Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
2017 OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar energy
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
2
OF TECHNOLOGY
Variation in solar radiations
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
3
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar Spectrum at edge of atmosphere
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
4
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar Spectrum at the earth surface
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
5
OF TECHNOLOGY
Use of solar energy
Three main use of solar energy :
Water heating
Solar thermal power system
PV panels
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
6
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar Water Heating
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
7
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar water heating
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
8
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar water heating
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
9
OF TECHNOLOGY
Concentrated solar power
In addition to the directly conversion of solar irradiation to electricity by PV
cells , CSP is an indirect conversion technology.
In the CSP technology, solar irradiation is focused onto a focal point where it
heats up a particular liquid substance with the eventual goal to drive a
thermodynamic cycle to produce electric power
In contrast to PV, which is mostly utilized as a distributed, or decentralized,
electricity-generation source, CSP is usually considered for large-scale
applications.
CSP has the advantage over PV that it can incorporate large-scale (thermal)
storage to deliver a “more constant” electrical output, if so desire
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
10
OF TECHNOLOGY
Direct Solar Irradiation - DNI
The amount of direct solar radiation is usually characterized through the
concept DNI.
“Direct Normal Irradiance”. DNI is usually expressed as the amount of solar
radiation impinging on a unit area (that is always kept) perpendicular to the
solar rays coming in, on an annual basis.
It is expressed in kWh/(m2-a).
For the hotspots in Northern Africa, the DNI can reach ~ 2500-3000
kWh/(m2-a);
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
11
OF TECHNOLOGY
Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI)
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
12
OF TECHNOLOGY
Global Horizontal Irradiation
Global Horizontal Radiation - also called Global
Horizontal Irradiance; total solar radiation
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
13
OF TECHNOLOGY
CSP technology families
Following the
document of the
CSP Roadmap
outlined in [IEA,
2010],
Four categories of
CSP technologies
can be
distinguished
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
14
OF TECHNOLOGY
CSP technology families
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
15
OF TECHNOLOGY
CSP Conversion Technologies
Figure CSP2 shows the
basic principle of the
conversion process of
“solar heat” towards
electric power.
The thermal cycle is
usually a Steam Rankine
cycle , or, for the
parabolic dishes, it is a
Stirling
engine
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
16
OF TECHNOLOGY
CSP Conversion Technologies
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
17
OF TECHNOLOGY
Basics of PV
The density of power radiated from the sun (referred as “solar energy
constant”) at the outer atmosphere is 1.373 kW/m2.
Part of the energy is absorbed and scattered by the earth’s atmosphere.
The final incident sunlight on earth’s surface has a peak density of 1 kW/m2
at noon in the tropics
The technology of photovoltaics (PV) is essentially concerned with the
conversion of this energy into usable electrical form
Basic elements of PV system is the solar cell
Solar cell can converter the energy of sunlight directly into the electricity
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
18
OF TECHNOLOGY
Solar cell characteristics
Solar cells are composed of various semiconductor materials that become
electrically conductive when supplied with heat or light
The majority of the first-generation solar cells produced are composed of
silicon (Si), which exists in sufficient quantities.
All technologies related to capturing solar energy to be used as direct
electricity generator are described as photovoltaic technology, which is
subdivided into crystalline, thin film, and nanotechnology.
Doping technique is used to obtain excess of positive charge carriers (p-type)
or a surplus of negative charge carriers (n-type). When two layers of
different doping are in contact, then a p-n junction is formed on the
boundary.
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
19
OF TECHNOLOGY
Model of PV module
The primary solar cell equivalent circuit
contains a current source with a parallel
diode, in addition to parasitic series (Rs;
normally small)
and shunt (Rsh) resistances (relatively large)
o 𝐼𝑝ℎ is the current due to the energy of the photon and it is proportional to the
incoming light
o The diode D represents the recombination effects within the p-n junction, and
reduces the output current once the external voltage is above about 0.6 V. The
current 𝐼𝐷 is often known as the Dark current, since it will flow even when
there is no light on the cell.
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
20
OF TECHNOLOGY
PV module
The series resistance Rs represents all of the resistances in series with the
cell, including the junction resistance and the contact resistances. This
resistance increases the volt drop when the cell is producing current I.
The shunt resistance represents path of leakage currents. This reduces I as
voltage increases – giving a slope to first part of the I-V curve.
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
21
OF TECHNOLOGY
The diode current is given by the Shockley
equation:
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
23
OF TECHNOLOGY
Typical voltage characteristics, known as IV
curve, of a diode without illumination is
shown in green. The applied potential is in
the forward bias direction. The curve shows
the turn-on and the build-up of the forward
bias current in the diode. Without
illumination, no current flows through the
diode unless there is external potential
applied. With incident sunlight, the IV curve
shifts up and indicates that there is external
current flow from the solar cell to a passive
load.
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
24
OF TECHNOLOGY
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
25
OF TECHNOLOGY
Efficiency of the solar cell is the ratio of the electrical power it delivers to
the load, to the optical power incident on the
cell. Maximum efficiency is when power delivered to load is
Pmax.
• Incident optical power is normally specified as the solarpower on the
surface of the earth which is approximately 1000W/m2.
• Thus, the maximum efficiency can be expressed
as :
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
26
OF TECHNOLOGY
Temperature Effects on PV output
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
27
OF TECHNOLOGY
Effects of Insolation Variation
As insolation decreases
the produced current
decreases while voltage
remains roughly constant
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
28
OF TECHNOLOGY
Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)
(MPPT)
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
29
OF TECHNOLOGY
MPPT -> adjusts operating voltage
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
30
OF TECHNOLOGY
Photovoltaic (PV) Hierarchy
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
31
OF TECHNOLOGY
cell interconnection
Series cell interconnection Parallel interconnection
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
32
OF TECHNOLOGY
Series-Parallel cell or PV module
interconnection
In order to obtain the appropriate voltage output for different application ,
single solar cells are interconnected in series (for large voltage )and in
parallel (for large current ) to form a PV module
Then several of these PV modules are connected to each other to form the
PV array.
This array is then fitted with aluminum or stainless steel frame and with
transparent glass on the front side
PV module
circuits
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
34
OF TECHNOLOGY
Photovoltaic Systems’ Components
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
35
OF TECHNOLOGY
Photovoltaic Systems’ Components
Photovoltaic systems are classified into two major classes:
grid-connected photovoltaic systems
stand-alone photovoltaic systems.
Grid connected PV systems: are connected to the grid through power
conditioning unit and are designed to operate in parallel with the utility
grid.
The power conditioning unit may include MPPT, inverter and grid
interface as well as the control system needed for efficient system
performance .
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
36
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
37
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
Pump 80 0.5 40
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Designing a stand-alone PV System
MEKELLE INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY