Number of Workers;

c. Years of Experience;

d. Type of Business (Wholesaler and Retailer);

e. Volume of Garlic traded (kgs/month);

f. Varieties; and

g. Source of Supply?

3. What is the business performance of the garlic traders in terms of

profit?
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4. Is there a significant difference in the profit performance of garlic

traders when analyzed based on business location?

5. Is there a significant difference in the profit performance of garlic

traders when analyzed by type of business?

Significance of the Study

This study focused on the business performance of garlic traders in

Davao City. The study aimed to provide valuable information and insights

that are beneficial to the following:

Consumers. They may be aware of the possible benefits they can

get from the commodity in terms of its characteristics, business

performance and profitability. In this study, this may serve as their guide

to become familiar about the commodity they are buying.

Garlic Traders. This study may provide useful information that

may serve as their basic knowledge about the business performance of

garlic and provide recommendations and solutions to the problem

encountered by helping them uplift their economic status through being

educated on how to cultivate garlic.

Future Researchers. This study may serve as a baseline or

reference to the researchers when conducting similar studies about

business performance of garlic. This may also be a guide to their future

studies with regards to other commercial benefits of garlic and other

commodities.
 5

Government Institutions. This study serves as basis for the local

government and non-local government organization to design programs

that will help farmers and enterprising individuals to enhance their

competitiveness and convince them to engage in the production and

marketing of garlic.

Scope and Limitations

This study focused mainly on analyzing the business performance

of garlic traders in Davao City. The primary sources of data and

information are the traders of garlic among the major public markets of

Davao City. These markets are Bankerohan Public Market, Toril Public

Market, Calinan Public Market, Agdao Public Market, Mintal Public

Market and also sidewalk vendors in Davao City. The researcher chooses

the area since it is a huge market and many vendors who sell garlic. They

may able to get respondents easily. Though some of the respondents are

refusing to be interviewed with.

The accuracy of the result of the study depends solely on the

responses of the 50 respondents to the items in the questionnaire of the

main data gathering of the research.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally as to how they are

used in the study:

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Business Performance. refers to the Gross sales and the expenses

incurred in the labor, transportation, materials and product losses as well

as the profit earned after deducting all costs in trading garlic.

Length of Experience. refers to the number of years that the garlic

traders have engaged in marketing garlic.

Monthly Income. refers to the household gross monthly earnings

of the respondents.

Net Profit. refers to the bottom line, net income or net earnings of

the garlic traders after accounting it’s all costs.

Profitability. refers to the ability of earnings of a business profit in

terms of percentage of net profit when expenses are deducted from the

gross sales.

Public Market. refers to a year-round, carefully crafted, intentional

and diverse medley of owner-operated shops, stalls and day tables.

Retailer. refers to a person who process of selling consumer goods

or services through multiple channels of distribution to earn profit.

Socio-Demographic Profile. refers to the personal data of

respondents such as age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, average

income monthly, stall location, length of experience and number of

workers.

Trader. refers to an individual, who engages in the buying and

selling of financial market.

 7

Wholesaler. refers to a person or firm that buys large quantity of

goods from various producers or vendors, warehouses them, and resells

to retailers.

Sidewalk vendor. refers to a person engaged in selling, offering for

sale, or distributing food from a vehicle located within a public street.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter contains the related literature, reading and studies

from books, journals and unpublished material, which are relevant to the

present study and to give initial information to the readers about the

business performance of Garlic. This includes the theory base, conceptual

framework and hypothesis of the study.

Related Literature and Studies

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), otherwise known as “bawang”, is one of

the most popular cultivated Alliums. It is mainly used as a condiment for

flavoring meat, fish and salads, in fresh and dehydrated forms. It is also

known to lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Its many other health-

promoting attributes have resulted in medicinal pills, drinks and powders

based on garlic extracts (PSA-BAS, 2013).

Garlic is a spice crop that belongs to the family Alliaceae. It is the

second most widely used among cultivated alliums after onion. The crop

consists of an underground bulb and above the ground vegetative part

which consist the leaves and flowers. The leaves of garlic are flat and very

slender. It is a cold weather perennial crop with high nutrient and water

requirement. This crop is grown under both rainy and irrigated conditions.
 9

It gives good result when grown on fertile, well-drained and sand or silt

loams soil with good retaining properties (Magaji Usman, 2016).

The different garlic species are classified in four groups: longicuspis,

ophioscorodon, sativum, subtropical and the pekinense sub-group. The

longicuspis group is considered the oldest and it is postulated to be the

original group. The ophioscorodon group is distributed in Central Asia, the

sativum group in the Mediterranean zone and the subtropical in the south

and southeast of Asia. Finally, the pekinense subgroup comes from the

east of Asia (Maab and Klaas, 1995).

The variety must be selected from a list of recommended or local

varieties. Apart from its adaptation, the variety should have high yield

potential, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, good marketability and

high consumer preferences. Unless the variety meets the requirements of

farmers and consumers, it is less likely to be widely adopted and therefore,

the demand for seed cannot be addressed (Bishaw et al., 2008)

India is one of the world’s largest producers of garlic with an average

yield of about 5.23 tons per hectare (NHRDF, 2015). Other growers are

Spain, Egypt, Korean Republic, Argentina, Italy, China, and the United

States. According to (FAO) as cited by Magaji G.Usman, A.S. Fagam,

Rilwanu U. Dayi, and Zaharaddeen Isah (2016), production of garlic stood

at about 10 million tons per annum which is only about 10% of the

production of bulb onions. The world average yield of garlic is about

10t/ha but can go up to 19t/ha.

 10

In spite of having many other uses and with increasing demand for

garlic production, the Philippines have been declining by 5.94 percent over

the past 10 years. The country produced 8,644 metric tons in 2013. Price

per kilogram of garlic was P70.40. Yet, area harvested for garlic decreased

by 5.37 percent in 2013 compared with last year’s record (PSA-BAS,2013)

Ilocos Norte is the country’s top producer in the Philippines, with

consumers currently buying Ilocos native Garlic at an average price of

P260 per kilogram and P300 in the Metro Manila. In 2013 the average farm

prices of Ilocos native garlic is P69.25, the retail price of it was increasing

at P139.55/kg.

According to Bureau of Agriculture Statistics-BAS (2004), the main

producer of garlic in the Philippines is the Ilocos Norte with 70 percent,

Ilocos Sur with 4 percent, Quezon with 7percent, and Nueva Ecija with 5

percent. Despite earning an average net return of P127, 184 per hectare,

area planted continues to decrease because farmers shifted to other

commodities due to pest and disease and extreme weather condition. Over

the year, Ilocos Norte has maintained its status as the garlic capital of the

Philippines producing about 905 metric tons sufficiency level in 2012 and

more than 800MT in 2013.

All varieties grown in the Philippines are of native origin, these are

Batangas White, Ilocos White and Batanes White varieties (Mones, 2005).

Davao City was one of the six demand area of native Garlic, the

demand area, however, were identified as the distribution and

 11

consumption area of native garlic produced from the supply province.

There were traders from Davao city who negotiate with the farmers for an

assurance of garlic supply.

