INDEX

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Background of self compacting concrete(SCC)----------------------------

1.2 Need for this research----------------------------------------------------------

1.3 Scope & objectives-------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW-----------------------------------------------

2.1 Development of SCC---------------------------------------------------------

2.2 Specifications------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.1 Workability--------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.2 Durability----------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.3 Mechanical characteristics--------------------------------------------------

2.3 Properties of hardened concrete -------------------------------------------

2.3.1 Compressive, tensile & bond strength------------------------------------
2.3.2 Modulus of elasticity--------------------------------------------------------
2.3.3 Shrinkage & creep-----------------------------------------------------------
2.3.4 freeze/thaw resistance-------------------------------------------------------
2.3.5 Water permeability----------------------------------------------------------
2.3.6 Rapid chloride permeability------------------------------------------------

2.4 Test methods on SCC-------------------------------------------------------

2.4.1 Slump flow test & T50cm concrete---------------------------------------
2.4.2 V funnel test & V funnel test at T5 mins---------------------------------
2.4.3 L-box test---------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4.4 U-box test--------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4.5 Fill box test------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 3
MIX DESIGN OF SCC--------------------------------------------------

3.1 General requirements in the mix design -------------------------------

3.2 Mixing procedure------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 4
TRANSPORTATION, CATING ON SITE & FORM SYSTEM

4.1 Transportation-----------------------------------------------------------------

4.2 casting on site-----------------------------------------------------------------

4.2.1 Planning-----------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2.2 Filling of formwork----------------------------------------------------------
4.2.3 Finishing of formwork------------------------------------------------------
4.2.4 Curing-------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.3 Form system------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 5
ECONOMICS OF SCC ------------------------------------------------

5.1 Advantages of SCC----------------------------------------------------------

5.2 SCC v/s NCC-----------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 6
CASE STUDY-------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS----------------------------------------------------------

BIBLIOGRAPHY--------------------------------------------------------
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self compacting concrete (SCC) represents one of the most significant
advances in concrete technology for decades. Inadequate homogeneity of the
cast concrete due to poor compaction or segregation may drastically lower the
performance of mature concrete in-situ. SCC has been developed to ensure
adequate compaction and facilitate placement of concrete in structures with
congested reinforcement and in restricted areas.
SCC was developed first in Japan in the late 1980s to be mainly used for
highly congested reinforced structures in seismic regions (Bouzoubaa and
Lachemi, 2001). As the durability of concrete structures became an important
issue in Japan, an adequate compaction by skilled labors was required to
obtain durable concrete structures. This Requirement led to the development
of SCC and its development was first reported in 1989 (Okamura and Ouchi,
1999).
SCC can be described as a high performance material which flows under
its own weight without requiring vibrators to achieve consolidation by
complete filling of formworks even when access is hindered by narrow gaps
between reinforcement bars. SCC can also be used in situations where it is
difficult or impossible to use mechanical compaction for fresh concrete, such
as underwater concreting, cast in-situ, pile foundations, machine bases and
columns or walls with congested reinforcement. The high flow ability of SCC
makes it possible to fill the formwork without vibration. Since its inception, it
has been widely used in large construction in Japan (Okamura and Ouchi,
2003). Recently, this concrete has gained wide use in many countries for
different applications and structural configurations (Bouzoubaa and
Lachemi, 2001).
The method for achieving self-compactability involves not only high
deformability of paste or mortar, but also resistance to segregation between
coarse aggregate and mortar. Homogeneity of SCC is its ability to remain
unsegregated during transport and placing. High flow ability and high
segregation resistance of SCC are obtained by:
1. A larger quantity of fine particles, i.e., a limited coarse aggregate content.
2. A low water/powder ratio, (powder is defined as cement plus the filler such
as fly ash,
Silica fumes etc.) And
3. The use of super plasticizer
Because of the addition of a high quantity of fine particles, the internal
material Structure of SCC shows some resemblance with high performance
concrete having self compactibility in fresh stage, no initial defects in early
stage and protection against external factors after hardening. Due to the
Lower content of coarse aggregate, however, there is some concern that:
(1) SCC may have a lower modulus of elasticity, which may affect
deformation characteristics of prestressed concrete members and
(2) Creep & shrinkage will be higher, affecting prestress loss and long-term
deflection.
 Self compacting concrete can be produced using standard cements and
additives. It consists mainly of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and filler,
such as fly ash, water, super plasticizer and stabilizer. The composition of
SCC is similar to that of normal concrete but to attain self Flow ability,
admixtures such as fly ash, glass filler, limestone powder, silica fume, Super-
pozzoluna, etc; with some super plasticizer is mixed. Fineness and spherical
particle shape improves the workability of SCC.
Three basic characteristics that are required to obtain SCC are: high
deformability, restrained flow ability and a high resistance to segregation.
High deformability is related to the capacity of the concrete to deform and
spread freely in order to fill all the space in the formwork. It is usually a
function of the form, size, and quantity of the aggregates, and the friction
between the solid particles, which can be reduced by adding a high range
water-reducing admixture (HRWR) to the mixture. Restrained flow ability
represents how easily the concrete can flow around obstacles, such as
reinforcement, and is related to the member geometry and the shape of the
formwork. Segregation is usually related to the cohesiveness of the fresh
concrete, which can be enhanced by adding a viscosity-modifying admixture
(VMA) along with a HRWR, by reducing the free-water content, by
increasing the volume of paste, or by some combination of these Constituents.
Two general types of SCC can be obtained:
(1)One with a small reduction in the coarse aggregates, containing a VMA,
and
(2) One with a significant reduction in the coarse aggregates without any
VMA.
 To produce SCC, the major work involves designing an appropriate mix
Proportion and evaluating the properties of the concrete thus obtained. In
practice, SCC in its fresh state shows high fluidity, self-compacting ability
and segregation resistance, all of which contribute to reducing the risk of
honey combing of concrete. With these good properties, the SCC produced
can greatly improve the reliability & durability of the reinforced concrete
structures.
In addition, SCC shows good performance in compression and can fulfill
other construction needs because its production has taken into consideration
the requirements in the structural design.

1.2 NEED FOR THIS RESEARCH

Despite its advantages as described in previous section, SCC has not
gained much local acceptance though it has been promoted in the Middle East
for the last five years.
Awareness of SCC has spread across the world, prompted by concerns
with poor consolidation and durability in case of conventionally vibrated
Normal concrete. The reluctance in utilizing the advantages of SCC are,
1. Lack of research or published data pertaining to locally produced SCC, 2.
The potential problems for the production of SCC, if any, with local marginal
aggregates and the harsh environmental conditions prevailing in the region.
Therefore, there is a need to conduct studies on SCC.
1.3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
The scope of this work was limited to the development of a suitable mix
design to satisfy the requirements of SCC in the plastic stage using local
aggregates and then to determine the strength and durability of such concrete
exposed to thermal and moisture cycles.
The general objective of this study was to conduct an exploratory work
towards the development of a suitable SCC mix design and to evaluate the
performance of the selected SCC mix under thermal and moisture variations.
The specific objectives were as follows:
1. To design a suitable SCC mix utilizing local aggregates, and
2. To assess the strength development and durability of SCC exposed to
thermal and moisture variations.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

The idea of a concrete mixture that can be consolidated into every corner
of a formwork, purely by means of its own weight and without the need for
vibration, was first considered in 1983 in Japan, when concrete durability,
constructability & productivity became a major topic of interest in the
country. During this period, there was a shortage of number of skilled workers
in Japan which directly affected the quality of the concrete.
In order to achieve acceptable concrete structures, proper consolidation is
required to completely fill and equally distribute the mixture with minimum
segregation. One solution to obtain acceptable concrete structures,
independently of the quality of construction work, is the employment of SCC.
The use of SCC can reduce labor requirements and noise pollution by
eliminating the need of either internal or external vibration.
Okamura proposed the use of SCC in 1986. Studies to develop SCC,
including a fundamental study on the workability of concrete, were carried out
by Ozawa and Maekawa at the University of Tokyo, and by 1988 the first
practical prototypes of SCC were produced. By the early 1990’s Japan started
to develop and use SCC and, as of 2000, the volume of SCC used for
prefabricated products and ready-mixed concrete in Japan was over
520,000 yard3 (i.e. 400,000 m3).
 SCC has been used successfully in a number of bridges, walls and tunnel
linings in Europe.
During the last three years, interest in SCC has grown in the United States,
particularly within the precast concrete industry. SCC has been used in several
commercial. Numerous research studies have been conducted recently with
the objective of developing raw material requirements, mixture proportions,
material requirements and characteristics, and test methods necessary to
produce and test SCC.
The latest studies related to SCC focused on improved reliability and
Prediction of properties, production of a dense and uniform surface texture,
improved durability and both high and early strength permitting faster
construction and increased productivity.

2.2 Specifications
2.2.1 Workability
A good SCC shall normally reach a slump flow value exceeding 60cm
without segregation.
• If required SCC shall remain flow able & self compacting for at least
90 minutes.
• If required SCC shall be pumpable for at least 90 minutes & through
pipes with a length of at least 100m.
2.2.2 Durability
• Should have freeze/thaw resistance
• No increased risk of thermal cracks compared with traditional
vibrated concrete.
 • Target values & acceptable ranges for the slump flow have to be
design when the mix design is decided.
The evidence in hand & data from other sources suggested that the durability
performance of SCC is likely to be equal or better than that of traditional
vibrated concrete.
2.2.3 Mechanical Characteristics
• Characteristics compressive strength at 28 days shall be 25-60 MPa.
• Early age compressive strength shall be 5-20MPa at 12-15 hours.
(equivalent age at 20°C)
• Normal” creep & shrinkage.

2.3 PROPERTIES OF HARDENED SCC

2.3.1 Compressive, Tensile, and Bond Strength
SCC with a compressive strength around 60 MPa can easily be achieved. The
strength could be further improved by using fly ash as filler. The characteristic
compressive and tensile strengths have been reported to be
Around 60 MPa & 5 MPa, respectively & 28-days compressive strength
values ranging from 31 to 52 MPa. Compressive strength was in the range of
28 and 47 MPa & a compressive strength of up to 80 MPa with a low
permeability, good freeze-thaw resistance, and low drying shrinkage. SCC
mixes with a high volume of cement – limestone filler paste can develop
higher or lower 28-day compressive strength, compared to those of vibrated
concrete with the same water/cementitious material ratio and cement content,
but without filler.
It appears that the strength characteristics of the SCC are related to the
fineness and grading of the limestone filler used.
SCC with water/cementitious material ratios ranging from 0.35 to 0.45, a mass
proportion of fine and coarse aggregates of 50:50 with cement replacement of
40%, 50% & 60% by Class F fly ash and cementitious materials content of
400 kg/m3 being kept constant, obtained good results for compressive
strength ranging from 26 to 48 MPa.
The bond behavior of SCC was found to be better than that of normally
vibrated concrete. The higher bond strength was attributed to the superior
interlocking of aggregates due to the uniform distribution of aggregates over
the full cross section and higher volume of cement-binder matrix.

2.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of elasticity of SCC & that of a normally vibrated concrete,
produced from the same raw materials, have been found to be almost
identical. Although there is a higher paste matrix share in SCC, the elasticity
remains unchanged due to the denser packing of the particles.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete increases with an increase in the
quantity of aggregate of high rigidity whereas it decreases with increasing
cement paste content & porosity. A relatively small modulus of elasticity can
be expected, because of the high content of ultra fines and additives as
dominating factors and, accordingly, minor occurrence of coarse and stiff
aggregates at SCC.
 The modulus of elasticity of SCC can be up to 20% lower compared with
normal vibrated concrete having same compressive 34 strength and made of
same aggregates reported an average modulus of elasticity of SCC to be 16%
lower than that of normal vibrated conventional concrete for an identical
compressive strength.
Results available indicate that the relationships between the static modulus of
elasticity (E) and compressive strength were similar for SCC and normally
vibrated concrete. Average 28-days modulus of elasticity of SCC has been
reported to be 30 GPa corresponding to average 28-days cube strength of
55.41 MPa.

