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Information – Processing, Storage,

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1. Data and Information Click Here For Video

Lectures Registration
2. Information Processing
1. Computing
1. Different types of Computing
2. Super Computers
1. Applications of Super Computers
 3. Cloud Computing 
1. Advantages
iesgeneralstudies.com/information-processing-storage-security/ 1/27
2. Applications of Cloud Computing

Click here for TEST SERI
3. Deployment Models
4. Types of Cloud Services
5. Emerging Cloud Technologies and Services
3. New Developments

1. Bigdata
YouTube Channel
1. Characteristics
2. Big data Applications
2. Arti cial Intelligence  Group
1. Examples of AI Technology
2. AI Applications
 Page
3. Machine Learning
4. Data Storage
5. Cyber Security
1. Threats Recent Posts
2. Protection
June
3. Government Actions 8,2019
0
1. Data Protection  June 9,

2019
2. Cyber Security Systems
6. Associated Terms Quiz 6. June 2019
0
 June 8, 2019
1. Digital Divide
2. Net Neutrality Quiz 5. June 2019
0
3. Data Privacy  June 8, 2019
4. Augmented Reality Quiz 3&4 June 2019

0
1.Data and Information  June 8, 2019
June
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. When data is processed,
7,2019
organized, structured or presented so as to make it useful, it is called information. 0
 June 8,
Why data is very important? 2019
The technological revolution in information and communication technologies has

made collection and storage of data very easy. So now everybody has huge data.
Data is the new weapon for many applications including governance, planning ,
education and business management About Engineering Servic
There is a saying that,

 
The next war will not be physical, it will be in cyberspace, and data will be key
weapons.
Let us examine the processing, storage and applications of data in this article. Important dates for
ESE
2.Information Processing Mains exam 2019
The term information processing is now a days used for ‘the manipulation of Date: 30-06-19
digitized information by computers and other digital electronic equipment’. It is
mainly done through a process called computing. Preliminary exam 2020
2.1 Computing Noti cation – September

2019
Is the process of using computer technology for a broad range of purposes –
Last date to apply- October
structuring, processing and managing any kind of information.
2019
It can
Exam – January 2020
aid scienti c studies
create arti cial intelligent systems
create different media content for entertainment purposes
When to start
preparation?
2.1.1 Different types of computing
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Group of linked computers,
Improve performance over
Cluster working together closely in many
that provided by a single
Computing respects, so that, they work like a Sample Videos from
computer
single computer. the Course
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listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
Different parts of a program are Is a type of segmented or [embedyt]

Distributed run simultaneously on two or parallel computing(Large https://www.youtube.com/embe
more computers that are problems are divided into listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
Computing
communicating with each other smaller ones, which can be 7_dOH0c4pBD&v=hEUncCGpwvs
over a network solved at the same time)
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The system with the capability to
quickly arrange for the rental of [embedyt]
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Utility Conventional Internet listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
need.
Computing hosting services
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Multiple servers are used on the
“back end” to make this possible.
 Grid Multiple independent computing The creation of a “virtual [embedyt] 

Computing clusters which act like a “grid” supercomputer” by using https://www.youtube.com/embe
spare computing resources listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
offering online computation or [embedyt]

storage https://www.youtube.com/embe
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computing done through pooling https://www.youtube.com/embe
all computer resources together listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4
and being managed by software
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‘cloud services’
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A grid is not necessarily a cloud listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4

Is a computer that performs at
very high operational rates Scienti c and engineering
applications that must
Super Are really multiple computers that handle very large databases IES-GS Paper1
Computing perform parallel processing or do a great amount of strategy

computation
How to cra…
cra…
Quantum computing uses the

quantum phenomena to process
information in a novel and way
The phenomena used are –

superposition and entanglement.
Superposition means that each

Quantum Is futuristic technology, Motivational lecture
qubit can represent both 1 and 0
computing under development
at the same time.
Motivation…
Motivation…
Entanglement means that qubits
in a superposition can be
correlated with each other
irrespective of the distance or
medium separating them.
2.2 Super Computers

The top 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world as of 2017 are,
1. Sunway TaihuLight — China

40,960 64-bit, RISC processors with 260 cores each.
 
Peak performance of 125 peta ops (quadrillion oating point operations per
second).
32GB DDR3 memory per

compute node, 1.3 PB
memory in total.
Linux-based Sunway Raise
operating system (OS).
2. Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) — China

3. Piz Daint — Switzerland
4. Titan — United States Sunway TaihuLight
5. Sequoia — United States

6. Cori — United States
7. Oakforest-PACS — Japan
8. K Computer — Japan
9. Mira — United States
10. Trinity — United States
Indian Supercomputers
India has 11 of the top 500 supercomputer in the worldas of date. Below are rst
three computers in the list.
1. SahasraT (Cray XC40)
SahasraT supercomputer is located at Supercomputer Education and Research

Centre (SERC) facility at Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore.
SERC is India’s state-of-the-art research facility for high-performance computing
in the eld of science and engineering.
2. Aaditya (IBM/Lenovo System)
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune, is the India’s nest meteorological

department which uses IBM X system supercomputer for research and development.
System is called as Aaditya which is manufactured by IBM
3. TIFR Colour Boson
This supercomputer is located at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research facility.

This machine is also a Cray product, model name is Cray XC-30.
This supercomputer is deployed at Hyderabad and the system is ranked at 145th
position
2.2.1 Applications of Super Computers

Due to high speed processing ability of Super computers, there are several
applications of such computers which are used in scienti c and research woks
 
1. quantum mechanics
2. weather forecasting and climate research
3. oil and gas exploration

4. molecular modeling
5. graphics animation
6. nuclear research
7. crypt analysis
8. modelling of physical phenomena such as climate change, energy, environment
9. analysis of data such as national security intelligence
10. genome sequencing
11. simulations like missile trajectory simulation etc
2.3 Cloud Computing

It is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store,
manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
We usually use online service to send email, edit documents, watch movies or TV,
listen to music, play games or store pictures and other les. It is likely that cloud
computing is making it all possible behind the scenes.
Cloud computing is a recent advancement, yet its adoption is very fast. Variety of
organisations—from tiny startups to global corporations and government agencies —
are increasing embracing this technology for all many reasons, which are discussed
below.
2.3.1 Advantages
1. Cost effectiveness
Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software
and setting up and running on-site data centers which need servers, the round-the-
clock electricity for power and cooling, the IT experts for managing the
infrastructure.
2. Speed
Most cloud computing services can provide vast amounts of computing resources in
minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks
3. Global scale
Has ability to scale elastically, means delivering the right amount of IT resources—for
example, more or less computing power, storage, bandwidth etc—right when it is
needed and from the right geographic location.
4. Productivity
Cloud computing removes the need for many of the on-site datacenters tasks, so IT
teams can spend time on achieving more important business goals.
 
5. Performance
The biggest cloud computing services normally are regularly upgraded to the latest
generation of fast and e cient computing hardware. This offers several bene ts over
a single corporate datacenter.
6. Reliability
Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity
easier and less expensive, because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites
on the cloud provider’s network.
7. Security
Security remains a primary concern for businesses contemplating cloud adoption

, especially public cloud adoption as Public cloud service providers share their
underlying hardware infrastructure between numerous customers
The addition of data encryption and various identity and access
management tools has improved security within the public cloud.
2.3.2 Applications of cloud computing

The common people use cloud to,
Create new apps and services

Store, back up and recover data
Host websites and blogs
Stream audio and video
Deliver software on demand
Analyse data for patterns and make predictions
Business Applications include,
Test and development