Production of garlic

Garlic is cultivated in most countries both in the tropic and

temperate zones. In Asia, it is commercially grown in China, Indonesia,

Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Thailand, and India. World trade in garlic is

dominated by the developing countries and their share of trade has been

growing at the expense of that of the developed countries during the past

ten years (FAO, 2004).

Garlic production is concentrated both internationally and

domestically. With 13 billion pounds annually, China is the leading

producer, accounting for 66 percent of world output. The majority comes

from the Shandong Province a prime agricultural area located southeast

of Beijing. South Korea and India are second and third with 5 percent

each, and the U.S. ranks fourth with 3 percent of the world production.

Garlic falls into three broad products segments--fresh-market,

dehydrating, and seed stock--with each differentiated by the way the crop

is grown, handled, and used. About a fourth of all U.S. garlic is sold as

fresh-market produce. The remainder is sold as various dehydrated

products or for certified seed. Under average market conditions, there is

little overlap among these three markets, although some lower grade fresh-
 12

market garlic is occasionally sold to dehydrators. Changes in relative

market prices and stock levels can prompt some shifting of sales between

the segments, particularly between fresh and processing markets. While

seed and dehydrating garlic are mechanically harvested, fresh-market

garlic is hand-harvested. Fresh product is carefully handled to preserve

appearance (including sizing, grading, and storing) and is shipped and sold

in the same manner as fresh produce. Fresh garlic can be marketed for up

to 3 months from the time of harvest with standard warehouse storage, up

to 6 months if kept in cold storage, and up to a year under controlled-

atmosphere storage. Fresh garlic is used to manufacture crushed,

chopped, peeled, and pureed garlic products (Agricultural Outlook, 2000).

According to the three-year moving averages of FAO (2007)

statistics, world production of garlic had about 12.6 million t/year and has

increased in production by China, from 2,412,477 t in 1978 to 8,153,409

t in 2001. A massive increase in Chinese garlic exports over the same

period more than threefold since the late 1970’s, largely because of a huge

increase, from 11,283 t in 1978 to 1,112,890 t in (2005), has led to the

current predominance of China in the world garlic trade. The high quality

and low price of Chinese garlic is making it difficult for producers to

compete in higher-cost regions like California, and areas planted there are

declining import tariffs were imposed by the USA to protect the local garlic

industry and the EU has quotas for imports negotiated primarily with

China and Argentina. Argentina is the second most important exporter of

 13

garlic, with exports fluctuating around 80,000-90,000 t in the years 2001-

2005 following a steady increase in the 20 years up to the late 1990s. In

addition to fresh consumption, the production of dried garlic for use in

food manufacture and garlic extracts for use in dietary supplements and

pharmaceuticals are important industries (Brewster, 2008).

According to FAOSTAT et al., (2011), present the world statistical

production of garlic, that the production of garlic is high in Asia. In the

data present that China was first among the 22 counties, having an

827000 area (ha) and 23 yields (t/ha). According to them that in a past 10

years that the production of garlic is decreasing like in Europe have

103348 area (ha) and 16 yields (t/ha). India 200600area(ha) and 5 yields

(t/ha). Ukraine 21200area(ha) and 8 yields(t/ha). Egypt 12145area(ha)

and 24 yields (t/ha).

In the Hungarian National List have four garlic varieties namely

Lelexir, tavaszi, őszi, Vigor supreme (Füstös, 2014). Selected varieties in

Serbia, Bosut, Labud (Gvozdanovic-Varga J. et al. 2009) The main aim to

study the reality and the problems of Garlic production and usual current

of varieties in two countries because the production in Hungary decreased,

the average of yield in Serbia is very low. In the year of 2006 having an

8658 area(ha) and 3 yields(t/ha), 2007 having a 8419 area(ha) and 2.5

yield (t/ha), 2008 having a 8215 area(ha) and 2.9 yield (t/ha), 2009 having

8113 area(ha) and 2.9 yield (t/ha), 2010 having a 7867 area(ha) and 2.8

yields (t/ha) and in 2011 having a 7744 area(ha) and 2.7 yield and (t/ha).
 14

In Hungary, present the statistical data in five years flow of

production of garlic in area and yield, due to some problem encounter it

may result of the decreasing production of garlic. In 2006 having a 1122

area and 6.5 yield, in 2007 having a 641 area and 8 yields, 2008 having a

636 area and 7.4 yield, 2009 having a 636 area and 7.4 yield, in 2010

having a 602 area and 6.9 yield and in 2011 having a 1048 area and 6.2

yield. This statistical data presents the production of garlic in terms of area

and yield in 2006 to 2011. (FAOSTAT et al., 2011).

In Philippines, garlic is grown in about 5,700 ha mainly in Ilocos

Region. In 1997, an average production of 15,760t was reported. In 1996,

267.7t valued at P5.35 M were exported to the Netherlands and Singapore

while 3,990 t of fresh and processed garlic valued at P68 M were imported.

In 2007, production of garlic increased by 10.9 percent, from 0.65

thousand metric tons in 2016 to 0.72 thousand metric tons this year. In

Cagayan Valley produced 0.24 thousand metric tons which

represented 33.0 percent of the country’s total garlic production. The

other major producing regions and their respective shares were

MIMAROPA with 30.3 percent and Central Luzon with 24.8 percent.

Garlic farmers incurred an average production cost of P108, 040 per

hectare in 2015. Gross receipts amounted to P309, 380 from an average

yield of 3,797 kilograms per hectare.Net of cash costs, returns amounted

to P260, 846 per hectare. After subtracting cash and non-cash costs,

returns settled at P240, 250 per hectare in 2015. Garlic production in

 15

2015 netted an average of P201, 340 per hectare. The cost of producing

garlic per kilogram was P28.45. The farm gate price per kilogram was

P81.48. So that the farmers realized a net gain of P1.86 for every peso of

investment in garlic production.

Marketing of Garlic

This marketing concept is important to engage the consumers and

trader’s goals and objectives. It is also the company’s capabilities of needs

and wants to the consumers in terms of quality and value price that brings

them a satisfactory in buying goods and services. Most specifically, traders

who want to increase the sale and increase of revenue.

According to Department of Social Sciences (2014), garlic bulbs after

reaching to the assembling centers are generally sold to the local traders

for distribution to the consuming markets. These transactions usually

take place with the help of commission markets. Exporters either buy their

requirements directly from assembling centers through local commission

agents or from wholesalers in the important assembling or regulated

markets. Garlic is sold by open auction in regulated markets.

In other markets sale often takes place by mutual negotiations

which may either be direct between the buyer and seller or through

commission agents or brokers. In certain markets under cover system is

likewise present. It is observed that in the markets adequate facilities for

handling the produce like sheds/stores etc. are not present which
 16

ultimately results in increased loss. There is thus dire need to strengthen

facilities at the assembling centers to handle the produce safely.

U.S. fresh garlic exports to Canada are expected to be more

competitive following Canada’s imposition of year-round duties on Asian

garlic. On January 2, 2001, the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency

made a preliminary determination of dumping and applied provisional

duties on Chinese and Vietnamese garlic. The Canadian International

Trade Tribunal has initiated an inquiry to determine whether the dumping

of garlic from the China and Vietnam has caused or is threatening to cause

injury to Canadian garlic producers. Canada has applied anti-dumping

duties on Chinese garlic since 1997, but only on garlic imported between

July and December each year. Canadian growers lobbied the government

for year-round duties after import levels of Asian garlic increased sharply

during the non-duty period. While the United States captures slightly more

than 20 percent of the Canadian import market for fresh garlic, China

captures more than half. Canadian imports of fresh garlic from the United

States during 1999 were 2,417 tons, valued at $ 3.4 million.

