Electronics for the

Internet of Things
SUMMER SCHOOL
 Electronic Signals
Electricity Equations
General Purpose Input / Output (GPIO)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Outline Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)
Microcontrollers and Computers
Questions

2
Electronic
Signals

Image from http://autosystempro.com/analog-and-digital-principles/

3
Analog and Digital
We can only store digital signals
◦ Using 1 or several bits / sample

We store an array of numbers

Parameters
◦ Bits per sample
◦ Sampling rate

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

4
Bits per sample
1 bit signals sample
◦ Values LOW (0) and HIGH (1)
◦ digital

n bits signals sample

◦ Values 0 .. 2n-1
◦ digital representation of an analog signal (analog)

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

5
Sampling
Sensor signals are analog

Image from http://www.snotmonkey.com/work/school/405/overview.html

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Sampling Rate
The faster we sample the higher the accuracy
Nyquist Theorem
◦ Sampling frequency >= 2 x maximum frequency

Voice is 0.3 .. 3.4 KHz

◦ 8KHz phone

Image from http://www.jazzpoparkisto.net/audio/audio32.html

7
 U
Electricity I=
Equations R
åi k = 0
k

åE = åR I
k k k
k k

8
Ohm’s Law

U
I=
R
3V
I= = 0.025A = 25mA
10W + 50W + 60W

9
Kirchhoff Law I

åi k
=0
k

-I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0

10
Kirchhoff’s Law II

åE = åR Ik k k
k k

L :E = I R +I R
1 1 1 3 3

L :0 = I R - I R
2 2 2 3 3

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Voltage Divider
V +V = V
1 2 in

V =I R
1 1

V =V = I R
2 out 2

We measure Vout

12
Voltage Divider
=
R1 0
V out
=?

13
Voltage Divider

R =¥
1

V =?
out

14
Voltage Divider

R =0
2

V =?
out

15
Voltage Divider

R =¥
2

V =?
out

16
Voltage Divider
R =0
1

R =0
2

V =?
out

17
Voltage Divider
R =0
1

R =0
2

V =?
out

Short circuit

18
General Purpose
Input / Output

19
Output and Input
Digital Pins
◦ Value LOW (0) or HIGH (1)

Each pin acts like a

◦ battery (OUTPUT)
◦ voltage meter (INPUT)

20
Output
Pins act like a battery
◦ LOW – 0V
◦ HIGH – 5V, 3.3V or 1.8V

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Input
We measure Vout
◦ It goes into the pin

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Pulse With
Modulation

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Pulse Width
We set the % of “high” cycle
◦ 0 – 0%
◦ 255 – 100%
◦ Depends on the library

Implementation
◦ Hardware
◦ Software

Usage
◦ LED dimming
◦ Servo Motors

24
Analog to Digital
Converters

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Analog and Digital Converters
Measure voltage
Parameters
◦ Bits per sample
◦ Sampling rate

For 1 bit we have …

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

26
Analog and Digital Converters
Measure voltage
Parameters
◦ Bits per sample
◦ Sampling rate

For 1 bit we have …

◦ GPIO Input

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

27
Analog and Digital Converters
Measure voltage
Parameters
◦ Bits per sample
◦ Sampling rate

For 1 bit we have …

◦ GPIO Input

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

28
Analog and Digital Converters
Measure voltage
Parameters
◦ Bits per sample
◦ Sampling rate

For 1 bit we have …

◦ GPIO Input

For n bits we have …

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

29
Analog and Digital Converters
Measure voltage
Parameters
◦ Bits per sample
◦ Sampling rate

For 1 bit we have …

◦ GPIO Input

For n bits we have …

◦ 0 – 2n-1

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

30
Analog and Digital Converters
One ADC
Multiplexed
◦ Reads for A0
◦ Reads for A1
◦ Reads for A2
◦ Reads for A3
…

Image from http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Analog-VS-Digital.aspx

31
Microcontrollers
and Computers

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Microcontrollers and Computers
Simple systems Full CPUs
Control hardware High speeds
Low speeds Large memory
Small memory GPIO
GPIO
Run OS
PWM
ADC
Run single software
Microcontrollers and computers

Firmware Software
Intel® Edison

Firmware (will be available) Software

Questions?

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