IMAGINARIUM

CLASS 9
 Things to Remember

Coordinate Geometry

|. Cartesian Coordinate System: It is a coordinate system that

specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical
coordinates. These coordinates are signed distances of the point
from two fixed perpendicular directed lines which are called the
coordinate axes. Y
Positive y-axis
5
4
Quadrant 3 Quadrant
(-,+) 2 (+,+)
Negative x-axis | Positive x-axis
X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -| 0 X
| 2 3 4 5
-|
Quadrant -2 Quadrant
(-,-) -3 (+,-)
-4
-5
Negative y-axis
Y'
2. The horizontal line X X is called the x-axis and the vertical line YY'
'

is called the y-axis.

3. Origin (O): It is the point where the x-axis and y-axis intersect
each other.
4. The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate
or abscissa and the distance of the point from the x-axis is
called its y-coordinate or ordinate.
5. The x and y axes divide the plane into four parts. These four
parts are called quadrants.

2
 Things to Remember

Triangles

|. Two figures are said to be congruent if they are of the same

shape and size.
2. If two triangles ABC and PQR are congruent under the
correspondence A ↔ P, B ↔ Q and C ↔ R, it is expressed
symbolically as ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR.

B Q
R
C

∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR
A
P
3. SAS Congruence Rule: Two triangles are congruent if two sides and
the included angle of one triangle are equal to the sides and the
included angle of the other triangle.
4. ASA Congruence Rule: Two triangles are congruent if two angles
and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and
the included side of the other triangle.
5. AAS Congruence Rule: Two triangles are congruent if any two
pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides are equal.

3
 Things to Remember

6. SSS Congruence Rule: Two triangles are congruent if three sides

of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle.
7. RHS Congruence Rule: Two right triangles are congruent if the
hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse
and one side of the other triangle.

Congruence Rules
SAS (Side - Angle - Side) ASA (Angle - Side - Angle)

≅ ≅
Two sides and the included Two angles and the included
angle are respectively equal. side are respectively equal.
AAS (Angle - Angle - Side) SSS (Side - Side - Side)

≅ ≅
Any two angles and one Three sides are respectively
side are respectively equal. equal.
RHS (Right angle - Hypotenuse - Side)

≅
Hypotenuse and one side are
respectively equal.

4
 Things to Remember

8. Important Theorems:
a. Theorem 1: Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle
are equal.
b. Theorem 2: The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are
equal.
c. Theorem 3: If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle
opposite to the longer side is larger.
d. Theorem 4: In any triangle, the side opposite the larger angle is
longer.
e. Theorem 5: The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater
than the third side.

5
 Things to Remember

Force and Laws of Motion

|. Second Law of Motion: The rate of change of momentum of an

object is proportional to the net external force acting on the body.

Pf - Pi
Fα t
If mass is constant, the equation reduces to F= ma.
2. The SI unit of force is newton (N). One newton is defined as the
force required to accelerate a body of mass 1 kg by 1 ms-2.
3. Third Law of Motion: Every action has an equal and opposite
reaction. These action and reaction forces act on different bodies.
4. Conservation of Momentum: If the net external force on a system
is zero, the momentum of the system remains constant. In other
words, the total momentum of an isolated system remains
conserved.
mA mB A B
uA uB
FAB
Before collision FBA

mA vA mB vB

After collision
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

6
 Things to Remember

Is Matter Around Us Pure?

1. Separating the Components of a Mixture:

Separation Technique/Equipment Mixture to be separated (Components - A and B)

A - Solid which sublimes on heating

Sublimation
B - Solid which does not sublime on heating
A - Solid which is attracted by a magnet
Magnetic Separation
B - Solid which is not attracted by a magnet
A - Solid which dissolves in a particular
solvent.
Solvent extraction
B - Solid which does not dissolve in a
particular solvent
A - Solid which is insoluble in liquid B and can
Filtration be filtered out
B - Liquid component
A - Insoluble solid which settles down due to
weight
Sedimentation
B - Liquid component
A - Solid which is soluble in liquid B and does
not vaporise on heating
Evaporation
B - Liquid component which vaporises on
heating

7
 Things to Remember

Separating Funnel A and B - Immiscible liquids having

different densities
Sublimation A and B - Miscible liquids having different
Fractional Distillation boiling points

A - Dispersed solid particles which being

heavier settle down due to rotation of
Centrifugation the mixture in a centrifuge.
B - Dispersing medium (Liquid)

A - Solid that crystallises from its

Crystallisation saturated solution in liquid B
B - Liquid component

2. Separating the Components of Air: The components of air, a

homogeneous mixture of various gases, can be separated using
fractional distillation. A gas with least boiling point evaporates
first and is obtained at the greatest height in the fractionating
column while a gas with maximum boiling point evaporates last
and is obtained at the least height in the fractionating column.

