IIT Delhi

APL 102

Plastic Deformation of Materials

Concepts: yield point criteria; toughness; slip; twinning; slip lines; slip systems

Lecture 27
 Recap
IIT Delhi
Mechanical behaviour of Materials
Elastic Deformation • Poisson's ratio, n:
P
(Obeys Hooke’s Law,   E ) • True Stress,  
Ai 
F Different loading and n  t
F Linear- Instantaneous area l
elastic geometry of materials are P
linear linear
elastic taken care by having a • Engineering Stress,  
elastic Ao Original area
Non-Linear-elastic dplastic d general measure of its • True Strain, l dl l
d behaviour through Stress   l l  ln
lo
Elastic means reversible! and Strain values o
Dl
Plastic means permanent! • Engineering Strain, e 
l
o

Mechanical properties – Experimentally measured (tensile testing) - Tensometer

 Recap
IIT Delhi Result of a Uniaxial Tensile testing – Mild Steel
 (Engineering stress)
Ultimate tensile
strength, UTS necking
Yield
point
Yield strength, y

STRENGTH
break
Area = Toughness

STIFFNESS
Slope = Young’s
modulus (E)
DUCTILITY
f (strain to fracture)

 (engineering strain)
 Work hardening or strain hardening
IIT Delhi

 Because of work hardening, load bearing capacity of

material increases in the plastic zone

 Will look into the reasons of this at latter stage

 This is characterised by the slope of stress-strain curve

in the plastic zone
 Stress strain response of Al
IIT Delhi

 (Engineering stress)

 (engineering strain)
 Yield Point criteria
IIT Delhi

If there is a smooth transition from elastic

to plastic region (no distinct yield point)
then 0.2 % offset proof stress is used
 True vs. Engineering behaviour
IIT Delhi

After yielding, the stress varies as  T  K  Tn

K Strength coefficient
n Work hardening exponent, n = 0.1 – 0.5
IIT Delhi
Question for thought

What is toughness?
IIT Delhi
Toughness
 Energy to break a unit volume of material
 Approximated by the area under the stress-strain curve

Engineering smaller toughness (ceramics)

tensile larger toughness
stress,  (metals, PMCs)

smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers

Engineering tensile strain, 

A    d   Toughness
9
 Mechanical Properties of Materials - Summary
IIT Delhi

Stiffness Resistance to elastic Young’s modulus

deformation

Strength Resistance to plastic Yield stress

deformation

Toughness Resistance to fracture Energy to fracture

Ductility Ability to plastically Strain to failure

deform
IIT Delhi
Question for thought

Is the Stress-Strain behavior of materials a unique

characteristic?
 Stress-Strain Curve
IIT Delhi

12
IIT Delhi
Compression Test

13
 Hardness
IIT Delhi
• Resistance to deformation
• Various Hardness Tests

14
IIT Delhi
Impact Test
Measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notched specimen

15
 Plastic deformation of materials
IIT Delhi

What happens during

plastic deformation? • Externally, permanent shape change begins at y

• Internally, what happens?

 Plastic Deformation
IIT Delhi

1. Initial 2. Large load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch planes
& planes still
shear sheared

delastic + plastic dplastic

F
F
linear linear
Plastic means permanent! elastic elastic
d
dplastic
IIT Delhi

What happens to crystal structure after plastic deformation?

Plastic

Deformation
?
 Some Possible answers
IIT Delhi

Remains the same Changes to another Becomes random or

crystal structure amorphous
 How do we decide?
IIT Delhi

X-ray diffraction

No change in crystal structure!

No change in internal crystal structure but

change in external shape!!

No change in volume as well

 Mechanisms of Plastic deformation
IIT Delhi

Plastic

Deformation
 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation
IIT Delhi

Slip: Occurs by shear deformation at ambient and

elevated temperatures.

Twinning: Mostly occurs when slip is difficult:

e.g. Low temperature.
 Twinning
IIT Delhi

Mechanical force is required to form a twin

Unit cell remains same everywhere

Only mirror reflection

Twinning changes the orientation

No change in crystal structure and volume of Crystal

Will focus on slip only:

Because slip is the most common and easy mechanism of deformation
in most materials at most temperatures
IIT Delhi
Question for thought

What is slip?

Slip is a shear deformation that moves atoms by many

interatomic distances relative to their initial positions.
 Mechanism of Plastic deformation: Slip
IIT Delhi

 When one bends a rod of aluminum to a new shape, it involves processes

occurring at various length scales and understanding these is an arduous task.

 However, at the fundamental level slip is at the heart of the whole process.

 To understand ‘how slip can lead to shape change?’; we consider a square

crystal deformed to a rhombus (as Below).

Net shape change

 How slip happens?
IIT Delhi

Dislocation formed by Step formed when

pushing in a plane dislocation leaves the
 crystal

b

Now visualize dislocations being punched in on successive planes 

moving and finally leaving the crystal
IIT Delhi
IIT Delhi

This sequence of events finally leads to deformed shape which can be approximated to a rhombus

Net shape change

No change in crystal structure and volume of crystal

IIT Delhi
Question for thought

Where slip happens?

IIT Delhi The phenomenon of slip takes place on specific crystallographic plane
and along specific crystallographic direction

Slip Planes, Slip Directions, Slip Systems

Slip Plane: Crystallographic planes

Slip Direction: Crystallographic direction
Slip System: A combination of a slip
plane and a slip direction

Slip direction lies on slip plane

IIT Delhi
In majority of materials, Slip planes happen to be close packed
plane and slip directions are close packed directions

Why slip planes are usually close packed planes?

Why slip directions are close-packed directions?

Close packed planes tend to have larger distance between them

 Announcement
IIT Delhi

 Mid-Semester feedback is open in ‘Moodle’

Give your sincere feedback!

 Minor II Syllabus: After minor I topics (i.e. from Thermodynamics) to

27th September lecture topic (i.e. Deformation behaviour)

 Minor II Exam Schedule:

Date: 06th October (Friday)
Location: LH – 121 & LH – 310
Time: 2:30 pm – 3:30 pm