2.3.3 Shrinkage & Creep

Shrinkage and creep of the SCC mixtures have not been found to be greater
than those of traditional vibrated concrete. 0.03% for mixes with cement
tested at 14 days, 0.03% to 0.04% for mixes with slag cement tested at 28
days, and 0.04 to 0.045% for mixes with calcined shale cement tested at 28
days. Shrinkage and creep of SCC coincided well with the corresponding
Properties of normal concrete when the strength was held constant.
The shrinkage and creep rates of SCC have been found to be approximately
30% higher at an identical compressive strength; this is because of the high
amount of paste. Since SCC is rich in powder content and poor in the coarse
aggregate fraction, addition of fiber will be effective in counteracting drying
shrinkage.
2.3.4 Freeze/thaw resistance
This property was assessed by loss of ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV) after
daily cycles of 18 hours at -30°C & 6 hours at room temperature . No
significant loss of UPV has been observed after 150 cycles for the SCC or
higher strength concrete. The lower strength SCC ix has performed less well
than the reference in this freeze/thaw regime.
(Note: None of the concrete was air entrained.)

2.3.5 Water Permeability

SCC with high strength and low permeability can easily be produced. The
permeability of SCC significantly lower as compared to that of normally
vibrated concretes of the same strength grade have reported a water
permeability value of 5 mm for SCC against 10 mm for normal vibrated
concrete.
The water permeability test, which is most commonly used to evaluate the
permeability of concrete. This test is useful in evaluating the relative
Performance of concrete made with varying mix proportions & incorporating
admixtures..
Permeability tests, particularly those involving water penetration & chloride
permeability, are increasingly used to test concrete to evaluate its
conformance with these specifications, particularly for concrete exposed to
aggressive conditions.

2.3.6 Rapid chloride permeability

 Rapid chloride permeability of concrete is determined using a standard test
method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion
penetration. The rapid chloride permeability test evaluates the performance of
various cementitious materials based on the accelerated diffusion of chloride
ions under the application of an external electric field.
For SCC against 1970 coulombs for normal vibrated concrete, obtained
through the rapid chloride permeability test.

2.4 Test methods on SCC

It is important to appreciate that the test method for SCC has yet been
standardized, & the test described are not yet perfect or definitive. The method
presented here are descriptions rather than fully detailed procedures. They are
mainly methods which have been devised specifically for SCC. Existing
rheological test procedure have not considered here, though the relationship
between the results of these tests & the rheological characteristics of the
concrete is likely to figure highly in future work, including standardization
work. In considering these tests there are number of points which should be
taken into account:
• There is no clear relation between test results & performance on site.
• There is little precise data, therefore no clear guidance on compliance
limits.
A concrete mix can only be classified as SCC if the requirements for all the
following three workability properties are fulfilled.
1. Filling ability,
2. Passing ability, &
3. Segregation resistance.
Filling ability: It is the ability of SCC to flow into all spaces within the
formwork under its own weight. Tests, such as slump flow, V-funnel etc, are
used to determine the filling ability of fresh concrete.
Passing ability: It is the ability of SCC to flow through tight openings, such as
spaces between steel reinforcing bars, under its own weight. Passing
ability can be determined by using U-box, L-box, Fill-box, and J-ring test
methods.
Segregation resistance: The SCC must meet the filling ability and passing
ability with uniform composition throughout the process of transport and
placing.
The test methods to determine the workability properties of SCC are
described as follows:

2.4.1 Slump flow test and T50cm test:

Introduction:
The slump flow test is used assess the horizontal free flow of in the
absence of obstructions. It was first developed in Japan for use in assessment
of underwater concrete. The test method is based on the test method for
determining the slump .T diameter of the concrete circle is a measure for the
filling ability of the concrete.

Assessment of test:
This is a simple, rapid test procedure, though two people are needed if the
T50 time is to be measured. It can be used on site, though the size of the base
plate is somewhat unwieldy and level ground is essential. It is the most
commonly used test, and gives a good assessment of filling ability. It gives no
indication of the ability of the concrete to pass between reinforcement without
booking, but may give some indication of resistance to segregation. It can
be argued that the completely free flow, unrestrained by any foundries, is not
representative of what happens in concrete construction, but the test can be
profitably be used to assess the consistency of supply of supply of ready-
mixed concrete to a site from load to load.

Equipment:
The apparatus is show in figure;
• Mould in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200
mm diameter at the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300 mm.
• Base plate of a stiff none absorbing material, at least 700mm square,
marked with a circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a
further concentric circle of 500mm diameter
• Trowel
• Scoop
• Ruler
• Stopwatch(optional)
Accessories for Flow cone Flow table
Slump test

Fig. 2.4.2 Slump flow test and T50cm test

Procedure:
About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.
Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone, place base plate on level
stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the base plate and hold down
firmly. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the
concrete level with the top of the cone with the trowel. Remove any surplus
concrete from around the base of the cone. Raise the cone vertically and allow
the concrete to flow out freely. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record
the time taken for the concrete to reach the 00mm spread circle (This is the
T50 time).floatable test, might be appropriate. The T50 time is secondary
indication of flow. A lower time indicates greater flow ability.
The Brite EuRam research suggested that a time of 3-7 seconds is acceptable
for civil engineering applications, and 2-5 seconds for housing applications. In
case of severe segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in the centre of
the pool of concrete and mortar and cement paste at the concrete periphery. In
case of minor segregation a border of mortar without coarse aggregate can
occur at the edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these phenomena appear it
is no assurance that segregation will not occur since this is a time related
aspect that can occur after a longer period.
2.4.2 V funnel test and V funnel test at T 5 minutes
Introduction:
The equipment consists of a v shaped funnel as, show in Fig. An
alternative type of V-funnel, the O funnel, with circular. The test was
developed in Japan and used by Ozawa et al. The equipment consists of V-
shaped funnel section is also used in Japan. The described V-funnel test is
used to determine the filling ability (flow ability) of the concrete with a
maximum aggregate size of 20mm. The funnel is filled with about 12 liter of
concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus measured.
After this the funnel can be refilled concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. If
the concrete shows segregation then the flow time will increases significantly.