8
 Things to Remember

Air

Compress and cool by increasing

pressure and decreasing temperature

Liquid Air

Allow to warm up slowly in

fractional distillation column

Gases get separated at different heights

Oxygen Argon Nitrogen

Boiling point (0 C) -183 -186 -196

3. Physical Change: A physical change brings about changes inphysical

properties such as physical state, shape, size, etc. ofthe substance.
However, there is no change in the chemical compositionof the
substance. E.g. Crushing a tin can, boiling water, etc.
a. No new substance is formed.
b. It is temporary and generally reversible.
4. Chemical Change: A chemical change brings about change in
chemical properties of a substance. E.g. Burning wood, baking a
cake, etc.
a. One or more new substances are formed.
b. It is generally irreversible.

9
 Things to Remember

Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissues: Epithelial tissue are the protective tissues in

animals. They form the outer covering of our body (skin) and organs,
inner lining of blood vessels, lungs, oesophagus, etc. The permeability
of the cells of various epithelia plays an important role in regulating
the exchange of materials between the body and the external
environment and also between different parts of the body.
2. They can be classified as:
a. Squamous - Extremely thin and flat; form a delicate lining in
oesophagus and mouth
b. Stratified squamous - Several layers of squamous stacked one
over the other; found in skin
c. Cuboidal - Cube shaped cells, form the lining of kidney tubules
and ducts of salivary glands
d. Columnar - Tall, pillar-like structure; found in inner lining of
intestines

Simple Cuboidal Simple Squamous

Simple Columnar Stratified Squamous

10
 Things to Remember

3. Muscular Tissues: They consist of elongated cells, also called

muscle fibres and are responsible for movement in our body.
4. They can be classified as:
a. Voluntary/Skeletal/Striated Muscles: They are under conscious
control and can be controlled at will.
b. Involuntary/Smooth/Unstriated Muscle Tissues: They cannot be
controlled at will.
c. Cardiac Muscle Tissues: They are responsible for rhythmic
contraction and relaxation of heart muscles throughout life.

Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle

5. Connective Tissues: They connect and join the different parts of

the body together. The cells of connective tissue are loosely
spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The matrix may be
jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
6. They can be classified as:
a. Specialized Connective Tissues:
i. Blood: Matrix is composed of a fluid called plasma in which RBC,
WBC and platelets are suspended.

11
 Things to Remember

ii. Bone: Matrix is composed of calcium and phosphorus salts that

make it hard and strong.
iii. Cartilage: Matrix is composed of proteins and sugars.
b. Dense Regular Connective tissue:
i. Ligaments: Contain very less matrix; have great strength and
elasticity
ii. Tendons: Fibrous tissues; have great strength but limited
flexibility
c. Loose Connective Tissues:
i. Areolar Tissues: Fill the space inside organs, support internal
organs and help in repair of tissues.
ii. Adipose Tissues: Help store fats
7. Nervous Tissues: Cells of nervous tissues, known as nerve cells or
neurons, are highly specialised for being stimulated and
transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another
within the body. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed
of the nervous tissue.
Nucleus
Dendrite

Axon
Nerve ending
Cell body

12
 The Reason Behind

1 While swimming, a person pushes the water

backwards.

2 When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes

out.

3 A bullet fired against a glass pane makes a clear

hole in the pane while a stone striking the same
glass pane smashes it.

4 Brass is a mixture and not a compound.

5 As compared to evaporation, crystallisation is a

better separation technique.

6 The skin epithelial cells are arranged in several

layers.

7 The rib-cage is made up of rigid bones, still it

shows movement during breathing.