Big data analytics
Using the ability of algorithms to tap into vast quantities of both structured
and unstructured data, to extract data having business value
Example – Retailers and suppliers extract information derived from
consumers’ buying patterns to target their advertising and marketing
campaigns
File storage
Disaster recovery – cloud provides for a faster recovery at a much lower cost that
the traditional recovery solutions
Backup
2.3.3 Deployment Models

Cloud computing services can be private, public or hybrid. 
Image source: http://consultech.us/
Public Private Hybrid
Owned and operated by a

third-party cloud service
provider
The services and
All hardware, software and infrastructure are Combine public and private
other supporting maintained on a clouds
infrastructure is owned and private network
managed by the cloud
provider
The service providers

deliver their computing Technology allows data and
Used exclusively by
resources like servers and applications to be shared
a single business
storage over the Internet, between private and public
or organisation
and users access using clouds
accounts.
Ex:Amazon Elastic Compute

Cloud (EC2), IBM’s Blue Ex:Cloud based Disaster
Cloud, Sun Cloud, Google Recovery (DR)/Business
AppEngine and Windows Continuity (BC) services
Azure Services Platform
2.3.4 Types of Cloud Services

Most cloud computing services fall into three broad categories:
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a service (PaaS) and
 
3. Software as a service (SaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack.

Image source: azure.microsoft.com
IaaS PaaS SaaS
Supply an on-demand
environment for
Is a method for delivering
The most basic category of developing, testing,
software applications
cloud computing services delivering and
over the Internet
managing software
applications
Is designed to
support the complete SaaS provides a
Rent IT infrastructure—
web application complete software
servers and virtual machines
lifecycle: building, solution which users
(VMs), storage, networks,
testing, deploying, purchase on a pay-as-
operating systems
managing and you-go basis
updating
The service Users manage the

provider manages the applications and
Cloud providers host and
infrastructure, while the user services they develop
manage the software
purchase, install, con gure and the cloud service
application and
and manage their own provider typically
 underlying infrastructure 
software—operating systems, manages everything
and handle any
middleware and applications else
maintenance, like
software upgrades and

security patching
PaaS lets developers

Common Applications are – create applications
Test and using built-in
Web-based email service
development,Website software
such as Outlook, Hotmail
hosting, Storage, backup and components.
or Yahoo! Mail, is a form
recovery, Web apps, High-
Ex: Windows of SaaS
performance computing
Azure, Google App
and Big data analysis
Engine
2.3.5 Emerging cloud technologies and services

Serverless Computing
Also called as Runtime as a service (RaaS), is an advancement over SaaS

It allows users to avoid paying for idle compute time, instead they pay for cloud
resources when their function, or runtime, is invoked
Users only pay for the number of transactions that the function executes.
Developers simply create code, and the cloud provider loads and executes that
code in response to real-world events, so users don’t have to worry about the
server or instance aspect of the cloud deployment.
AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions and Azure Functions are examples of
server less computing services
Big data processing
For large-scale data warehousing and for processing huge data sets. Google big
data analytics products like BigQuery, Cloud Data ow etc are examples of such
services
Services relates to arti cial intelligence (AI) and machine learning – Amazon
Machine Learning, Amazon Lex, Amazon Polly, Google Cloud Machine Learning
Engine and Google Cloud Speech API are examples of these services.
Mobile Cloud Computing
Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is the combination of cloud computing, mobile
computing and wireless networks
Mobile devices are constrained by their processing power, battery life and
storage. Cloud computing provides to data processing and data storage happen
outside of mobile devices
3. New Devlopments
 
Arti cial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and Bigdata are the latest buzz
words.While arti cial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) concepts have been
around since the 1940s and 1950s , the availability of huge amounts of data is
making the difference now. The cloud is bringing computing power to it and ML is
creating actionable intelligence.
3.1 Big Data