Assessment of test:
Though the test is designed to measure flow ability, the result is affected
by concrete properties other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any
liability of the concrete to block to be reflected in the result-if, for example
there is too much coarse aggregate. High flow time can also be associated
with low deformability due to a high paste viscosity, and with high inter-
particle friction. While the apparatus is simple, the effect of the angle of the
funnel and the wall effect on the flow of concrete is not clear.
Equipment:
• V-funnel
• Bucket (±12 liter)
• Trowel
• Scoop
• Stopwatch
 Fig 2.4.2 V Funnel test Apparatus

Procedure flow time:

About 12 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.
Set the V-funnel on firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the funnel.
Keep the trap door to allow any surplus water to drain. Close the trap door and
place a bucket underneath. Fill the apparatus completely with the concrete
without compacting or tamping; simply strike off the concrete level with the
top with the trowel.
Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to
flow out under gravity. Start the stop watch when the trap door is opened, and
record the time for the complete discharge (the flow time). This is taken to be
when light is seen from above through the funnel. The whole test has to be
performed within 5 minutes.

Procedure flow time at T5 minutes:

Do not clean or moisten the inside surface of the funnel gain. Close the trap
door and refill the V-funnel immediately after measuring the flow time. Place
a bucket underneath. Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without
compacting or tapping, simply strike off the concrete level with the top with
the trowel. Open the trap door 5 minutes after the second fill of the funnel and
allow the concrete to flow out under gravity. Simultaneously start the stop
watch when the trap door is opened and record the time discharge to complete
flow (the flow time at T5 minutes). This is to be taken when light is seen from
above through the funnel.

Interpretation of result:
This test measures the ease of flow of concrete, shorter flow time indicates
greater flow ability. For SCC a flow time of 10 seconds is considered
appropriate. The inverted cone shape restricts the flow, and prolonged flow
times may give some indication of the susceptibility of the mix to blocking.
After 5 minutes of settling, segregation of concrete will show a less
continuous flow with an increase in flow time.
2.4.3 L Box Test
Introduction:
This test is based on a Japanese design for under water concrete, has been
described by Peterson. The test assesses the flow of the concrete and also the
extent to which it is subjected to blocking by reinforcement. The apparatus is
shown in the figure. The apparatus consist of rectangular section box in the
shape of an ‘L’, with a vertical and horizontal section, separated by a movable
gate, in front of which vertical length of reinforcement bar are fitted. The
vertical section is filled with concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the
concrete flow into the horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the
height of the concrete at the end of the horizontal section is expressed as a
proportion of that remaining in the vertical section. It indicates the slope of the
concrete when at rest. This is an indication passing ability, or the degree to
which the passage of concrete through the bars is restricted. The horizontal
section of the box can be marked at 200mm and 400mm from the gate and the
times taken to reach these points measured. These are known as the T20 and
T40 times and are an indication for the filling ability. The section of bar con
be of different diameters and are spaced at different intervals, in accordance
with normal reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum aggregate size
might be appropriate. The bar can principally be set at any spacing to impose
a more or less severe test of the passing ability of the concrete.

Assessment of test:
This is a widely used test, suitable for laboratory and perhaps site use. It
asses filling and passing ability of SCC, and serious lack of stability
(segregation) can be detected visually. Segregation may also be detected by
subsequently sawing and inspecting sections of the concrete in the horizontal
section. Unfortunately there is no arrangement t on materials or dimensions or
reinforcing bar arrangement, so it is difficult to compare test results. There is
no evidence of what effect the wall of the apparatus and the consequent ‘wall
effect’ might have on the concrete flow, but this arrangement does, to some
extent, replicate what happens to concrete on site when it is confined within
formwork. Two operators are required if times are measured, and a degree of
operator error is inevitable.

Equipment:
• L box of a stiff non absorbing material
• Trowel
• Scoop
• Stopwatch
 Fig.2.4.3 L Box test Apparatus
Procedure:
About 14 liter of concrete needed to perform the test, sampled normally.
Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and then close it. Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove
any surplus water, fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete
sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and allow the
concrete to flow out into the horizontal section. Simultaneously, start the
stopwatch and record the time for the concrete to reach the concrete 200 and
400 marks. When the concrete stops flowing, the distances ‘H1’ and ‘H2’ are
measured. Calculate H2/H1, the blocking ratio. The whole has tom performed
within 5 minutes.
Interpretation of the result:
If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so
H2/H1=1. Therefore the nearest this test value, the ‘blocking ratio’, is unity,
the better the flow of concrete. The EU research team suggested a minimum
acceptable value of 0.8. T20 and T40 time can give some indication of ease of
flow, but no suitable values have been generally agreed. Obvious blocking of
coarse aggregate behind the reinforcement bars can be detected visually.

2.4.4 U box test method

Introduction:
The test was developed by the Technology Research Centre of the Taisei
Corporation in Japan. Some time the apparatus is called a “box shaped” test.
The test is used to measure the filing ability of self compacting concrete. The
apparatus consists of a vessel that is divided by a middle wall into two
compartments; an opening with a sliding gate is fitted between the two
sections. Reinforcing bar with nominal diameter of 134 mm are installed at
the gate with centre to centre spacing of 50 mm. this create a clear spacing of
35 mm between bars. The left hand section is filled with about 20 liter of
concrete then the gate is lifted and the concrete flows upwards into the other
section. The height of the concrete in both sections is measured.

Assessment of test:
This is a simple test to conduct, but the equipment may be difficult to
construct. It provides a good direct assessment of filling ability-this is literally
what the concrete has to do- modified by an unmeasured requirement for
passing ability. The 35 mm gap between the sections of reinforcement may be
considered too close. The question remains open of what filling height less
than 30cm is still acceptable.
Equipment:
• U box of a stiff non absorbing material
• Scoop
• Trowel
• Stopwatch
 Fig 2.4.4 U box test Apparatus

Procedure:
About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.
Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and then close it. Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove
any surplus water, fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete
sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and allow the
concrete to flow out into the other compartment. After the concrete has come
to rest, measure the height of the concrete in the compartment that has been
filled, in two places and calculate the mean (H1). Measure also the height in
the other equipment (H2). Calculate H1-H2, the filling height. The whole test
has to be performed within 5 minutes.
Interpretation of the result:
If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so H1-
H2=0. Therefore the nearest this test value, the ‘filling height’, is to zero, the
better the flow and passing ability of the concrete.