14
 Coordinate Geometry

Solve the following questions

01. The area of the figure formed by points (0, |), (0, 3), (-2, |)
and (-2, 3) is:
A. 2 sq. units B. 4 sq. units
C. 6 sq. units D. 8 sq. units

02. The triangle formed by joining points (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 3) is:
A. Equilateral

B. Isosceles and right-angled

C. Scalene and acute-angled

D. Isosceles and acute-angled

03. The distance between the points P (2, 5) and Q (2, -3) is:
A. 2 units B. 3 units
C. 5 units D. 8 units

15
 Coordinate Geometry

04. In the graph shown below, what are the coordinates of points P
and Q?
Y

6
Q
5
4
3
2
P
1
X' X
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
Y'

A. (3, |) and (2, 6) B. (3, |) and (6, 2)

C. (|, 3) and (2, 6) D. (|, 3) and (6, 2)

05. What are the coordinates of the points where the given line
meets the x-axis and the y-axis respectively?
y
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2

A. (-3, 0), (0, 3) B. (-3, 0), (0, -3)

C. (0, -3), (3, 0) D. (0, -3), (-3, 0)

16
 Coordinate Geometry

06. If the point (3, 2) lies on the line 3x - 2y = k, what is the

value of k?
A. 4 B. 2
C. 6 D. 5

07. The point P (7, -8) belongs to:

A. I quadrant B. II quadrant
C. III quadrant D. IV quadrant

17
 Triangles

Solve the following questions

01. In the given figure, if AB = CD, ∠ABD = ∠CDB, which
congruence rule would you apply to prove ∆ABD ≅ ∆CDB?
D C

A B
A. SAS B. ASA
C. RHS D. SSS

02. In the given figure, AD = BC and ∠BAD = ∠ABC. Which of the

following angles is equal to ∠ACB?
D C

A B
A. ∠ABD B. ∠BAD
C. ∠BDA D. ∠BAC

03. In ∆ABC and ∆DEF, AB = DF and ∠A = ∠D. If the two

triangles are congruent by SAS congruence rule, which of the
following relations is correct?
A. BC = DF B. AC = DE
C. AB = DE D. AC = EF

18
 Triangles

04. In the given figure, PS = QR and ∠SPQ = ∠RQP. Prove that PR =

QS and ∠QPR = ∠PQS. P
S
Q

05. In the figure given below, AD is the median of ∆ ABC. BE ⊥ AD, CF

⊥ AF. Prove that BE = CF.
A

B D C

06. In the figure given below, X and Y are two points on equal sides AB
and AC of a ∆ABC such that AX = AY. Prove that XC = YB.
A

X Y

B C

07. In the figure given below, ∠x = ∠y and PQ = RQ. Prove that PE = RS.
Q S P
x
E y

19
 Force & Laws of Motion

1 A ball of mass ‘m’ strikes a bat with a speed ‘v’ and returns back
in the opposite direction with speed ‘3v’. If the ball is in contact
with the bat for ‘t’ time, what is the magnitude of the force
applied by the bat?
A. mv
t
B. 4mv
t
C. mvt
D. 4mvt

2 A bullet of mass ‘A’ is fired into a block of mass ‘B’ with a

velocity ‘C’. If the bullet gets stuck in the block, what is their
common velocity?

A. AC
A+B
AC
B. A+C
C. A+B
AC
D. A+B
2AB

20
 Force & Laws of Motion

3 A constant force F acts on a body, initially at rest, for time t.

The distance (s) covered by the body during this time is
proportional to:

A. t
B. |
t
C. t2
D. |
t2

4 A force acting on a body of mass 3 kg produces an acceleration

of 0.5 ms-2. What will be the acceleration if the same force acts
on a body of mass | kg?

5 Two bullets A and B having masses |0 g and 20 g are moving in

the same direction towards a target with velocities 20 m/s and
|0 m/s respectively. Which of the bullets pierces through
greater distance into the target? Assume that the force applied
by the target is same in both cases.

21
 Force & Laws of Motion

6 A rifle of mass 3 kg fires a bullet of mass 0.03 kg. The bullet

leaves the barrel with a velocity of |00 m/s. If the bullet takes
0.003 sec to move through the barrel, what is the magnitude of
the force experienced by the rifle due to recoil?

7 If the momentum of a body is doubled, how will its kinetic

energy change?