Furthermore, U.S garlic imports amounted to 2, 045 thousand USD

in 2015, fluctuating wildly over the period under review. After doubling in

29014, organic garlic imports slipped back by 24% in 2015. According to

IndexBox estimates, Argentina continues its dominance on the U.S. In

2015, Argentina organic garlic imports totaled 1,680 thousand USD,

which accounted for an 82% share in terms of the U.S. imports. Spain,
 17

Mexico and Albania were the other suppliers of organic garlic in 2015.

While Argentina and Mexico declined their organic garlic exports to the

U.S., Spain continues to increase its supplies robustly. Spanish suppliers

are to benefit from reduction of imports from Argentina, partially replacing

these shrinking volumes on the U.S. market. The average import price for

organic garlic decreased by 19% in 2015, amounting to 0.11 USD per kg.

Import prices varied considerably by country of origin. Spain (0.33

USD/kg) was a high-priced country of origin, while Mexico (0.04 USD/kg)

was among the lowest.

The country is dependent on the importation of spice crops, which

is pegged at 94 percent for its garlic requirements and 70 percent for its

onion needs. These crops were imported from China and India. DA is

targeting that from six percent of the national consumption a year, the

local garlic industry should be able to produce at least 50 percent of the

total requirements of the country that stand about 75,000 metric tons

because the annual requirement of the country is 130 thousand metric

ton. Agriculture Secretary Emmanuel Piñol will issue an administrative

order that will ban 43 importers who were supposed to bring in a total of

70,000 metric tons (MT) of garlic for the first six months of 2017 but only

imported 19,000 MT. The Philippines is heavily dependent on the

importation of garlic as a measly seven percent of total consumption is

from local sources. (Simeon Louise, 2017).

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Pricing

China was one of dominant producers of garlic in the world. In

month of May 2015 the price of Garlic in China are expected to increase

because of some reason, exporters started speculating that a small harvest

would entail higher prices later in month of May.

According to the information from Jinxiang Garlic Professional

Wholesale Market in Shandong province, the average wholesale price for

garlic was 8.80 Yuan per kilo in June, equivalent of P73.25, significantly

higher than the 5.10 Yuan per kilo (P 39.89) it accounted for in June 2015.

Total volume of traded garlic at the wholesale market in June amounted

to 134,782 tons, a 7% decrease compared to June 2016. The result of

increasing price of Garlic in China are cause by the combination of

reduction in total garlic output due to extreme of weather condition early

in the year of 2015 to 2016 and the strong demand from Chinese domestic

market.

According to Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nation

(FAO),China produced 19,168,800 metric tons of garlic in the year of 2013

fallowed by India with 1,259,000 m/t, Republic of Korea with 412,250 m/t,

Egypt with 234, 164m/t and last Russia with 232, 843 m/t.

According to Horticultural College and Research Institute (2014)

there is considerable fluctuation in garlic price from year to year due to

increased or decreased production. The prices of garlic are generally low

during March to May due to peak period of arrivals which vary from P30-
 19

40 per kg. There after prices of garlic increase and generally remain higher

during the period of October to January. The rate prevailed during this

period is normally more than P100 per kg. Market support by Government

is necessary to encourage farmers in continuing production of quality

garlic every year. The laws of demand state that at high price, few goods

are bought, at low price, more goods are bought. On the other hand, the

law of supply states that a high price more goods are offered for sale; which

at low prices, fewer goods is offer for sale.

According to Christina Mendez, (2014) traders may have

manipulated the prices of garlic in the market that resulted in the sudden

increase of garlic at P280 per kilo. Villar said that there is really

manipulation because the cost of garlic at production cost is P 40 per kilo

while imported garlic is pegged at 17 pesos per kilo with duty. How can P

17 and 40 pesos per kilo can go up to P 280 per kilo. Under Republic Act

No. 7581 or the Price Act of 1992, as amended, implementing agencies

such as the DA may determine and recommend to the President and

enforce price ceiling or control if there is “prevalence or widespread acts of

illegal price manipulation, the impendency, existence, or effect of any event

causes artificial and unreasonable increase in the price of the basic

necessity or prime commodity and whenever the prevailing price of any

basic necessity or prime commodity has risen to unreasonable levels.

The price of garlic in Negros Occidental have doubled as supply from

Central Luzon dropped due to recent pest infestation, an official of the

 20

Office of the Provincial Agriculturist (OPA), that the latest market price of

garlic in 2016 went up to P180 to P200 per kilo starting on May 2016, it

doubled from normal average price of P100 to P120per kilo. (Erwin

Nicavira, 2016).

In Davao City, the price of garlic was increasing from P250 to

P400per kilogram in the month of April and May. However, the price of the

important cooking commodity went back down to P100 and P120 just

recently June 25 2014 . The usual price index of the country is P100 to

P130. Moreover, in the past month, local garlic reached average price of

up to P300 and imported garlic was also sold at a remarkable high price

of P400 more than double the farmer gate price.

The Department of Agriculture (DA) investigates the sudden

increasing price of garlic in Davao City. The crisis even led to Bureau of

Plant Industry Chief Clarito Barron’s transfer to another office in the

Department of Agriculture, after various agri-business groups called for

his resignation. Because of the investigation the increasing price of garlic

was going back to normal P100 to P120 price range.

Common Problems

Garlic is one of the most important ingredients in cuisine because

of high potential and increasing demand in the market. but despite of good

performance of garlic, there are some problem that encounter, like the

increasing import of China garlic was due to the loophole in the legislation
 21

involving the way imports of fresh garlic from new shippers, that who were

not involved in anti-dumping. (ERS 2007, Arizona State University 2000).

In the Philippines, a big issue happened regarding the increasing

price of garlic, with the Department of Agricultural (DA) banning the 43

garlic importers, because they blame for the recent increasing price of the

garlic in the country. Where they will have supposed to be import a totaled

70,000 tons of garlic for the next six months of 2017, but they only

imported of 19,000 MT. Despite of the issues, there were still 111

importers who can supply the 13,000MT annual national consumption

required (Simeon, Louise 2017). But, this is still not enough to supply the

average demand in the country.

In Davao City, traders are both selling the native and imported

garlic, but most of the restaurant owner and eatery they prefer to buy the

imported garlic because of good quality, big and easier to slice. Some

traders said that the native garlic produced in Batanes and Ilocos are too

small. (Saligumba et al., 2014). Because of the controversy of increasing

price due to the banning of 43 importers in country, may result of lack of

supply and increasing price. In addition, one of the problem encounter is

the perishable of the crops, that may result to decreasing of profit.

Theory Base

Business performance is the indicating factors of which the business

is measured based on its profitability, net profit, gross sale, expenses, and
 22

volume of production. These are the consideration which help every

business firm form a proper investment towards new opportunities.

According to Baptiste (1999) business performance is an activity

performed to earns a livelihood. This includes the activities of production

of goods and services. The aim of this business is to secure profit to gain

personal satisfaction of work performed.

Profit in the accounting sense tends to become a long-term objective

which measures not only the success of the product, but also to

development of market for it. According to Robert Dorfman (2012)

production theory focuses on the production of how much labor, raw

material, fixed capital goods and others, will be suited to meet the demand

of the consumers. The theory may also suggest what to produced, when to

produced and whom the output be granted.

 23

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework served as the whole picture of the study.

It determined the relationship between the independent variables and

dependent variables and its moderating variables.

The independent variables are the business attributes of garlic

traders, dependent variables are the business performance of garlic

traders and the moderating variable is the socio demographic profile of

garlic traders. Figure 1. shows the relationship between the independent

variables, dependent variables and moderating variable.

 24

Independent variable Dependent variable

Business Attributes of Garlic

Traders
Business Performance of
 Stall Location (Public Garlic Traders
Market and Sidewalk)
 Profit
 Number of workers
 Years of Experience
 Volume of Garlic Traded
(kgs/month)
 Varieties
 Source of Supply

Socio-Demographic Profile of
Garlic Traders
 Age
 Gender
 Civil Status
 Educational Attainment
 Average Income Monthly
 Business Location

Moderating Variable

Figure 1. Conceptual framework showing the relationship between

the socio-demographic profile of the traders, business attributes, business
performance and profitability of garlic traders.
 25

Hypothesis of the Study

The following were the null hypothesis of the study:

1. There is no significant difference in the business performance of garlic

traders when analyzed based on business location.

2. There is no significant difference in the business performance of garlic

traders when analyzed by type of business.

 26

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter embodies the research design, sources of data, data

gathering instrument, sampling technique, procedure of the study, and

statistical treatment used in obtaining result of the study

Research Design

Descriptive-Survey research design was used in this study. It was

descriptive for it describes the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents, business characteristics, type of business and business

performance of Garlic traders. Survey design was used to collect

information about the relationship of business performance of Garlic

traders in terms of socio-demographic profile and its business

characteristics.

Sources of Data

This study’s primary data was taken from the respondent of the fifty

(50) garlic traders in Davao City, using the survey questionnaires. These

are the major public markets in Davao City, including sidewalks.

Purposive sampling was used in conducting the survey. Secondary

information that were used in this research are taken from books,

journals, magazines, finished thesis studies and in the internet.

 27

Data Gathering Instrument

The study used structured survey questionnaire and interviews in

getting data needed for the study. The questionnaire consists of four parts.

The first part is the socio-demographic profile; second, the business

characteristics of garlic traders; third, the business performance of garlic

traders in terms of profit; lastly, the problem encountered by the garlic

traders and their suggested solutions

Sampling Technique

This study used purposive sampling technique in selecting

respondents of garlic traders in Davao City. The researchers choose this

technique according to the purpose which varies depends on the chosen

respondents in this study. The researchers have difficulties upon reaching

the population that needed to be measured in this study. There was a total

of 50 respondent traders of garlic in this study. The researchers gather

their data by searching the area and divide each group and looking for the

available Garlic traders that can be interviewed.

Procedure for Data Collection

In the conduct of the study, the following procedures were observed.

A title is submitted for approval by the adviser after which specific problem

were formulated and the variables were identified then a survey

questionnaire was constructed to elicit responses to the questions raised

 28

together with the research proposal. This is submitted to the thesis

advisory committee for comments and suggestion for improvement. Then,

the proposal and the questionnaire were finalized and readied for

distribution. When letters requesting permission was granted, the

questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. Wherefore, the data

were tabulated and made ready for analysis and interpretation.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical tool used in data were the descriptive statistics

consisting of frequency distribution and percentage. They were used to

present the traders of socio-demographic profile, business attributes and

business performance of garlic traders.

Mean and standard deviation was used to measure the business

performance of garlic traders in terms of profit.

To test if there is a significant difference in the profit performance of

garlic traders when analyzed based on business location, ANOVA was

used. To test if there is a significant difference in the profit performance of

garlic traders when analyzed by type of business, T-test was used.

 29

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter shows the presentation, interpretation and analysis of

data in relation to the variables studied on this research.

Socio-Demographic Profile

The following were the discussion and presentation of the personal

data obtained from garlic traders in Davao City in terms of age, gender,

civil status, and educational attainment. Other factors were business

location and their monthly income. Age categorized as 30 years old below,

31-40 years old, 41-50 years old and 50 years above; gender categorized

as male and female; civil status categorized as single, married and widow;

educational attainment categorized as elementary level/graduate, high

school level/graduate, college level and vocational; market location

categorized in calinan, toril, bankerohan, agdao and mintal; and monthly

income categorized as P5,000 below, P5,001-P10,000, P10,001-P15,000

and more than P15,000.

Age. Table 1 shows the frequency distribution of traders-

respondents according to age. As seen, 34% of the traders were 30 years

old and below; 30% of the traders were 31-40 years old; 20% of the traders

were 41-50 years old and 16% of the traders were 50 years old and above.

This means, most of the respondents were generally aged 30 years old and
 30

below. This relates to the findings of Milagrosa (2014) that older

entrepreneurs are unable or unwilling to expand their businesses and

suggested that younger individuals may be more willing to take risks and

grow their businesses.

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents According to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

30 Below 17 34

31-40 15 30

41-50 10 20

50 and Above 8 16

Total 50 100

Gender. Table 2 shows the frequency distribution of respondents

according to gender. Data below reveals that 42% of the traders were male

while 58% of the traders were female. Therefore, the majority of the traders

were female.

According to the study of Fairlie (2009) he found that female owned

businesses are less successful than male owned businesses because of

less start-up capital acquired in a business. Furthermore, in the study

 31

conducted by Cadirao (2015) titled “Business Performance of Seaweeds

Producers”, she found out that gender does not varies significantly in the

business.

Table 2

Distribution of Respondents According to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 21 42

Female 29 58

Total 50 100

Civil Status. Table 3 shows the frequency distribution of

respondents according to civil status. Based on the result, 36% of the

traders were single; 62% of the traders were married and 2% of the traders

were widow. This indicates that most of the respondents were married.

This conforms to the study of Day (2017) indicate that marriage

clearly has a detrimental effect on a firm’s performance. Where in married

status have significantly higher wealth than single and widow.

 32

Table 3

Distribution of Respondents According to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 18 36

Married 31 62

Widow 1 2

Total 50 100

Educational Attainment. Table 4 presents the frequency

distribution of the respondents according to educational attainment.

Based on the result, 8% of the traders were elementary level/graduate;

52% of the traders were high school level/graduate; 30% of the traders

were college level/graduate and 10% were vocational. Thus, the majority

of the respondents were high school level/graduate.

This supports the study of Oladipo (1999) that education too is an

important factor in access to productive resources. However, this

contradicts to the study of Malaque (2016), on “Business Performance of

Broccoli Traders”, where she stated that anybody can engage in business

regardless of their educational attainment.