Big data is an evolving term that describes any voluminous amount
of structured, semistructured and unstructured data that has the potential to be
mined for information.
The present day communication systems handle volumes of data generated by
embedded devices, mobile users, network protocols, location information etc. It is
a vast amount of information. Processing and analyzing this “big data” and
presenting insights in a timely fashion are becoming a reality with advanced
analytics.
Big data analytics is the process of examining large and varied data sets to
uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer
preferences and other useful information. Data analytics technologies and
techniques provide a means of analyzing data sets and drawing conclusions
about them.
3.1.1 Characteristics
Big data is often characterized by 3Vs:
1. The extreme volume of data,

2. The wide variety of data types and
 3. The velocity at which the data must be processed 
Image source: http://whatis.techtarget.com/
3.1.2 Big Data Applications

The big data analytics is an emerging technology, which is rapidly changing the way
in which business are done and policies are made
Business
Big data analytics can be helpful in business in many ways including,
nding new revenue opportunities

more effective marketing
better customer service
improved operational e ciency
competitive advantages over rivals
Policy making
Some potential applications are
Geospatial analysis for response- from data sources like incident reports, Twitter
feeds, data on police movements and mobile data. Can decide on how and when
to respond to an incident.
 Census Data – Linkage, Search and Analysis 

Real-world data policy landscape for healthcare, education and other
interventions
Asserting public perception
Urban planning
Collection and analysis of background information and understand how existing

mechanisms perform
Tra c analysis to understand the pattern of urban expansion
Tracing people’s movement to understand migration patterns
Geospatial analysis of infrastructure and amenities
Managing the smart city
There can be many more applications in various elds including research

applications
3.2 Arti cial Intelligence

Arti cial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems.Today, it is an umbrella term that encompasses
everything from robotic process automation to actual robotics.
AI processes include
learning – the acquisition of information and rules for using the information
reasoning – using the rules to reach approximate or de nite conclusions and
self-correction
AI can perform tasks such as identifying patterns in the data more e ciently than
humans.
 
AI systems can be either weak AI or strong AI.
Weak AI(narrow AI) is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular
task. Example – virtual personal assistants, such as Apple’s Siri
Strong AI(arti cial general intelligence) is an AI system with generalized human
cognitive abilities so that when presented with an unfamiliar task, it has enough
intelligence to nd a solution
3.2.1 Examples of AI technology

Automation is the process of making a system or process function automatically.
Robots can be programmed to perform high-volume, repeatable tasks normally
performed by humans.
Machine learning is the science of getting a computer to act without explicit
programming.
Deep learning is a type of machine learning , that can be used to make predictions
about unknown future events.
Machine vision is the science of making computers see. It is used in a range of
applications from signature identi cation to medical image analysis.
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of human language by a
computer program. One of the best known examples of NLP is spam detection,
which looks at the subject line and the text of an email and decides if it’s junk.
NLP tasks include text translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition.
Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on identifying
patterns in data.
Robotics is a eld of engineering focused on the design and manufacturing of
robots. Robots are often used to perform tasks that are di cult for humans to
perform or perform consistently. They are used in assembly lines in factories.
Using machine learning, robots can interact in social settings.
3.2.2 AI applications
AI in healthcare
Better and faster diagnoses.

Processing data. Ex- IBM Watson. The system mines patient data and other
available data sources to form a hypothesis
ML is helping doctors sift through huge amounts of cases and suggesting
preferred treatment
Chatbots, is used to answer questions and assist customers, to help schedule
follow-up appointments or aiding patients through the billing process etc
Virtual health assistants
AI in business
 
Robotic process automation can be applied to highly repetitive tasks
Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics to uncover

information on how to better serve customers.
Can recognise patterns of customer behaviour and preferences, especially useful
for fashion industries
Chatbots have been incorporated into websites to provide immediate service to
customers.
AI in education
AI can automate some tasks, giving educators more time

AI can assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own
pace
AI could change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some
teachers
It can predict patterns such as students who might drop out of school
AI in nance
AI can applied to personal nance applications to collect personal data and

provide nancial advice
Software performs much of the trading on Wall Street
AI in law
The discovery process, sifting through of documents, can be done by AI