22
 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

1) Shaving cream is a colloidal solution of:

A. gas in liquid
B. liquid in liquid
C. solid in liquid
D. liquid in gas

2) A separating funnel can be used to separate a mixture of:

A. a solid in a liquid
B. two or more miscible liquids
C. two or more immiscible liquids
D. two or more solids

3) Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

A. Burning of magnesium
B. Rusting of iron
C. Dissolution of sugar in water
D. Burning of paper

23
 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

4) Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Air is a compound containing approximately 2| % oxygen.

B. Blood is a compound.
C. Milk is a homogeneous mixture.
D. Mercury is an element.

5) List all the elements present in the following compounds.

a. Magnesium carbonate
b. Sulphuric acid
c. Potassium nitrate

6) Classify the following changes as chemical or physical.

a. Melting of butter
b. Boiling of water
c. Electrolysis of water

24
 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

7) Name the method which can be used to separate:

a. Cream from milk

b. Salt from sea water
c. Camphor from salt

25
 Tissues

1. If the tip of a sugarcane plant is removed, even then it

keeps growing in length. This is due to the presence of:
A. Cambium
B. Apical meristem
C. Lateral meristem
D. Intercalary meristem
2. A nail is hammered into the trunk of a tree at a height of 1
metre from the ground. What will be the position of the nail
from ground after three years?
A. Less than | metre
B. Greater than | metre
C. Equal to | metre
D. Not equal to | metre
3. Which of the following animal tissues helps in repair and fills
the space inside organs?
A. Epithelial tissue
B. Adipose tissue
C. Areolar tissue
D. Fibrous tissue

26
 Tissues

4. Which of the following tissues has made the survival

of plants in terrestrial environment possible?
A. Intercalary meristem
B. Conducting tissue
C. Apical meristem
D. Parenchymatous tissue
5. Identify the type of tissue present in the following:
a. Skin
b. Bark of tree
c. Bone
d. Lining of kidney tubule
e. Vascular bundles
6. The husk of a coconut is made of:
A. Parenchyma
B. Sclerenchyma
C. Collenchyma
D. Xylem
7. Name the muscles that are found in your lungs and
limbs? How do they differ from each other in terms
of structure and function?

27
 Visualizing the Basics

1 Which of the following graphs best represents the variation of

momentum (P) with kinetic energy (K) for a body in motion?
A. B.

P P

K K

C. D.

P P

K K

2 If C (2, 4) is the mid-point of the line segment AB, what are

the coordinates of points A and B?





  



28
 Visualizing the Basics

3 Look at the figure given below and choose the correct option.





A. ∆OAP ≅ ∆OPB by AAS congruence rule

B. ∆OAP ≅ ∆OPB by SAS congruence rule
C. ∆OAP ≅ ∆OBP by AAS congruence rule
D. ∆OAP ≅ ∆OBP by SAS congruence rule

4 Label the following diagram with the type of meristem present.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

29
 Visualizing the Basics

5 Identify the cell and matrix of the animal tissue shown in

the image below.

6 In the apparatus shown below for separating the components of

air, identify components A and B.
Water out
Hot Air Cold compressed air

Air under
pressure
Separator Fractional
distillation
column
Liquid air
B
A
Air in Freezing Expansion
cold jet
Filter water in

30
 Visualizing the Basics

7 Identify the apparatus shown below. Also, compare the densities

of liquids A and B.

Liquid A

Liquid B

31
 The Reason Behind

As per Newton’s third law of motion, every action has an equal and
opposite reaction. While swimming, a person pushes the water
backwards. The water, in turn, pushes the person forward.

Action Force Reaction Force

On beating a carpet with a stick, the carpet comes into motion.

However, the dust particles still remain at rest due to inertia and
are hence separated.
When a speeding bullet hits a glass pane, the part of glass which
comes in contact with the bullet immediately undergoes a rapid
change in momentum. So, a hole is made at that part while the
remaining part of the glass remains at rest due to inertia. However,
when a stone having comparatively much lower velocity strikes the
glass, there is enough time for transfer of momentum and as a
result the glass gets smashed.