 33

Table 4

Distribution of Respondents According to Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

Elementary Level/Graduate 4 8

High School level/Graduate 26 52

College Level/Graduate 15 30

Vocational 5 10

Total 50 100

Business Location. Table 5 presents data showing the frequency

distribution of the respondents according to market location. As seen, both

20% of the traders were in Calinan and Toril; 14% of the traders were in

Bankerohan; 16% of the traders were in Agdao and 15% of the traders

were in Mintal. This means, majority of the traders who is willing to be

interviewed were in Mintal.

This confirms the study of Pirrong (2014) that location is especially

important for businesses in the retail and hospitality trades because they

rely a great deal on visibility and exposure to their target markets.

 34

Table 5

Distribution of Respondents According to Business Location

Business Location Frequency Percentage

Calinan 10 20

Toril 10 20

Bankerohan 7 14

Agdao 8 16

Mintal 15 30

Total 50 100

Monthly Income. Table 6 shows the frequency distribution of

respondents according to their monthly income. Based on the result, 86%

of the traders gains an income of less than P5,000, 10% of the traders

gains an income between the range of P5,001-P10,000 and 4% of the

traders gains an income in between the range of P10,001-P15,000. Thus,

majority of the traders were of less than P5,000.

It conforms to the study of Suttle (2017) that income can affect the

businesses performance. On the other hand, people with comparatively

lower incomes are more sensitive to price and, therefore, may prefer

purchasing discount products also, people with lower incomes have less
 35

disposable income. This contradicts to the study of Malaque (2016) on

“Business Performance of Broccoli Traders,” where she found out that the

bigger the monthly income the higher is the profit incurred in the business.

Table 6

Distribution of Respondents According to Monthly Income

Monthly Income Frequency Percentage

Less than P5,000 43 86

P5,001-P10,000 5 10

P10,001-P15,000 2 4

Total 50 100

Business Attributes

This presentation of business attributes, which includes stall

location, number of workers, years of experience, and type of business was

done to determine the different attributes of traders. Others were varieties

of garlic and their source of supply. Stall location categorized as public

market and sidewalk; Number of workers categorized as none, 1-2

laborers, 3-4 laborers and 5 above laborers; Years of experience in selling

categorized as less than a year, 1-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years and

more than 15 years; Type of business categorized as wholesaler/assembler

 36

and retailer/vendors; Varieties of garlic categorized as native and imported

and source of supply categorized as local and import.

Stall Location. Table 7 shows the frequency distribution of the

trader-respondents according to stall location. As seen, 78% of the traders

were in public market while 22% of the traders were in sidewalk. This

implies that most of the respondents who traded garlic were in public

market.

Table 7

Distribution of Respondents According to Stall Location

Stall Location Frequency Percentage

Public Market 39 78

Sidewalk 11 22

Total 50 100

Number of Workers. Table 8 shows the frequency distribution of

respondents according to number of workers. Based on the result, 54% of

the traders have none; 30% of the traders have 1-2 laborers; 14% of the

traders have 3-4 laborers and only 2% of the traders have five and above

number of laborers. Thus, the majority of the respondents did not have a

laborer.
 37

It conforms to the study of So (2016) on “Business Performance of

Poultry Farm” that the number of workers varies significantly on the

traders of the business.

Table 8

Distribution of Respondents According to Number of Workers

Number of Workers Frequency Percentage

None 27 54

1-2 laborers 15 30

3-4 laborers 7 14

5 Above laborers 1 2

Total 50 100

Years of Experience. Table 9 shows the frequency distribution of

respondents according to their years of experience in selling garlic. Data

below revealed that 10% of the traders have less than a year of experience;

26% of the traders have 1-5 years of experience; 28% of the traders have

6-10 years of experience; 12% of the traders have 11-15 years of

experience and 24% of the traders have more than 15 years of experience.

This means, majority of the respondents have 6-10 years of experience in

selling garlic.
 38

According to Chawda (1978) in agriculture, experience is more

valuable rather than education. When experience and knowledge are

combined, it gives a momentum for agricultural progress to achieve the

desired objectives.

Table 9

Distribution of Respondents According to Years of Experience

Years of Experience Frequency Percentage

Less than a year 5 10

1-5 years 13 26

6-10 years 14 28

11-15 years 6 12

More than 15 years 12 24

Total 50 100

Type of Business. Table 10 shows the frequency distribution of the

respondents according to their type of business. Data below shows 12% of

the traders were wholesaler while 88% of the traders were retailer. This

implies, that majority of the respondents were retailers who sell garlic

commodity directly to the consumers.

According to Hirsh (2012), retailers of all sizes rise and fall on their

ability to control the costs of producing and selling goods, maintain

 39

healthy markups on pricing, optimize inventory and distribution and

ultimately make sales to consumers.

Table 10

Distribution of Respondents According to Type of Business

Type of Business Frequency Percentage

Wholesaler 6 12

Retailer 44 88

Total 50 100

Varieties. Table 11 presents the frequency distribution of

respondents according to varieties. There were only two varieties that

garlic traders sell, and data below showed that 100% of the garlic they

were selling were mostly imported from other countries while the native

variety was seldom traded.

Table 11

Distribution of Respondents According to Varieties

Variety Frequency Percentage

Imported 50 100

Total 50 100
 40

Source of Supply. Table 12 shows the frequency distribution of

respondents according to source of supply. Data below revealed that 100%

of the traders were locally buying their garlic crops either in Bankerohan

or Uyanguren.

Table 12

Distribution of Respondents According to Source of Supply

Supply Frequency Percentage

Local 50 100

Total 50 100

Business Performance

The following are the discussions and presentations of the business

performance obtained from the garlic traders in Davao City in terms of

profit year.

Yearly Status of Business Performance of Garlic in terms of Profit

Profit. Table 13 shows the yearly status of business performance of

garlic traders in terms of profit. Based on the result, it revealed that profit

has a mean of P55,170 and a standard deviation of P10,988.50. This

implies that the garlic commodity has a potential in the market.

 41

This conforms to the study of Lim (2016) on “Business Performance

of Bell Paper Traders”, where she found out that an increase in sales

traded will improve the profitability of the commodity. Hence, farming a

garlic is a booming business as more consumers buys this commodity.

Table 13

Yearly Status on Business Performance of Garlic in terms of Profit

Business Performance Mean Std. Deviation

Profit 55,170 10,988.50

Status of Profitability of Garlic Traders by Business Location

Table 14 presents data showing the status of profitability of garlic

traders by business location. As seen below, the computed yearly profit in

calinan gains P401,960; toril gains P285,560; bankerohan gains

P1,405,200; agdao gains P242,220 and mintal gains P423,600. The largest

profit that the garlic traders earned was located at bankerohan public

market and they were the wholesalers of garlic. Therefore, the profit of

garlic depends based on the business location of the garlic traders when

selling their crop. The more wholesalers the higher profit earned of the

garlic traders in the market.

 42

Table 14

Status of Profitability of Garlic Traders by Business Location

Business Location N Profit

Calinan 10 P401,960

Toril 10 P285,560

Bankerohan 7 P1,405,200

Agdao 8 P242,220

Mintal 15 P423,600

Test of Difference in the profit year performance of garlic traders

when analyzed based on business location

Table 15 presents data showing the difference of yearly profit

performance of garlic traders when analyzed based on market location.

Data below revealed that there were a significant difference at alpha 0.05*

level in Calinan vs. Toril with a sig value of 0.034*; similarly, to Toril vs.