Database management
AI in research
Pattern recognition to decrypt historical languages

For identi cation and classi cation of samples
3.3 Machine learning
ML is a type of arti cial intelligence that allows software applications to become

more accurate in predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed.
It feeds huge amount of data into the algorithm and allows it to process and learn
It uses iterative approach called deep learning to review data and arrive at
conclusions
Thus ML creates actionable intelligence on the ‘big data’ available
Deep Learning
Tries to mimic the structure of human brain

Layers are created within the algorithm, to pick speci c parts of subject to learn
There are three types of machine learning algorithms: 
1. Supervised learning – Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and
used to label new data sets
2. Unsupervised learning- Data sets aren’t labeled and are sorted according to
similarities or differences
3. Reinforcement learning- Data sets aren’t labeled but, after performing an action or
several actions, the AI system is given feedback
Potential ML applications in near future in India are,
Banks
loan processing
customer service
Business Process Management
to automate the processes
Health care
diagnosis services
Ecommerce
product search
product recommendations
forecasting demand and trends
4. Data Storage
Data storage is the place where data is held in different forms and accessible by a
computer system. The classi cation of various data storage are as follows.
 
Hard disk drives (HDDs)
HDDs are the most commonly used storage in personal computers, servers and
enterprise storage systems, but are rapidly giving way to faster solid-state drives
Solid-state Drives(SDDs)
Stores data on solid-state semiconductor devices.

There are no moving parts involved.
Has an array of semiconductor memory organized as a disk drive, using
integrated circuits (ICs)
There are two types of solid-state systems:
Flash memory-based systems

It is non-volatile, which means the data on the storage media remains in
memory after the power is turned off.
Data is arranged in units called blocks.
There are two types of ash memory: NAND ash and NOR ash.
NAND ash has higher capacities and faster erase and write times, mainly
used for digital video, music or data storage
NOR offers faster read speed and random access capabilities, making it
suitable for code storage in devices such as cell phones
USB drives, Secure Digital cards, CompactFlash cards, memory sticks
 
and MultiMediaCards are examples
RAM-based systems.
Is volatile.
Is relatively
insensitive
to the
number of
times data is
written to
them.
Disk drives
and adapter
cards can be
RAM- or
ash-based
Optical Storage
systems
Blu-ray disc
Is designed to display high de nition video and store large amounts of data.
Blu-ray is the successor to DVD.
Use shorter wavelength laser as opposed the larger red laser in DVDs
Blu-ray uses phase change technology to enable repeated writing to the disc.
Blu-ray also features data streams at 36 megabits per second (Mbps), fast
enough for high quality video recording
Holographic storage
Uses laser beams to store computer-generated data in three dimensions as

‘holographic image’.
Information is stored at high density inside crystals or photopolymers
The goal is to store a lot of data in a little bit of space.
The technology is expected to yield storage capacities up to a terabyte in drives
the same physical size as current ones.
Note:A hologram is a truly three-dimensional and free-standing image that does not 
simulate spatial depth nor require a special viewing device.
5. Cyber Security
The security risks in cyber space are quickly and constantly evolving. Cybersecurity is
more than just a technical problem, but incorporating aspects of economics and
human psychology.
Cyber security or information technology security are the techniques of protecting

computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorized access or attacks that
are aimed for exploitation.
Major areas covered in cyber security are