33
 The Reason Behind

In a compound, the elements are present in definite proportions and

are chemically bonded to each other. Brass is a mixture or alloy
composed of two elements - Zn and Cu. These elements are not
present in fixed proportions and there isn’t any formation of
chemical bonds between them.
Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form
of its crystals from a solution. Crystallisation is better than
evaporation because during evaporation:
a. Some solids get decomposed or charred on heating to dryness.
b. Impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after
filtration which cannot be separated.
Skin epithelial cells are arranged in various layers to prevent wear
and tear. As they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the
epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium.
The rib-cage is made up of bones but it is held together by
cartilages. The bones are rigid as their matrix is made up of calcium
and phosphorus and the cells (osteocytes) within them are closely
packed. The cartilages, on the other hand, are made up of a matrix
of salts and the cells (chondrocytes) within them are loosely
packed. This provides flexibility to the rib-cage.

34
 Coordinate Geometry

Answers
01. Option B
The given four points form a square of side 2 units.
Hence, area of the square = (Side)2 = 22 = 4 sq. units

(-2, 3) (0, 3)

(0, 1)
(-2, 1)

02. Option B
Plotting the given points and joining them, we get ΔABC as shown
below:

(0, 3) A

B C
(0, 0) (3, 0)

As we can see, AB = BC = 3 units. Hence, it is an isosceles triangle.

Moreover, as ∠B = 90o, it is also a right-angled triangle.

35
 Coordinate Geometry

03. Option D
The x-coordinates of the points P and Q are same. Hence,
distance between the points = 1y| - y21 = 15 - (-3)1 = 8 units.

04. Option C
The coordinates of the points P and Q are (|, 3) and (2, 6)
respectively.
y
6 Q

4
P
3
2
1
x' x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
y'

05. Option A
The point where the given graph meets the x-axis is (-3, 0) and
where it meets the y-axis is (0, 3).
y
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2

36
 Coordinate Geometry

06. Option D
Since the point (3, 2) lies on the line 3x - 2y = k, x = 3 and y = 2
will satisfy the given equation.
Substituting the values, we get
3x - 2y = k
⇒3 × 3 - 2 × 2 = k
⇒k = 9 - 4 = 5

07. Option D
The x-coordinate of point Q (7, -8) is positive while its y-coordinate
is negative. Hence, it belongs to IV quadrant.

37
 Triangles

Answers
01. Option A
D C

A B
In ∆ABD and ∆CDB,
AB = CD [Given]
∠ABD = ∠CDB [Given]
BD = BD [Common side]
Hence, by SAS congruence rule, ∆ABD ≅ ∆CDB.

02. Option C
D C

A B
In triangles ∆ABD and ∆ABC,
AD = BC [Given]
∠BAD = ∠ABC [Given]
AB = AB [Common side]
Hence, by SAS congruence rule, ∆ABD≅∆BAC.
∴∠ACB = ∠BDA [C.P.C.T.]

38
 Triangles

Option B
03. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two
sides and the included angle of another triangle, the two triangles
are congruent by SAS congruence rule.
A D

B C F E
In ∆ABC and ∆DFE,
∠A = ∠D [Given]
and AB = DF
For the triangles to be congruent by SAS congruence rule, the sides
containing ∠A and ∠D should be equal.
Hence, AC = DE.

04. Given: QR = PS, ∠RQP = ∠SPQ

P
S
Q

R
To prove: PR = QS, ∠QPR = ∠PQS
Proof: In ∆QPR and ∆PQS,
QR = PS [Given]
∠RQP = ∠SPQ [Given]
PQ = QP [Common]
By SAS congruence condition, ∆QPR ≅ ∆PQS.
∴ PR = QS and ∠QPR = ∠SPQ [C.P.C.T.]

39
 Triangles

05. Given: AD is the median of ∆ABC. Also, BE ⊥ AD and CF ⊥ AF.

A

C
B D

F
To prove: BE = CF
Proof: In ∆DEB and ∆DFC,
DB = DC [AD is the median of∆ABC]
∠DEB = ∠DFC [Each = 900]
∠BDE = ∠CDF [Vertically opposite angles]
By AAS congruence condition, ∆DEB ≅ ∆DFC.
∴ BE = CF [C.P.C.T.]

06. Given: X and Y are two points on equal sides AB and AC of a ∆ABC
such that AX = AY. A

X Y

B C
To prove: XC = YB
Proof: In ∆ABC,
AB = AC [Given]

40
 Triangles

⇒∠ABC = ∠ACB ……(1) [Angles opposite to equal sides of a

triangle are equal.]
Again, AB = AC [Given]
and AX = AY [Given]
Subtracting, we get,
AB - AX = AC - AY
⇒ BX = CY ……(2)
Now, in ∆BXC and ∆CYB,
BX = CY [From equation (2)]
BC = CB [Common]
∠XBC = ∠YCB [From equation (1)]
By SAS congruence condition, ∆BXC ≅ ∆CYB.
∴ XC = YB [C.P.C.T.]