2.4.5 Fill box test method

Introduction:
This test is also known as ‘Kajima test’. The test is used to measure the
filling ability of self compacting concrete with a maximum aggregate size of
20 mm. the apparatus consists of a container (transparent) with a flat and
smooth surface. In the container are 35 obstacles are made of PVC with a
diameter of 20mm and a distance centre to centre of 50mm, see figure. At the
top side is a put filling pipe (diameter 100mm height 500mm) with a funnel
(height 100mm). The container is filled with concrete through this filling pipe
and difference in height between two sides of the container is a measure for
the filling ability.

Assessment of test:
This is a test that is difficult to perform on site due to the complex structure
of the apparatus and large weight of the concrete. It gives a good impression
of the self compacting characteristics of the concrete. Even a concrete mix
with a high filling ability will perform poorly if the passing ability and
segregation resistance are poor.

Equipment
• Fill box of a stiff non absorbing material
• Scoop 1.5 to 2 liter
• Ruler
• Stopwatch
 Fig.2.4.5 (b) Detail dimensions & c/s of fill box

Fig.2.4.5 (b) Detail of fill box empty & filled with concrete

Procedure:
 About 45 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.
Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and then close it. Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove
any surplus water, fill the apparatus with the concrete sample. Fill the
container by adding each 5 seconds one scoop with 1.5 to 2 liters of fresh
concrete into the funnel until the concrete has just covered the first top
obstacle. Measure after the concrete has come to rest, the height at the side at
which the container has filled on two places and calculate the average (H1).
Do this also on opposite side (H2). Calculate the average filling percentage:
average filling percentage F= {(H1+H2)/2*H1}*100%. The whole has to be
performed within 8 minutes.

Interpretation of the result:

If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so
average filling percentage = 100%. Therefore the nearest this test value, the
filling height’, is to be 100%, the better self compacting characteristics of the
concrete.

CHAPTER 3
 MIX DESIGN OF SCC

Before any SCC is produced at a concrete plant and used at construction

site the mix has to be designed and tested. During this evaluation the
equipments and the local Materials used at the plants have to be tested to find
new concrete mixes with the right mixing sequences and mixing times valid
for that plant and material used and also suitable for the element to be cast.
Various kinds of fillers can result in different strength, shrinkage and creep
but shrinkage and creep will usually not be higher than for traditional vibrated
concrete.

A flow-chart describing the procedure for design of SCC mix is shown in

Figure 2 below,

Figure 2: SCC mix design procedure

3.1 General Requirements in the mix design

A high volume of paste: the friction between the aggregate limits the
spreading and the filling ability of SCC. This is the why SCC contains a high
volume of paste (cement + additions + efficient water + air), typically 330 to

400 l/m³, the role of which is to maintain aggregate separation.

A high volume of the particles (<80µm): In order to ensure sufficient
workability while limiting the risk of segregation or bleeding, SCC contains a

large amount of fine particles (around 500 kg/m³). Nevertheless, in order to

avoid excessive heat generation, the Portland cement is generally partially
replaced by mineral admixtures like fly ash (cement should not be used as a
filler). The nature and the amount of filler added are chosen in order to
comply with the strength & durability requirements.

A high dosage of super plasticizer: Super plasticizers are introduced in SCC to

obtain the fluidity. Nevertheless a high dosage near the saturation amount can
increases the proneness of the concrete to segregate.

The possible use of viscosity agent (water retainer): these products are
generally cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides or colloidal suspensions.
These products have the same role as the fine particles, minimizing bleeding
and coarse aggregate segregation by thickening the paste and retaining the
water in the skeleton. The introduction of such products in SCC seems to be
justified in the case of SCC with the high water to binder ratio (for e.g.
residential building). On the other hand, they may be less useful for high
performance SCC (strength higher than 50 MPa) with low water to binder
ratio. For intermediate SCC, the introduction of viscosity agent has to be
studied for each case. Viscosity agents are assumed to make SCC less
sensitive to water variations in water content of aggregates occurring in
concrete plants. Because of he small quantities of viscosity agents required,
however it may be difficult to achieve the accuracy of dosage.

A low volume of coarse aggregate: it is possible to use natural rounded,

semi crushed or crushed aggregate to produce SCC. Nevertheless, as
the coarse aggregate plays an important role on the passing ability of
SCC in congested areas, the volume has to be limited. On the other
hand the use of coarse aggregate allows optimizing the packing
density of the skeleton of the concrete & reduction of the paste
volume needed for the target workability. Generally speaking, the
maximum aggregate size (Dmax) is between 10mm &20mm. the
passing ability decreases when Dmax increases, which leads to
decrease of the coarse aggregate content. The choice of a higher
Dmax is thus possible but is only justified with low reinforcement
content.

Admixtures added to SCC can have a retarding effect on the strength and the
temperature development in the fresh concrete, & this will have to be borne in
mind in the construction process. Suppliers of admixture can produce various
admixtures suitable for different weather conditions & temperatures.

3.2 Mixing procedure

 The coarse and fine aggregate contents are fixed so that self compatibility
can be achieved easily by adjusting the water/powder ratio and super
plasticizer dosage only.

Procedure: The following sequence is followed

• Determine the desired air content
• Determine the coarse aggregate volume
• Determine the sand content
• Determine the paste composition
• Determine the optimum water to powder ratio & super plasticizer
dosage in mortar
• Finally the concrete properties are assessed by standard test
(Explained in section 2.4)
Air content:
Generally air content may be assumed to be 2%. In case of freeze/thaw
condition in cold weather concreting higher percent of air content may be
specified.

Determination of coarse aggregate volume:

Coarse aggregate volume is defined by bulk density. Generally coarse
aggregate (D>4.75) should be between 50% & 60%. Optimum coarse
aggregate content depends on the following parameters.
• The lower the maximum aggregate size, the higher the proportion.
• The rounded aggregate can be used at higher percentage then crushed
aggregates.