Bankerohan with a sig value of 0.019*; particularly to Bankerohan vs.

Calinan with a sig value of 0.034*, Bankerohan vs. Toril with a sig value

of 0.019*, Bankerohan vs. Agdao with a sig value of 0.031*, Bankerohan

vs. Mintal with a sig value of 0.009*; Agdao vs. Bankerohan with a sig

value of 0.031* and Mintal vs. Bankerohan with a sig value of 0.09*. This
 43

indicates that business location in Bankerohan has a significantly higher

profit than Calinan, Toril, Agdao and Mintal.

Table 15

Test of Difference in the profit year performance of garlic traders when

analyzed based on business location

Business Mean Sig value

Category Std. Error
Location Difference (0.05)

Toril 11,640.00 4.31099 .999

Bankerohan -1.605 4.75048 .034*
Calinan
Agdao 9,922.25 4.57249 1.000
Mintal 11,956.00 3.93537 .999
Calinan -11,640.00 4.31099 .999
Bankerohan -1.721 4.75048 .019*
Toril
Agdao -1,717.75 4.57249 1.000
Mintal 316.00 3.93537 1.000
Calinan 1.605 4.75048 .034*
Toril 1.721 4.75048 .019*
Bankerohan
Agdao 1.704 4.98900 .031*
Mintal 1.725 4.41244 .009*
Calinan -9,922.25 4.57249 1.000
Toril 1,717.75 4.57249 1.000
Agdao
Bankerohan -1.704 4.98900 .031*
Mintal 2,033.75 4.22022 1.000
Calinan -11,956.00 3.93537 .999
Toril -316.00 3.93537 1.000
Mintal
Bankerohan -1.725 4.41244 .009*
Agdao -2,033.75 4.22022 1.000
*. Difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
 44

Test of Difference in the profit year performance of garlic traders

when analyzed by type of business

Table 16 presents data showing the difference in the profit year

performance of garlic traders when analyzed by type of business. Data

below revealed that there was a significant difference among the traders of

garlic when analyzed by type of business at significance value alpha 0.05

level with an F value of 63.995. As shown, wholesaler has a mean of

P2.5472 and a t-value of 6.380 and a significance value of 0.000* while

the retailer has a mean of P2.7959 and a t-value of 6.380 and

corresponding significance value of 0.000. Therefore, there is a significant

difference in the profit year performance of wholesale and retail type of

business. This implies further that retailer was more profitable rather than

wholesaler.

Table 16
Test of Difference in the profit year performance of garlic traders when
analyzed by type of business

Type of Sig value

N Mean T value
Business (2-tailed)

Wholesaler 6 2.5472
Profit 6.380 .000*
Retailer 44 2.7959

F-value: 63.955
Significance level: 0.05*
 45

Problems Encountered and Suggested Solution

The respondents encountered problems in their business such as

damages, easily perishable of the commodity, lack of capital, and limited

buyer of their stall because of many competitions.

They also encountered problems when the price of garlic increases

due to bad weather and when it happens it can affect either the farmers

or the wholesaler and retailers of the commodity. They will double the price

and in turn, can minimize the customers buying ability. Also, the add-ons

and the behavior of the laborers particularly in their working hours just

like laziness and tardiness. Because of this reason the outcome will in turn

not meet because of the way that they were inefficient.

This problem, however, have a suggested solution and can only be

solved by repacking the garlic with other crops and in turn will be saleable,

another one is to peel the affected area. Traders also suggest if ever there

was no use in selling this perishable commodity, it would be best if they’ll

throw it or lowering the prices of the agricultural commodity in

contradictory to its original price.

 46

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations based on the study.

Summary

Based on the result, it was found out that most of the respondents

were generally aged 30 years old and below which are mostly female.

Majority of them were married within high school level of education which

generally gains an income of about P5,000 and below. In terms of business

attributes, majority of the respondents were in public market without

laborers and most of the respondents have already 6-10 years of

experience in selling garlic crop. Most of all, the garlic traders were

retailers. Others like varieties of garlic that the traders were selling is

commonly an imported variety and in terms of buying garlic crop, the

traders locally buy the garlic crop they sell in the market at either in

Uyanguren or in Bankerohan.

In terms of business performance, the yearly status of profit

performance of garlic in terms of profit has a mean of P55,170 with a

standard deviation of P10,988.50.

In terms of testing differences in the profit year performance of garlic

traders when based on the business location, the model is found

 47

significant at alpha 0.05* level in bankerohan. In terms of testing the

differences in the profit year performance of garlic traders when analyzed

by type of business, it has found out that there is a significant difference

between wholesale and retail at .000* sig value.

The respondents encountered problems in their business when

there is a damage when selling garlic, it would not be saleable to the buyers

since it is not useable anymore.

 48

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following have been drawn:

1. There is a significant difference in the yearly profit performance of garlic

traders when analyzed based on business location in terms of Calinan,

Toril, Bankerohan, Agdao and Mintal Public Markets of Davao City.

Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

2. There is a significant difference in the profit year performance of garlic

traders when analyzed by type of business in terms of wholesale and retail.

Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

 49

Recommendations

Based on the significant findings, the following recommendation

were suggested:

Consumers should be aware of the possible benefits they can get

from the commodity or garlic specifically. It would be an opportunity for

them to become familiar about the commodity they are buying from this

research.

Garlic traders should engage themselves to get involve in

educational programs to be educated on how to cultivate garlic and

improve their knowledge about wholesale and retail, if they will be able to

attend programs like that, this would improve the productivity and

profitability and will lead eventually to an uplifting economic status of the

country as businessman because of the potential that the garlic crop may

have. Since the wholesaler-traders of garlic earned the biggest profit per

year. Hence, it would be best if more wholesalers of garlic traders may sell

this commodity.

Future researchers may use this study as their reference when

conducting similar studies on the business performance of this crop. This

may also be a guide to their future studies with regards to other

commercial benefits of garlic and other commodities.

Government institutions especially the Department of Agriculture

(DA) to design programs that will help farmers and enterprising individuals

to enhance their competitiveness and convince them to engage in the

 50

production and marketing of garlic. Furthermore, they should also

conduct seminars to the farmers so that they would be able to know the

possible alternatives they would do to lessen the decrease of harvest of the

agriculture products like garlic if ever problems may occur.

 51

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 55

APPENDICES

Appendix A
LETTER REQUEST OF PERMISSION

Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Development Management
Mintal, Davao City

Sir/Madam,

Greetings of Peace!

This is to introduce ROSALIE N. ORING and JEANNEFER E. TIO, 4th year

student of University of Southeastern Philippines, College of Development
Management, Mintal Davao City, who will conduct a research entitled,
“BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF GARLIC TRADERS IN DAVAO CITY” as
a partial fulfillment of the course requirements for Degree Bachelor of
Science in Agricultural Business.

In this connection, I would like to ask permission from your good office to
allow them to conduct a survey in your barangay to gather data needed for
the study.

Rest assured the data collected will be treated with utmost confidentially
and will be used for academic purpose only.

Noted by:

PROF. SAMUEL O. PARAMI

Thesis Adviser
 56

Appendix B

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Development Management
Mintal, Davao City

Dear Respondents,

Greetings of Peace!