1) Application Security – from threats that can come through aws in the application
design, development, deployment, upgrade or maintenance
2) Information Security – protects information from unauthorized access to avoid
identity theft and to protect privacy
3) Disaster recovery – performing risk assessment, establishing priorities, developing
recovery strategies in case of a disaster.
4) Network Security – to protect the usability, reliability, integrity and safety of the
network
5.1 Threats
The cyber threats can be in different forms as follows
Cyber Crime – is crime that involves a computer and a network.The computer

may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target.
Examples are cyber attacks, espionage, blackmailing etc
Cyber Attack – intended to in ict damage or expropriate information from an
individual, organisation or public entity. The purpose can be of theft ,
unauthorised access to networks, compromise of o cial records or nancial and
reputation damage.
Cyber warfare – Cyber attacks targeting nations. Usually targets the critical
Infrastructures like banking systems, Power grids. For ex, On 23 December 2015,
what is believed to be a rst known successful cyber attack on a power grid took
place in Ukraine leading to temporary blackouts
The tools commonly used by cyber criminals are
Malwares
Malware is a mallicious software designed to allow criminals to achieve their

objectives, which can be
Ransomware
The program that demands payment after launching a cyber attack on a
computer system.
This type of malware has become increasingly popular among criminals and

costs organisations millions each year. Recent example is “Wannacry” 
Viruses
Is a small piece of code that can replicate itself and spread from one
computer to another
It attaches itself to a computer le
Worms
Are self-replicating
Do not require a program to attach themselves to.
Worms continually look for vulnerabilities and report back to the worm author
when weaknesses are discovered
Spyware
Is a software that enables a user to obtain covert information about another’s
computer activities by transmitting data covertly from their hard drive
Trojans
Is a program that appears to perform one function (for example, virus
removal) but actually performs malicious activity when executed
Botnets
Is a collection of software robots, or ‘bots’, that creates an army of infected
computers (known as ‘zombies’)
They are remotely controlled by the originator
They can send spam emails with viruses attached
Spread all types of malware.
Can use the infected computer as part of a denial of service attack against
other system
Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack
The malicious user tells all the zombie computers to contact a speci c website or
server over and over again. And increase in the volume of tra c created,
overloads the website or server, sometimes to the point that the website or server
shuts down completely.
The attacks are “distributed” because the attacker is using multiple computers, to
launch the denial-of-service attacks.
Hacking
Are the actions taken by someone to gain unauthorized access to a computer.

The availability of information online on the tools, techniques, and malware
makes hacking easier
Find weaknesses (or pre-existing bugs) in your security settings and exploit them
Install a Trojan horse, providing a back door for hackers to enter and search for
information.
 
Social engineering
Is exploitation of an individual’s weakness. Phishing and pharming are examples of

social engineering
Phishing – An attempt to acquire users’ information by masquerading as a

legitimate entity.
Pharming – An attack to redirect a website’s tra c to a different, fake website,
where the individual’s information is then compromised.
Is mainly used for Identity theft – the fraudulent practice of using another person’s
name and personal information in order to obtain credit, loans, etc
5.2 Protection
Some basic techniques used for Application security are:
1. Input parameter validation

2. User/Role Authentication & Authorization
3. Session management, parameter manipulation & exception management
4. Auditing and logging
Major techniques used for Information security are:
1. Identi cation, authentication & authorization of user

2. Cryptography – Ex- Digital signature to authenticate the digital messages
The Network security components include:
1. Anti-virus and anti-spyware

2. Firewall, to block unauthorized access to your network
3. Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), to identify fast-spreading threats, such as
zero-day or zero-hour attacks
4. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), to provide secure remote access
Digital signature
Digital signatures are based on public key cryptography( asymmetric

cryptography)
Using a public key algorithm two mathematically linked keys are generated –
private & public
The private key is used to encrypt the hash of electronic data. This encrypted
hash is the digital signature
Others can validate the integrity of the data by using the signer’s public key to
decrypt the hash
If the two hashes don’t match, the data has either been tampered with in some
way
 A digital certi cate binds together a public key with an identity, and can be used 
to verify a public key belongs to a particular person or entity
Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
Monitors network tra c

Firewalls and anti-virus software are examples of IPS
Firewalls
Designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network

All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the rewall, which
examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the
speci ed security criteria
Can be implemented as both hardware and software, or a combination of both
A hardware rewall uses a PC-like appliance to run software that blocks
unwanted outside tra c
Software rewalls are installed on the computer like any software
A rewall is also useful for allowing remote access to a private network through
secure authentication certi cates and logins
Anti-virus software
Is a program that will prevent, detect and remediate malware infections on

individual computing devices and IT systems
They scan les and directories for any malware or known malicious patterns
Remove any malicious code detected
Also check programs for types of bad behaviour that may indicate a new,
unknown virus
The anti-virus companies update their detection tools constantly to deal with
new malwares created daily
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Uses the Internet as a connection medium, but provide the functionality and
security of private WAN connections.
 VPN connections use either Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) or Layer 

Two Tunneling Protocol/Internet Protocol security (L2TP/IPSec)
VPN saves the cost of long-distance phone service and hardware costs
associated with using dial-up or leased line connections.
A VPN solution includes advanced security technologies such as data encryption,
authentication, authorization, and Network Access Quarantine Control.
5.3 Government Actions

The Indian government has embarked on a programme to turn the country into a
digital economy. With the move towards a digital economy, increasing amount of
consumer and citizen data will be stored digitally and a large number of transactions
will be carried out online, by companies, individuals as well as government
departments.That makes India a bigger target for cyber-criminals and hackers.
National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 by Department of Electronics and Information
Technology aims at protecting the public and private infrastructure from cyber
attacks.
A National and sectoral 24X7 mechanism has been envisaged to deal with cyber
threats through National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre
(NCIIPC)
Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has been designated to act as a
nodal agency for coordination of crisis management efforts
Policy calls for effective public and private partnership and collaborative
engagements
Aims promotion of research and development in cyber security
Creating a workforce of 500,000 professionals trained in cyber security in the next
5 years is also envisaged in the policy through skill development and training
Provisions of scal schemes and incentives have been incorporated in the policy
to encourage entities to install trustworthy ICT products and continuously
upgrade information infrastructure with respect to cyber security.
5.3.1 Data Protection

The legislations available for data and privacy protection are
Indian telegraph act

IT act, 2000
provide legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic
data interchange and other means of electronic communication
critical systems can be declared as ‘protected systems’
enables setting up of a nodal agency for critical infrastructure protection and
strengthens the role of CERT-In
includes provisions for digital signatures, e-governance, e-commerce, data
protection etc
 
Copyrights protection act
Computer programs have copyright protection
Aadhaar Act
Currently, Indian agencies are at the mercy of foreign agencies to get data of its own
citizens, since almost all servers and data storage locations are situated outside
India. We need a data residency regulation for regulating the data based on our
country.
5.3.2 Cyber Security Systems

CERT-In(Indian Computer Emergency Response Team)
A nodal agency for responding to cyber security incidents
It monitors and investigates threats that affect computer systems and
forecasts and generates alerts
To help law enforcing agencies solve cyber crimes, CERT-In has developed
standard operating procedures for cyber crime investigations
Organizes regular trainings and funds research and other projects in security
to academic institutes and industry
National Cyber Security Coordinator

Created in 2014, under Prime Minister’s O ce
The “ Cyber Swachhta Kendra ” (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre)

Is a part of the Government of India’s Digital India initiative
For detecting botnet infections in India and to notify, enable cleaning and
securing systems of end users so as to prevent further infections.
Provides information and tools to users to secure their systems/devices.
This centre is being operated by the Indian Computer Emergency Response
Team (CERT-In)
National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC)
Is a multi-stakeholder cyber-security and and e-surveillance agency
Will be scanning the country’s web tra c to detect cyber security threats.
It comes under the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
The rst phase of the NCCC become operational in 2017
The Information Security Education Awareness (ISEA) program

aims at capacity building by introducing information security courses at
graduate, post-graduate and doctoral levels
establishing education exchange programs
training system administrators and government o cers
Digital forensics software project Digital forensics software project
 For cyber crimes investigation support 
The ‘Netra’ Internet spy system
To monitor activities of dubious people and organizations which use Internet

to carry out nefarious designs
National Technical Research Organisation

The organisation does hi-tech surveillance jobs, including satellite monitoring,
terrestrial monitoring, internet monitoring, considered vital for the national
security apparatus
6. Associated terms
6.1 Digital divide
Denotes the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the
Internet, and those who do not. There also are persistent digital divides across
gender, geography, age, and income dimensions within each country.
6.2 Net neutrality