Determination of sand content:

Sand, in the context of mix design procedure is defined as all particles
bigger than 125 microns & smaller than 4.75mm. Sand content is defined by
bulk density. The optimum volume content of sand in the mortar varies
between 40-50% depending on the past properties.

Design of paste composition:

Initially the water/powder ratio for zero flow (ß) is determined in the paste,
with chosen proportion of cement & additions. Flow cone test with
water/powder ratio by volume are performed with selected powder
composition. Fig. 2.1 shows the typical results. The point of intersection with
“Y” axis is the ß value. These ß value is used mainly for quality control of
water demand for new batches of cement & fillers.

Fig.3.2 Determination of water/powder ratio ß for zero slump flow

Determination of optimum volumetric water/powder ratio & super plasticizer
dosage in mortar:
Test with flow cone & V-funnel for mortar are performed at varying
water/powder ratio in the range of (0.8 to 0.9) ß & dosage of super plasticizer
is used to balance the rheology of the paste. The volume content of the sand in
mortar remains the same as determined above.
The target values are slump flow of 24 to 26 cm & V-funnel time of 7 to
11 seconds.
At target slump flow, where V-funnel time is lower than 7 secs, then
decrease the water/powder ratio. For largest slump flow & V-funnel time in
excess of 11 seconds water/powder ratio should be increased.
If these criteria cannot be fulfilled, then the particular combination of
material is inadequate. One can also change the type of super plasticizer.
Another alternative is a new additive, and as a last resort is to change the
cement.
 CHAPTER 4
TRANSPORTATION, CASTING ON SITE
& FORM SYSTEM

4.1 Transportation
SCC can be delivered either by truck mixer or truck agitator. The
mixing/agitating bowl should be free from remains of the previously delivered
concrete and remains of wash-out water, and it should not be dry. Truck
mixers should be distinguished from truck agitators. In simple words, truck
mixers are able to adequately produce, deliver, and discharge concrete while
truck agitators can not adequately produce concrete. Often properties of SCC
need to be adjusted on the job site and for some SCC producers this is a part
of production/delivery process. At such circumstances truck agitators shall not
be used. Great care should be taken if SCC is to be delivered by tip trucks due
to the risk of static segregation.
The limitations to the delivery load size would be only dictated by the road
conditions, i.e. driving uphill. SCC can be safely transported over the
reasonably hilly roads if the load size of SCC is not exceeding 80% of the full
capacity.
• But before the drum actually delivers the SCC at site it has to rotate at full
speed (10-20 RPM)
• Care must be taken for long haul delivery sites.
• The driver must not add admixtures or any kind of fibers on his own.
 • However if the mix is too hard super plasticizer can be added on site at the time
of delivery by the driver after obeying the note of instructions given to him.
• Also this has to be handed over to the site engineers about the report of how the
SCC has been handled before, during the haul duration n the expected handling
after the mix has been delivered.
• The addition of water has to be avoided in order to avoid segregation. The
addition of water is a very usual n cheap practice to make the mix workable.
• A Slump test can be worked out at the site to check the workability if the mix,
also to check that there is no segregation.
• In addition to the basic information provided, the following details will add to
the perfection of the work carried out
1. Slump Flow – target value and acceptance range
2. Production time (Time when it was produced)
3. Remarks if any admixture that shall be added at site