07. Given: ∠x = ∠y and PQ = RQ

To prove: PE = RS
Construction: Join PR.
Q S P
x
E y

R
Proof: In ∆PQR,
PQ = RQ [Given]
⇒∠QRP = ∠QPR [Angles opposite to equal sides of a
triangle are equal.]

41
 Triangles

⇒ ∠ERP = ∠SPR ……(1)

In ∆PER and ∆RSP,
∠ERP = ∠SPR [From equation (1)]
∠REP = ∠PSR [Given that ∠x = ∠y]
PR = RP [Common]
By AAS congruence rule, ∆PER ≅ ∆RSP.
⇒ PE = RS [C.P.C.T.]

42
 Force & Laws of Motion

1 Option B
Change in momentum of the ball, Δp = mΔv
= m[3v - (-v)] [Negative sign indicates that direction has reversed.]
= m(3v + v)
= 4mv
Δp 4mv
Hence, force applied by the bat (F) = =
Δt t

2 Option A
Mass of the bullet = A
Mass of the block = B
Initial velocity of bullet = C
Let the common velocity be ‘v’.
Using the law of conservation of momentum,
A × C + B × 0 = (A + B) v
So, common velocity, v = AC
A+B

43
 Force & Laws of Motion

3 Option C
Since the force acting on the body is constant, its acceleration is also constant.
Using the second equation of motion, s = ut + 2| at2
= 0 + 2| at2

= 2| at2

As a is constant, s α t2.

4 |.5 ms-2
Mass of the body (m) = 3 kg
Acceleration produced (a) = 0.5 ms-2
Hence, force (F) = ma = 3 × 0.5 =|.5 N
Now, when this force of |.5 N acts on a body of mass | kg, acceleration
Force = |.5 = |.5 ms-2
= Mass |

5 Bullet A
2 2
v
Using the third equation of motion, distance travelled (s) = 2a- u
2 2
s = (v - u )m [Since F = ma]
2F
s α mu2 [Since v = 0 and F is constant]
Distance travelled by |0 g bullet |0 x 202
= =2
Distance travelled by 20 g bullet 20 x |02
Hence, the |0 g bullet will pierce through a greater distance.

44
 Force & Laws of Motion

6 |000 N
Mass of the bullet (m) = 0.03 kg
Initial velocity of the bullet (u) = 0 m/s
Final velocity of the bullet (v) = |00 m/s
Hence, force exerted on the bullet by the rifle = m(vt- u)
= 0.030.003
(|00 - 0)

= |000 N
By Newton’s third law of motion, the bullet will apply an equal and opposite
force of |000 N on the rifle.

7 Kinetic energy will get quadrupled.

| (mv)2 = P2
Kinetic energy K.E = 2| mv2 = 2m
2m
⇒ K.E α P
2

Hence, if momentum P is doubled, the kinetic energy will become four times
the initial value.

45
 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

|. Option A
In shaving cream, the dispersed phase is gas while the dispersing medium
is liquid. Hence, it is a colloidal solution of gas in liquid.

2. Option C
A separating funnel is used to separate a mixture of two or more
immiscible liquids. For example, a mixture of water and kerosene oil can be
separated using this. When the funnel is left undisturbed, the liquids form
distinct physical layers, with the less dense liquid (here kerosene) floating
over the more dense liquid (here water).

Seperating
funnel
Kerosene oil

Water
Stopcock

3. Option C
Dissolution of sugar in water is an example of physical change because no
new substance is formed during this process. However, during burning of
magnesium, rusting of iron and burning of paper, new substances are
formed. Hence, they are examples of chemical change.

46
 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

4. Option D
In air, the components (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, etc.) are not chemically
bonded. Similarly, the components of blood (RBC, WBC, plasma, etc.) are
also not chemically bonded. Thus, air and blood are mixtures, not
compounds. In milk, the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture.
Hence, it is a heterogeneous mixture. Mercury is an element because it is
made up of one type of atom only.