It means that Internet Service Providers(ISPs) should provide open networks that
would not block or discriminate against any applications or content that ride over
those networks. ie ISP shouldn’t interfere with the content people view or post
online.
A.K. Bhargava Committee on Net Neutrality was setup by DoT in 2015
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has barred telecom service
providers from charging differential rates for data services, effectively prohibiting
Facebook’s Free Basics and Airtel Zero platform by Airtel as they violate net
neutrality principles
In 2016, TRAI released a pre-consultation paper on Net neutrality. This is a step
towards framing the net neutrality legislation in India
6.3 Data Privacy

Data privacy( information privacy) deals with the ability an organization or
individual to determine what data in a computer system can be shared with third
parties.
Aadhaar, India’s biometric identi cation system that is the largest such project in
the world, is focal point of the debate in India
The Supreme Court of India on July 19 stated that the right to privacy cannot be
an absolute right and that the state may have some power to put reasonable
restrictions
6.4 Augmented reality

Augmented reality is the integration of digital information with the user’s
environment in real time.
Google glass, recent Pokeman Go game uses AR technology
 
AR is used in many industries including healthcare, public safety, gas and oil,
tourism and marketing
How it is different form Virtual Reality?
Virtual reality creates a totally arti cial environment, but augmented reality uses the
existing environment and overlays new information on top of it.
IES GS
Related posts
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1. Data and Information Click Here For Video

2. Applications of Cloud Computing

1. Data Protection  June 9,

4. Augmented Reality Quiz 3&4 June 2019

The technological revolution in information and communication technologies has

There is a saying that,

2.1 Computing Noti cation – September

Different parts of a program are Is a type of segmented or [embedyt]

individual servers, in case of https://www.youtube.com/embe

 Grid Multiple independent computing The creation of a “virtual [embedyt] 

spare computing resources listType=playlist&list=PLiKZmh4

offering online computation or [embedyt]

Is a method of distributed [embedyt]

Quantum computing uses the

The phenomena used are –

Superposition means that each

2.2 Super Computers

1. Sunway TaihuLight — China

32GB DDR3 memory per

2. Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) — China

5. Sequoia — United States

1. SahasraT (Cray XC40)

SahasraT supercomputer is located at Supercomputer Education and Research

2. Aaditya (IBM/Lenovo System)

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune, is the India’s nest meteorological

3. TIFR Colour Boson

This supercomputer is located at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research facility.

2.2.1 Applications of Super Computers

3. oil and gas exploration

2.3 Cloud Computing

Security remains a primary concern for businesses contemplating cloud adoption

2.3.2 Applications of cloud computing

Create new apps and services

Business Applications include,

Test and development

2.3.3 Deployment Models

Public Private Hybrid

Owned and operated by a

The service providers

Ex:Amazon Elastic Compute

2.3.4 Types of Cloud Services

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack.

Image source: azure.microsoft.com

IaaS PaaS SaaS

The service Users manage the

software upgrades and

PaaS lets developers

2.3.5 Emerging cloud technologies and services

Also called as Runtime as a service (RaaS), is an advancement over SaaS

Mobile Cloud Computing

3.1 Big Data

1. The extreme volume of data,

3.1.2 Big Data Applications

Big data analytics can be helpful in business in many ways including,

nding new revenue opportunities

Some potential applications are