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I. INTRODUCTION
The main function of electric power distribution is
to carry power from the transmission system to
consumers. Distribution of electric power to different
consumers is done at low voltage levels [1]. In general,
there are three types of distribution systems: radial, loop
and network. The type used by the utility company
depends on the services required, location and economics
.Coordination is easier for current based devices if they are
in a radial network.
The radial distribution system has one power source for
a group of customers. If there is a power failure,
all consumers are jeopardized. Protective relays detect
and locate fault with the help of current transformers and
voltage transformers and issue a command to the circuit
breaker to disconnect the faulty element. The relays closer
to the fault should operate first as compared to the ones
farther away [2]. Thus the time of operation of relays
closer to the fault should be the least. There are chances
of mal-operation of the relays in complex networks, which
creates the need for optimum coordination of OC
algorithm (GA) 2015 (an International
evolutionary Conference
method) on Fig. 1.
to Computational Intelligence and A radial four bus system
Communication Networks
achieve optimum relay coordination in a radial network.
When the fault occurs at F, R4 operates first since it is
II. OC RELAY COORDINATION FOR A FOUR-BUS RADIAL the primary relay. Let R4 operate 0.2 s after the fault
SYSTEM inception. This time lag is created to prevent the relay
from operating for transient current surges in feeder [1, 3].
OC relays are directional or non-directional [3]. The
Relay R3 should operate after a fixed time, known as the
former is usually preferred to the latter since directional OC
coordination time interval (CTI), which equals to the sum
relays do not require coordination with the relays behind
of operating time of circuit breaker at bus 4, overshoot time
them. The four bus radial system is considered as shown in of relay R3 and 0.2 s. In a similar way, relays R2 and R1
Fig.1. Relays R1 to R4 are the directional overcurrent relays. may succeed in operation. The constraints are formulated
Fault is considered at four locations: just after R4, just after and are solved using dual simplex and genetic algorithm
R3, just after R2 and just after R1. According to the fault (GA) to obtain the time multiplier setting (TMS) of the
location, the primary protection always acts first and if it relays [4].This eventually facilitates in identifying the time
fails, then the backup protection is used. of operation of the relay.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The relay coordination problem is stated as an
optimization problem. Here the, Top for the relays is to
be minimized, according to (1).
n
topj is the operating time for the primary relay at j, for a 4. Convert all the constraint into equalities by
fault at j under the following constraints [1]: adding slack variables.
5. Make a table using slack variables as
A. Relay Characteristics – basic
For all the relays, inverse definite minimum variables and all variables as non-basics.
time 6. Find Zj-Cj for all columns.
(IDMT) characteristics are assumed [1], i.e. λ is 0.14 and 7. If all values are positive then, optimal solution
is is obtained.
0.02.
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The dual simplex method is used to solve a linear VI. APPLICATION OF ALGORITHM
programming problem. It is used to retain optimality while
A. CASE I : 4- bus radial network
bringing the primal set of equation back to feasibility. It
is particularly useful for re-optimizing a problem after Consider the 4 bus radial system shown in Fig.1. The plug
a constraint is added or some parameters are changed so setting of all the relays is 1. The source is of 66kV,
that the previously optimal basis is no longer feasible [4]. 100
The algorithm is [4, 5]: MVA. Minimum operating time for each relay is considered
1. Start. as 0.2 s and the CTI is taken as 0.57 s. The CT ratio at
all the buses is taken as 200:5. The PMS and α values
are calculated using (3) and (2), and are tabulated as shown
in Table I.
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Let x1, x2, x3, x4 be TMS of relay R1, R2, R3 and B. CASE II: 2- bus radial network
R4 respectively. The problem can be stated as:
Min z = 2.52 x1 + 2.74 x2 + 3.46 x3 + 3.59 x4
Subject to 2.81 x1 - 2.74 x2 ≥
0.57
3.49 x2 – 3.46 x3 ≥ 0.57
3.61 x3 – 3.59 x4 ≥ 0.57
2.52 x1 ≥ 0.2
2.74 x2 ≥ 0.2
3.46 x3 ≥ 0.2
3.59 x1 ≥ 0.2 Fig. 2. The radial two bus system in consideration
TABLE I. PSM AND VALUES Consider the 2 bus radial system shown in Fig.2. It includes
a 220 kV, 100 MVA source (also taken as the base kV
Relays and base MVA of the system). The CTI for the relay is
Fault Position
R1 R2 R3 R4 taken as
1)Just beyond R1 0.57 s. The maximum fault current just beyond relay R1
is
PSM 14.924 -
2108A and beyond R2 is found to be 1703 A. Using these
2.520 - values PMS and α are derived using (3) and (2) respectively
2) Just beyond R2 and is tabulated in Table III. The plug settings of both
PSM 11.376 12.052 - - the relays are assumed to be 1. Fault is considered just after
R2 and just after R1. According to the fault location,
2.809 2.742 - - the primary and backup relays are selected. Primary
protection always acts first and in case it fails to clear the
3) Just beyond R3 fault, then the backup protection comes into play. Both R1
PSM - 7.14 7.276 - and R2 are directional relays.
- 3.4915 3.4577 - R2 being the primary relay operates first when the fault
occurs at F. Let R2 operate 0.2 s after the fault inception
4) Just beyond R4
to ensure that it does not operate for current surges .Relay
PSM - - 6.708 6.74 R1 should operate after the CTI, which equals to the
- - 3.6083 3.5991 sum of operating time of circuit breaker (CB) at bus 2,
overshoot time of relay R1 and 0.2 sec.
The lower and upper limit of TMS for all the relays Let x1 and x2 be TMS values of relay R1 and R2
is assumed to be 0 and 1 respectively. The value of the respectively. The problem is stated as:
TMS obtained using dual simplex and GA is as shown in
Table II. Min z = 3.21 x1 + 3.57 x2.
Subject to
TABLE II. TMS VALUES
TMS of relays 7.38 x1 – 3.57 x2 ≥ 0.57
3.21 x1 ≥ 0.2
x1 x2 x3 x4
3.57 x2 ≥ 0.2
Dual Simplex 0.568 0.375 0.213 0.055
GA 0.577 0.379 0.213 0.056 TABLE III. PSM AND VALUES
Relay
Fault Position
R1 R2
1)Just beyond R1
PSM 8.432 -
α 3.21 -
2) Just beyond R2
PSM 2.556 6.812
α 7.38 3.57
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[6] K. Deb.”Optimization for Engineering Design –Algorithms and
The lower and upper limit of TMS of all the relays is Examples”, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2006.
assumed to be 0 and 1 respectively. The value of the [7] R.L. Haupt, and S.E.Haupt,”Practical Genetic Algorithms,second
TMS obtained using dual simplex and GA is shown in edition,” John Wiley and sons,Inc.,Publication Hoboken,New
Jersey,2004.
Table IV.
[8] P.P.Bedekar, and S.R. Bhide,” Optimization of multivariable
nonlinear functions using genetic algorithms”,IEEE International
TABLE IV. TMS VALUES Advance Computing Conference (IACC),Thapar University,
TMS of relays
x1 x2
Dual
Simplex 0.104 0.056
GA 0.104 0.056
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