5. The elements present in the following compounds are:

a. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) - Magnesium (Mg), Carbon (C) and
Oxygen(O)
b. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) - Hydrogen (H), Sulphur (S) and Oxygen (O)
c. Potassium nitrate (KNO3) - Potassium (K), Nitrogen (N) and Oxygen (O)

6. Change Type of change Reason

Melting of butter Physical Change No new substance is formed.
Boiling of water Physical Change No new substance is formed.
Electrolysis of Chemical Change Water breaks down into
water hydrogen and oxygen.

47
 Is Matter Around Us Pure?

7. a. Centrifugation
Cream can be separated from milk by the process of centrifugation. The
sample milk is rotated in a centrifuge at a very high speed. In this way, the
denser particles settle at the bottom and the lighter ones (cream) float
over the surface.
b. Evaporation
The method of evaporation should be used here. On heating, water
evaporates leaving behind salt.
c. Sublimation
The technique of sublimation is the most suitable. Camphor sublimes on
heating leaving behind salt.

48
 Tissues

1. Option D
A sugarcane plant has several nodes. Nodes are the points of attachment
of leaves to the stem. Intercalary meristem is present at the nodes and
internodes. It helps in internodal elongation and thus increases the height of
the plant. On cutting the tip, apical meristem is removed and hence it
cannot help in length elongation. Moreover, sugarcane, being a monocot, is
devoid of lateral meristem or cambium.
2. Option C
When a nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from
the ground, even after three years itl will remain at the same level. It will
not move upwards as apical meristem which is responsible for the increase
in length is present at the tips only and lateral meristem which is
responsible for increase in girth will cause no change in vertical position of
the nail.
3. Option C
Areolar tissue helps in repair and also fills the empty space inside organs.
It is made up of collagen fibres. It also acts as a reservoir of water and
salts for surrounding tissues.
4. Option B
The conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) have made it possible for plants
to survive in a terrestrial environment. Xylem helps in conduction of water
from root to the leaves and phloem helps in translocation of food materials.

49
 Tissues

5. The tissues present in the following parts are:

Skin: Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Bark of tree: Simple permanent tissue
Bone: Connective tissue
Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Vascular bundle: Complex permanent tissue
6. Option B
The husk of a coconut is made up of sclerenchyma fibres.
7. The muscles found in limbs are voluntary skeletal muscles while those in
lungs are involuntary smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are striated and
made up of multinucleated cells. On the other hand, smooth muscles are
involuntary, controlled by the autonomic nervous system of the body. They
are uninucleated and without striations.

50
 Visualizing the Basics

1. Option D
Kinetic energy, K = 12 mv2 = 2m1 (mv)2
P2
K = 2m [Where P is momentum]
As this is a quadratic equation, the graph of K vs P will be
non-linear.
2. A (0, 8) and B (4, 0)
Point A lies on the y-axis. So, its x-coordinate will be zero.
Also, y-coordinate of A = 2 × y-coordinate of point C = 2 × 4 = 8
Similarly, B is a point on the x-axis. So, its y-coordinate will be
zero.
Also, x-coordinate of B = 2 × x-coordinate of C = 2 × 2 = 4
So, the points are: A (0, 8) and B = (4, 0).

3. Option D 




As we can see, OA = OB [Given]

∠AOP = ∠BOP [Given]
OP = OP [Common side]
Hence, ∆OAP ≅ ∆OBP by SAS congruence rule.

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 Visualizing the Basics

4. The various parts are:

(i) Apical meristem
(ii) Intercalary meristem
(iii) Lateral meristem

Apical meristem

Intercalary meristem

Lateral meristem

5. The given diagram shows the matrix of bone. The cell present
in it is osteocyte and the matrix is composed of calcium and
phosphorus.

52
 Visualizing the Basics

6. Component A is carbon dioxide which freezes to form dry ice

after passing through the separator. Nitrogen and argon gases
are collected from the fractional distillation column outlets.
Component C is oxygen which is collected in liquid form.

Water out
Hot Air Cold compressed air

Air under
pressure
Separator Fractional
distillation
column
Liquid air Liquid Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
out as dry ice
Air in Freezing Expansion
cold jet
Filter water in

7. The given diagram shows a separating funnel. It is used to

separate a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids having
different densities. The liquids separate out as layers depending
on their densities. Here, liquid B, being denser than liquid A, forms
the bottom layer. Thus, the density of liquid B is greater than the
density of liquid A.

53