We, ROSALIE N. ORING and JEANNEFER E. TIO, 4th year student of

University of Southeastern Philippines, College of Development
Management, Mintal Davao City, taking up Bachelor of Science in
Agricultural Business and presently conducting a survey entitled,
“BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF GARLIC TRADERS IN DAVAO CITY’’
as a partial fulfillment of the course requirements for Degree Bachelor of
Science in Agricultural Business.

In this connection, I would like to ask your full support, through your
honest responses and cooperation to fill up the survey questionnaire.

Your kind consideration on the above matter is highly appreciated.

Thank you and God bless!

Respectfully yours,
ROSALIE N. ORING
JEANNEFER E. TIO
Researchers

Noted by:

PROF. SAMUEL O. PARAMI

Thesis Adviser
 57

Survey Questionnaire for Garlic Traders

Business Performance of Garlic Traders in three major public

markets in the Davao City
Instruction: Please provide the necessary information needed. Rest
assured that information gathered shall be treated with full confidentially
and shall be used only for the study.

Part I. Profile of the Respondent

Name: ___________________________________________________
Age: ( ) 30 and Below ( ) 31-40 ( ) 41-50 ( ) 50 and Above
Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female
Civil Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Widow
Educational Attainment:
( ) Elementary Level/ Graduate
( ) High School Level/ Graduate
( ) College Level
( ) Vocational
( ) Others: Specify: ____________________________
Average income Monthly:
( ) less than P5000 ( ) P10, 001-P15,000
( ) P 5001-P10,000 ( ) more than P15,000
Business Location:
( ) Calinan ( ) Toril ( ) Bankerohan ( ) Agdao ( ) Mintal

Part II. Business Attributes of Garlic Traders

Stall Location Please check ( / )

1. Public Market

2. Sidewalk
 58

Number of Laborers Please check ( / )

1. None
2. 1-2 laborers
3. 3-4 laborers
4. 5 and above laborers

Years of Experience in selling Please check ( / )

1. Less than a year
2. 1-3 years
3. 3-5 years
4. 5-10 years
5. 10-15 years
6. More than 15 years

Type of business Please check ( / )

1. Wholesaler

2. Retailer

Estimated Volume of Garlic Traded (kgs/month):

_______________________________________________________________

Varieties Please Check ( / )

1. Native

2. Imported

Source of Supply Please Check ( / )

1. Local
2. Import
 59

Part III. Business Performance of Garlic Traders

Selling Price (kg): _____________________________

Capitalization: _____________________________

PROFIT (per month): ______________________

Please specify the monthly cost incurred on the following items:

Particulars Amount
1. labor
2. transportation
3. materials
4. product losses

Total

Part IV:

Problem Encounter Suggested solution

_____________________________
Signature

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!!!

 60

Appendix D

LIST OF RESPONDENTS

MALE FEMALE

1. Panga,Ailyn
1. Gabriel, Alfredo 2. Entrigoso,Alissa
2. Cadiliña, Allan
3. Enobio, Annabeth
3. Gonzales, Allan
4. Verano, Belyn
4. Rama, Arman
5. Costad Store
5. Esdola, Danilo
6. Couple’s Store
6. Jala, Ferry June
7. Briunes, Cristine
7. Layson, Francis
8. Dela Cruz, Diana
8. Ampas, Haymin
9. Estopito, Dorie
9. Macadatar, James 10. Dinoy, Editha
10. Macaorao, Jamir
11. Labio, Editha
11. Cedeño, Jerry 12. Castillanes, Edna
12. Castillo, Jesse
13. Virtodaso, Estrilla
13. Cardo, Joeven
14. Pongutan, Fresca
14. Oblero, Mariolito 15. Algones, Gloria
15. Teriote, Mariolito Jr.
16. Villamur, Grace
16. Cabrera, Rey
17. Brigada, Janeth
17. Villabito, Robert
18. Estrella, Jocy
18. Palac, Romel
19. Dabalos, Julie
19. Villa, Roy 20. Jandog, Katherine
20. Gonzales,Raymond
21. Satorre, Kimberly
22. Guzman, Lina
23. Apuya, Luzminda
24. Bansubre, Mariana
25. Itil, Melodina
26. Adal, Metrina
27. Sangcad, Noraica
28. Dogmoc, Roche
29. Mataburan, Sonia
30. R Store
 61

Appendix E

STATISTICAL OUTPUT

Age

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 30 years old Below 17 34.0 34.0 34.0

31-40 years old 15 30.0 30.0 64.0

41-50 years old 10 20.0 20.0 84.0

50 years old and Above 8 16.0 16.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Sex

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 21 42.0 42.0 42.0

Female 29 58.0 58.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Civil Status

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Single 18 36.0 36.0 36.0

Married 31 62.0 62.0 98.0

Widow 1 2.0 2.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

 62

Educational Attainment

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent

Valid Elementary Level/Graduate 4 8.0 8.0 8.0

High School level/Graduate 26 52.0 52.0 60.0

College Level/Graduate 15 30.0 30.0 90.0

Vocational 5 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Business Location

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Calinan 10 20.0 20.0 20.0

Toril 10 20.0 20.0 40.0

Bankerohan 7 14.0 14.0 54.0

Agdao 8 16.0 16.0 70.0

Mintal 15 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Average Income Monthly

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Less than P5,000 43 86.0 86.0 86.0

P5,001-P10,000 5 10.0 10.0 96.0

P10,001-P15,000 2 4.0 4.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

 63

Stall location

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Public Market 39 78.0 78.0 78.0

Sidewalk 11 22.0 22.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Number of Laborers

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid None 27 54.0 54.0 54.0

1-2 laborers 15 30.0 30.0 84.0

3-4 laborers 7 14.0 14.0 98.0

5 and Above laborers 1 2.0 2.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Years of Experience

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Less than a year 5 10.0 10.0 10.0

1-5 years 13 26.0 26.0 36.0

6-10 years 14 28.0 28.0 64.0

11-15 years 6 12.0 12.0 76.0

More than 15 years 12 24.0 24.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

 64

Type of Business

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Wholesaler 6 12.0 12.0 12.0

Retailer 44 88.0 88.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Varieties

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Imported 50 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source of Supply

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Local 50 100.0 100.0 100.0

Descriptives

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Profit 50 3600.00 6.72E5 5.5170E4 1.09885E5

Valid N (listwise) 50
 65

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Age 50 1.00 4.00 2.1800 1.08214

Sex 50 1.00 2.00 1.5800 .49857

Civil Status 50 1.00 3.00 1.6600 .51942

Educational Attainment 50 1.00 4.00 2.4200 .78480

Business Location 50 1.00 5.00 3.1600 1.54339

Average Income Monthly 50 1.00 3.00 1.1800 .48192

Valid N (listwise) 50

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Stall location 50 1.00 2.00 1.2200 .41845

Number of Laborers 50 1.00 4.00 1.6400 .80204

Years of Experience 50 1.00 5.00 3.1400 1.32496

Type of Business 50 1.00 2.00 1.8800 .32826

Varieties 50 2.00 2.00 2.0000 .00000

Source of Supply 50 1.00 1.00 1.0000 .00000

Valid N (listwise) 50

One way

ANOVA

Profit

Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 1.735E11 4 4.338E10 4.668 .003