4.2 Casting on site

It is divided into 4 following sections,
4.2.1 Planning
4.2.2 Filling of formwork
4.2.3 Finishing
4.2.4 Curing
4.2.1 Planning:
The process of casting SCC can be mechanized to a great extent. Increased
productivity, lower cost and improved working environment is achieved. A
minimum of manual interaction in the process is however necessary. Based on
formwork configuration, reinforcement, temperature, casting equipment,
casting speed etc., the persons in charge of the concrete supply and the form
filling respectively have to plan and jointly agree on SCC workability data,
including accuracy, open time, casting speed etc. In more complex
industrialized casting operations, the planning of flow of concrete can be
computer modeled in order to optimize the rheological material data to the
specific formwork, the reinforcement configuration and the sequence and
methods of casting.
The planning also includes agreement on the quality assurance procedure,
test methods, frequency of test as well as of actions taken as results of tests.
The planning should also address the corrections of the mix that might be
done at the casting site through extra dosage of plasticizer.
Even if there will always be options of buying SCC off the shelf as standard
products, the strongest benefits and highest profits will come from optimizing
the fresh concrete as an integral approach in an industrialized process
designed for the specific situation at hand. Even if there is a significant
reduction in the needed skill for the actual casting when SCC is applied, the
need for skills in planning, preparation and quality assurance is raised.
4.2.2 Filling of Formwork:
SCC is a liquid suspension following the rules of fluid mechanics while
vibrated concrete is a granular mass requiring vibration to be compacted. SCC
is well suited for pumping and can be fed through valves under pressure into
vertical formwork. This technique is frequently used when casting complex
enclosed volumes where release from above is not possible or no limited
entrance to the interior of the form work is possible, nor vibrating it by hand
tools. Pumping SCC into the form work from underneath has proven to be
beneficial when high demands of aesthetics are of importance. The problem
with pores and pot-holes also tends to be less when the concrete has been fed
from underneath through valves. Experience from pressurized castings of 30+
vertical meters exists from practice. If the pipe-based feeding system used
includes furcating, the concrete flow chooses the easiest way through the
piping system. This may result in parts of the concrete not moving, thereby
preventing the concrete to fill the form work uniform and symmetrically
Vertical formwork can also be cast by dropping from above using pumps
or crane skips. Experience from dropping heights of 8 meters exists but 1-3
meters will be more common. Flat and shallow formwork such as slab and
decks are most often filled from above even if in certain situations, e.g. in
industrial production, casting through valves by pumping might be an
attractive option. For flat and shallow structures the dropping height is about
0.5-0.8 meters. High dropping heights require a stable mix to counteract the
risk of segregation and damage of the air pore system.
To release the SCC from a pump hose submerged some decimeters under the
concrete upper surface tends to reduce the coarser air pore structure. The
results are not fully consistent depending probably on the fact that the specific
workability features of used SCC have differed.
The layer thickness should be kept as thin as possible, in order to prevent
larger air bubbles to get trapped in the concrete or at the form surface. It is
also beneficial to let the concrete flow horizontally some distance (how long is
depending on the mix and local circumstances as form work geometry,
denseness of reinforcement etc.). On the other hand, the concrete has to be
prevented to flow a very long distance in the form. If this is not taken care of,
separation at the front might occur. This is the reason why the concrete should
be released at fixed distances along the form work. These points of release
should be at a maximum distance from each other of about 5-8 meters
depending on the geometry of the form and density of the reinforcement and
other obstacles.
Due to the high amount of fines, SCC is suitable for pumping. The usually
high viscosity of SCC may require a slower pumping rate, in order to avoid
high pressure built up in the piping system. High pressure may cause
aggregate separation and pump stops.
A possible negative effect of too high a feeding rate is a significant drop in
slump flow (and mobility) after the pump. The openings should be large
enough to allow the pump hose to pass inside the form in an inclined position
and when the concrete level has reached the opening (openings) the pump
hose (hoses) is pulled out and moved to the next opening above. The lower
openings are thereafter closed. Horizontal distances of 4-6 meters between the
openings and correspondingly 2-3 meters in vertical direction, have been
proven successful.
Practical experiences have shown the importance of operating with several
valves or pipes, in order to fill the formwork evenly and symmetrically, and to
prevent the concrete from traveling a long horizontal distance in the
formwork. The most common procedure is to pump the concrete through two
or more valves or pipes simultaneously.
It is important to visually observe the flowing concrete in the formwork.
Especially important is to notice its flow around obstacles, reinforcement bars
and other objects in the form. Even in sections with dense reinforcement, the
surface of the flowing concrete should be fairly even, without any significant
differences between the levels of the upper surfaces that might indicate
blocking. Coarse aggregate should be visible on the upper surfaces. Foam on
the upper surface is likely to indicate segregation.
It is important to plan the casting sequence. Layers of fresh SCC should be
given some time for the release of air through the surface while on the other
hand following layers should not come too late, which might make an
integration of the layers difficult.
SCC is not necessarily self-leveling. SCC can be so designed that it can be
built up in a slope of a few degrees from the release point. This is an
important possibility when casting e.g. a bridge slab requiring a limited slope
from the centre to the edges.
4.2.3 Finishing:
Finishing operations can be more difficult for SCC due to the thixotrophy,
sometimes sticky behavior. The absence of bleeding makes it even more
difficult and the finishing operations should be related to the setting time of
the mix in actual conditions. It is advisable to perform an appropriate field
trial in advance to improve planning and timing of finishing. The
characteristics of the SCC mix, and the skill and timing of the finishers during
placement affect the quality of the surface of slab cast.
The general experience seems to be that conventional tools and ways to finish
the upper surface can be used working with SCC but sometimes finishing
tools with other surface materials are used. It is wise to expect this operation
to take a little longer in comparison with the finishing of conventional
vibrated concrete.
4.2.4 Curing:
SCC mixes are characterized by a moderate to higher amount of fines in
the formulation, including various combinations of powders such as Portland
cement, limestone filler, fly-ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag. Thus,
there might be very little or no bleeding and the concrete will sometimes be
more sensitive to plastic shrinkage cracking. The tendency of plastic
shrinkage increases with the increase in the volume of fines. This situation is
sometimes more complicated if the setting time is delayed because of the
admixture effect, and the concrete remains many hours in the fresh state.
Curing to counteract longer term shrinkage is to be handled like what is
done for vibrated concrete. It should be observed that due to a lower
permeability of SCC, the drying rate and following from that also the
shrinkage rate might be slower.

4.3 Form system

Fig. 4.3.1
SCC Definition:

Self Compacting Concrete is an innovative concrete that does not require

vibration for placing and compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight,
completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the
presence of congested reinforcement.

The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the same

engineering properties and durability as traditional vibrated concrete.

Formwork:

• When a contractor opts to use SCC on a project there will be an immediate

impact on the type of formwork system that can be used. This is primarily due
to the higher pressures that will occur during the casting period.
• If SCC is to be utilized this will generally negate the option for the
contractor to use traditional hand-built timber and plywood columns or walls
as is sometimes still seen on sites

• Due to the considerably higher design pressures created when SCC, as

opposed to traditional concrete, is poured into vertical forms, the contractor is
advised to use high quality system formwork

• SCC requires a very accurate assembly of the formwork, with no openings

left and 100% tightness to avoid possible leaks

• SCC easily flows around obstructions with no vibration needed.

 Fig. 4.3.2
• Formwork should be designed for full liquid head. This means that there
will be another 220 kg of pressure for each meter of height of the forms. This
is a danger for SCC since it places so rapidly and can develop pressures
leading to blowouts.

• Steel and plywood are used as formwork materials for SCC.

• In winters or in colder areas there is a need to maintain the temperature of

the SCC. In such cases the temperature is maintained by providing insulations
to the formwork itself before actually pouring the concrete into the formwork.

• Due to the cohesiveness of SCC, the formwork does not need to be tighter
than that for conventional vibrated concrete.
 CHAPTER 5
ECONOMICS OF SCC

Savings in labor costs might offset the increased cost related to the use of
more cement and super plasticizer, and the mineral admixtures, such as
pulverized fuel ash (PFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) or
lime stone powder (LSP), could increase the fluidity of the concrete, without
any increase in the cost. These supplementary cementing materials also
enhance the rheological parameters and reduce the risk of cracking due to the
decreased heat of hydration, and therefore, improve the durability

5.1 Advantages of SCC

Why SCC should used?
Self compacting concrete that is able to flow under its own weight and
completely fill the form work, even in the presence of dense reinforcement,
without the need of any vibration, whilst maintaining homogeneity.