Within Groups 4.182E11 45 9.292E9

Total 5.917E11 49
 66

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons

Profit Scheffe

(I) Business (J) Business Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval

Std. Error Sig.
Location Location (I-J) Lower Bound Upper Bound

Toril 11640.00000 4.31099E4 .999 -1.2682E5 150095.5675

Bankerohan -1.60547E5* 4.75048E4 .034 -3.1312E5 -7976.2527

Calinan
Agdao 9922.25000 4.57249E4 1.000 -1.3693E5 156776.5560

Mintal 11956.00000 3.93537E4 .999 -1.1444E5 138348.0626

Calinan -11640.00000 4.31099E4 .999 -1.5010E5 126815.5675

Bankerohan -1.72187E5* 4.75048E4 .019 -3.2476E5 -19616.2527

Toril
Agdao -1717.75000 4.57249E4 1.000 -1.4857E5 145136.5560

Mintal 316.00000 3.93537E4 1.000 -1.2608E5 126708.0626

Calinan 1.60547E5* 4.75048E4 .034 7976.2527 313117.4616

Toril 1.72187E5* 4.75048E4 .019 19616.2527 324757.4616

Bankerohan
Agdao 1.70469E5* 4.98900E4 .031 10237.9230 330700.2913

Mintal 1.72503E5* 4.41244E4 .009 30789.0658 314216.6485

Calinan -9922.25000 4.57249E4 1.000 -1.5678E5 136932.0560

Toril 1717.75000 4.57249E4 1.000 -1.4514E5 148572.0560

Agdao
Bankerohan -1.70469E5* 4.98900E4 .031 -3.3070E5 -10237.9230

Mintal 2033.75000 4.22022E4 1.000 -1.3351E5 137574.1370

Calinan -11956.00000 3.93537E4 .999 -1.3835E5 114436.0626

Toril -316.00000 3.93537E4 1.000 -1.2671E5 126076.0626

Mintal
Bankerohan -1.72503E5* 4.41244E4 .009 -3.1422E5 -30789.0658

Agdao -2033.75000 4.22022E4 1.000 -1.3757E5 133506.6370

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

 67

Homogeneous Subsets
Profit

Scheffe

Subset for alpha = 0.05

Business Location N
1 2

Mintal 15 2.8240E4

Toril 10 2.8556E4

Agdao 8 3.0274E4

Calinan 10 4.0196E4

Bankerohan 7 2.0074E5

Sig. .999 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

T-Test
Group Statistics

Type of Business N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Wholesaler 6 2.5472E5 2.40883E5 98340.01424

Profit
Retailer 44 2.7959E4 26427.84650 3984.14777

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of t-test for Equality of Means
Variances

95% Confidence
Std. Error
Sig. (2- Mean Interval of the
F Sig. T Df Differenc
tailed) Difference Difference
e
Lower Upper

Profit Equal variances 35542.07 1.55299E 2.98223E

63.955 .000 6.380 48 .000 2.26761E5
assumed 343 5 5

- 4.79511E
Equal variances 98420.68
2.304 5.016 .069 2.26761E5 25988.33 5
not assumed 804
077
 68

Appendix F

DOCUMENTATION
 69

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Rosalie Nicdao Oring

Nickname : Yema

Age : 21 years old

Date of Birth : May 11, 1996

Place of Birth : Davao City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Catholic

Name of Father : Restituto Gabini Oring Jr.

Name of Mother : Flordeliza Nicdao Oring

Home Address : Brgy Sto Niño, Mintal Relocation Phase II

lot 5 Block 36 Davao City

Email Address : babyanoba21@gmail.com

rosalieoring@yahoo.com
 70

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary : Imelda Elementary School

Relocation Davao City
SY 2009-2010

Secondary : Sto. Niño National High School

Relocation Davao City
SY 2013-2014

Tertiary : University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Development Management
Mintal Davao City
SY 2017-2018

DEGREE SOUGHT
: Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration Major in Agricultural
Business Management

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

: Business Performance of Garlic Traders

in Davao City

STUDY CONDUCTED

: A Five Year Feasibility Study

of Cucumber Honey Lemon in Davao City
SY 2016-2017

: Positive and Negative Effects on Posting

Pictures and Videos in Social Media in
Davao City
SY 2016-2017
 71

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

: Davao Memories and Vision towards

Smart Sustainable Agriculture, Food and
Health Systems: Nurturing the Hidden
Sources of Inclusive Growth of
Agriculture in Mindanao
SY 2017-2018

: The Situation of Value Added Products of

Agriculture in Taiwan
SY 2017-2018

: HIV Awareness Seminar

SY 2016-2017

: Food Corridors: Nurturing the Hidden

Sources Growth in Agriculture
SY 2016-2017

GROUP AFFILIATIONS

: Bachelor of Science in Business

Administration Staff
SY 2017-2018

: Committee on Prefect of Discipline Staff

SY 2017-2018

: Drum and Bugle Corps Member

SY 2017-2018

: KAPA Organization Member

SY 2016-2017

: The Vision Publication Organization

Member
SY 2016-2017
 72

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Jeannefer Esureña Tio

Nickname : Jen-jen, jean, payat

Age : 20 years old

Date of Birth : April 28, 1997

Place of Birth : Davao City

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Catholic

Name of Father : Ferdinand Polo Tio

Name of Mother : Nemfa Esureña Tio

Home Address : Phase 8B Blk 18 Lot 6 Deca Homes

Mintal Tacunan, Davao City

Email Address : jeannefertio@gmail.com

jeannefertio@yahoo.com
 73

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary : Matina Central Elementary School

Matina Crossing, Davao City
SY 2009-2010

Secondary : Daniel R. Aguinaldo Nat’l High School

Matina Crossing, Davao City
SY 2012-2013

Tertiary : University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Development Management
Mintal, Davao City
SY 2017-2018

DEGREE SOUGHT

: Bachelor of Science in Business

Administration Major in
Agricultural Business Management

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

: Business Performance of Garlic Traders

in Davao City

STUDY CONDUCTED

: A Five Year Feasibility Study of

Cucumber Honey Lemon in Davao City
SY 2016-2017

: Effectiveness of Mother Tongue as

Medium of Instruction in
Tugbok Elementary School
SY 2015-2016

: Preperensya ng mga Kurso ng mga

mag-aaral ng USeP-CGB Mintal Campus
SY 2015-2016
 74

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

: Davao Memories and Vision towards

Smart Sustainable Agriculture, Food and
Health Systems: Plowing the Sea:
Nurturing the Hidden Sources of
Inclusive Growth of Agriculture
In Mindanao
SY 2017-2018

: The Situation of Value Added Products of

Agriculture in Taiwan
SY 2017-2018

: HIV Awareness Seminar

SY 2016-2017

: Food Corridors: Nurturing the Hidden

Sources Growth in Agriculture
SY 2016-2017

GROUP AFFILIATIONS

: Bachelor of Science in Business

Administration Staff
SY 2017-2018

: Committee on Prefect of Discipline Staff

SY 2017-2018

: Drum and Bugle Corps Member

SY 2017-2018

: Society of Peer Facilitator Member

SY 2016-2017