Financial & Environmental Benefits

• Minimal labor involved
• Rapid construction without mechanical vibration
• Low noise-level in the plants and construction sites
 • Overcome problems arise with vibration.
• Safer working environment
• Accelerated project schedules
• Reduced equipment wear
• Allows for innovative architectural features
• Greater Range of Precast Productions

Engineering Benefits
• Better surface finishes
• Easier placing
• Improved durability
• Greater freedom in design
• Thinner concrete sections
• Ease of filling restricted sections and hard to reach areas
• Encapsulate congested reinforcement
• Allows for innovative architectural features
• Homogeneous and uniform concrete
• Better reinforcement bonding

5.3 SCC v/s NCC

• One of the practical advantages of SCC over NCC is its lower
viscosity and, thus, its greater flow rate when pumped. As a
consequence, the pumping pressure is lower, reducing wear and tear
 on pumps and the need for cranes to deliver concrete in buckets at
the job site.
• This also reduces significantly the construction period and the
amount of personal necessary to accomplish the same amount of
work.
• SCC gives designers and contractors a solution for using concrete in
special problems, like casting of complicated shapes of elements,
heavily congestion of reinforcement, or casting of areas with
difficult access. Compaction of NCC is tedious and costly in such
congested structures. Also the use of vibrators is time consuming.
• In all these cases, the use of NCC compromises the durability of the
structure due to poor consolidation. SCC is also called a “healthy”
and “silent” concrete as it does not requires external or internal
vibration during and after pouring to achieve proper consolidation.
• Where the mechanical vibration is a noisy and demanding task for
the members of the casting team the reduction or total elimination of
this assignment diminishes the environmental impact as well as the
overall cost.
 CHAPTER 6
CASE STUDY

CASE STUDY

Use of self compacting concrete for domes in Rajasthan Atomic Power

Project. (Carried out by HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
LIIMITED)

The following trials were conducted:

TRIALS OF SCC AT RPP – M45 GRADE

Ingredients (kg/m³) Present Mix

Proposed SCC Mix

Cement 400 300

Fly ash 0
200(40%)

W/CM 0.37 0.36

Water 148 180

20mm 526 290

10mm 526 436

Coarse Sand 479 331

Fine Sand 305 539

Super plasticiser 8.5 4.0

VMA 0 0.75

Retarder 0 0.5

Present Mix
Proposed SCC Mix

Fresh Concrete Properties

Conforming to criterion given in

EFNARC

Hardened Concrete Properties

3 days 32MPa 26MPa

7 days 45MPa 38 MPa

28 days 60MPa 57 MPa

56 days 62 MPa 64 MPa

Trials of SCC AT RAPP-M25

Ingredients (kg/m³) Proposed SCC Mix Present Mix

Cement 320 225

Fly ash 0 225

(40%)

W/CM 0.5 0.4

Water 160 180

20mm 511 250

10mm 219 374

Natural sand 627 426

Crushed sand 5.2 562

Superplasticiser - 3.8

VMA - 0.45

Retarder 0.45
 Present Mix
Proposed SCC Mix

Fresh Concrete properties

Conforming to criterion given in EFNARC

Hardened Concrete Properties

3 Days - 11.5

7 Days 31 19.5

28 Days 43 35.0

56 Days 41.5 41.5

USE OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE FOR PIERS IN BANDRA

WORLI SEA LINK PROJECT

TRIALS OF SCC AT BWSL – M60

Ingredients (kg/m³) PROPOSED SCC

Mix

Cement 345

Fly ash 150

Micro silica 49.5

W/Cm 0.30

Water 165

Coarse aggregate 540

Fine aggregate 1160

Super plasticizer 5.5

Retarder 1.0

VMA 2.0

PROPOSED SCC
Mix

Fresh Concrete Properties

Conforming to criterion given in EFNARC

Hardened concrete properties

3 days 34.3

7 days 52.8

28 days 71.8

Permeability (DIN) 0

TRIALS CARRIED OUT AT RMC INDIA LMT. FOR SCC

TRIALS FOR SCC (ELKEM)

M35 M35 M35 M35

(With
RMC
aggs)
TM NO. 2437 2438 2439 2440
OPC 225 280 445 320
(Coramandal)
PFA (Dirk 63) 225 165 0 180
Micro silica 35 35 35 0
(Elkem)
Total Cemetitious 485 480 480 500
10mm (Elkem) 634 634 634 634
SAND (Elkem) 1009 1009 1009 1009
TOTAL AGG 1643 1643 1643 1643
% Fines 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4
HWRA 1.5% 1.2% 1% 1%
(supaplast)
WATER 176 176 175 227
DPD 2304 2299 2298 N.T.
APD 2339 2316 2252 0.33
F W/C RATIO 0.33 0.33 0.33 600
FLOW (mm) 700 700 700 20.93*
STR – 3DAY 10.6 11.21 22.09 26.86/2330
7 DAYS 20.33/2367 22.41/2331 27.94/2291 46.47
28 DAYS 40.54 44.18 43.37 47.46
28 DAYS 41.36 42.26 46.17 46.965
AVE.28 DAYS 40.95 43.22 44.77
 *: 4 day strength

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
 SCC mixes requires superior quality material, admixtures, methods &
supervisions. SCC eliminates the requirement of compaction which reduces
the time & cost of construction, hence bringing a new phase in concrete
manufacturing. Country to country even the normal concretes are defined
differently. From time to time even the definition of normal concrete keeps
changing in the same country. It is likely that concrete such as SCC will also
be regarded as normal & will be redefined in future.
The compressive strength of SCC specimens increased with the time of
curing. A considerable increase in the compressive strength of concrete
specimens exposed to thermal variations was noted compared to specimens
exposed to wet-dry and normal exposures.
Further, compared to the compressive strength of specimens under normal
Exposure, the compressive strengths of specimens under wet-dry was higher.
The SCC specimens displayed better performances with regard to water
absorption.
The chloride permeability of SCC was very low for all the specimens
exposed to all the conditions investigated in this study. The chloride
permeability values obtained in this study are in agreement with those
reported in the literature.
Concrete technology is dynamic & always displaying new, interesting &
often exciting phases. The traditional approach to durability, i.e., minimum
cement content, maximum w/c ratio & type of cement is being questioned by
researchers & technologists. Toda studies are being done on concrete
durability & new dimension such as particle packing, transport mechanism,
binding capacity are the hot topics being looked into.