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APL 102

Plastic Deformation of Materials

Concepts: Dislocation- motion & width, Whiskers, Peierls-Nabarro stress, Frank-Read source

Lecture 29
 Slip Systems Recap Critical Resolved Shear Stress
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 CRSS   y cos 1 cos 2

Slip system with highest Schmid

factor would achieve CRSS
value at much lower yield stress

Resolved Shear stress

Theoretical shear strength
Schmid’s Law: G
m 
 RSS   cos 1 cos 2 2
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Real crystals are significantly
weaker than what is predicted
from the model

Why???

This can be explained by

Dislocations in crystals
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Solution

1934

E. Orowan
Michael Polanyi
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
 Solution
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Need to break all the bonds at a time

Interestingly, the same thing can be achieved by the

motion of dislocation in the crystal where very less
energy will be required since only one bond needs to be
broken at a time
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 Movement of an Edge Dislocation
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Source: W.D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering

 Plastic Deformation - Summary
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Plastic deformation Slip Dislocations

Plastic deformation requires movement of dislocations on the slip plane

This requires significantly less stress value than the theoretical stress value

In other words real crystals are very soft in nature because of dislocations in them
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Question for thought

Recipe for high strength?

Remove the dislocation

 Test on whiskers
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700

Stress, MPa
Dislocation introduced

50

strain
Cu Whiskers tested in tension

Whiskers: Crystals almost free from dislocations about a fraction of µm thick

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Now the real crystals have dislocations in them, think about

What factors may effect the stress required to move the dislocation?

Resolved shear stress required to slip a dislocation depends upon

1. Width of the dislocation

2. Magnitude of the Burgers vector

(smaller the BV lesser the effort will be required in each step and
hence smaller the magnitude of resolved shear stress)
 Dislocation width
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Wide (Metals)

Narrow (Ceramics,
Covalent Materials)

Width of dislocation is strong function of nature of bonding

Covalently bonded material narrow width; Metallic bonded material wide width

Smaller the width higher the effort will be required to move a dislocation
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Covalent crystals: Narrow width, large Burgers vector:
Very strong

Typical metals: Wide width, small Burgers vector:

usually soft

Transition metals: narrow dislocation width (partial

covalent character), large Burgers vector

Ionic solids: Narrow width, large Burgers vector,

very strong and brittle in nature
 Lattice resistance: Peierls stress
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Peierls-Nabarro stress (P-N stress)
Minimum shear stress required to move dislocations through a crystal lattice

 2w  G → shear modulus of the crystal

 
 PN  G e  b  w → width of the dislocation !!!
b → |b|

How width of dislocation affects friction stress?

Width of the dislocation is considered as a basis for the ease of motion of a dislocation in
the model which is a function of the bonding in the material.

 2a  Larger a, lower p

 p  exp  
 b1    
Smaller b, lower p
a = distance between slip planes
b= distance between equilibrium position of atoms
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Peierls – Nabarro stress (PN) → P-N stress → Lattice Friction

Energy of a dislocation: ½ Gb2

 2w   G → shear modulus of the crystal

 
 PN  G e  b   w → width of the dislocation !!!
 b → |b|

Effect of w on PN

w 0 b 5b 10b

PN G G / 400 G / 1014 G / 1027

19
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Question for thought

Is there any difference between P-N Stress & τCRSS?

 What is the connection between Peierls Stress and Critical Resolved Shear Stress?
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 There are two very similar quantities which we have seen:

Peierls stress (or PN stress or Lattice friction stress)
Critical Resolved Shear Stress (CRSS)
 Both of them are stress to cause plasticity at the microscopic level.
 How are these quantities related? (Answer in diagram below)
 Peierls stress may be corrected for an increase in temperature and hence the concept
may be extended to finite temperatures.
 Hence, often these two terms are interchangeably used  this is in some sense
justified as they are a measure of the same physical effect  inherent lattice
resistance to the motion of dislocations.
Peierls stress At zero K, theoretically/computationally derived
Stress to cause microscopic plasticity

CRSS At finite temperatures, experimentally determined

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Question for thought

What are the external factors that can affect Stress-Strain

behavior of a given material?

Temperature & deformation rate (strain rate)

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Effect of temperature on dislocation motion

 Effect of Temperature
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Slip motion of dislocation is assisted by combined efforts

1. The applied stress: provides direction

2. Thermal energy: provides random jumps

Thermally activated process

. ( PN   a )
Temperature   A exp( )
RT
Similar to Arrhenius relation
 Effect of Temperature
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 A dislocation can be thermally activated to cross the potential barrier ‘Q’ to the
neighbouring metastable position
 Strain rate can be related to the temperature (T) and ‘Q’ as in the equation below
 This thermal activation reduces the Yield stress (or flow stress)
 Materials which are brittle at room temperature may also become ductile at high
temperatures

d
   Strain rate
dt
Equilibrium positions of a dislocation
 Effect of temperature on dislocation motion
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Metallic Very high temperatures

needed for thermal
Fe-BCC Fe Ionic activation to have any effect
W-BCC W
Yield Stress (MPa) →

450
Al2O3
300 Si Covalent
18-8 SS
Ni-FCC Ni Higher temperature makes the
150
Cu-FCC dislocation motion easier
Cu
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
RT is like HT and P-N T/Tm →
stress is easily overcome
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Stress-Strain Behaviour vs. Temperature
800
• Results for polycrystalline iron: -200°C
600

Stress (MPa)
400 -100°C
25°C
200
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
• YS and TS decrease with increasing test temperature Strain
• %EL increases with increasing test temperature
• Why? 3. disl. glides past obstacle
• Vacancies help dislocations past 2. vacancies
replace
obstacles atoms on the
obstacle
• Cross Slip disl. half
1. disl. trapped
plane
• Dislocation density goes down by obstacle
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Given that the dislocation has a tendency to leave the crystal:

During plastic deformation dislocation density of a crystal should go down

Experimental Result
Dislocation Density of a crystal actually goes up
 Announcement
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 Quiz and Rechecked Minor 1 copies are placed in UG Materials lab.

Please collect them.
Quiz 1 Marks:
Average : 11.7
Highest : 20
Lowest : - 6.5

 Quiz 2: Tentative dates: Nov. 1, 2 or 3 ?

 Two Classes reschedule: evening timings 5:30 to 6:20 pm??

 Attendance & Lab marks will be uploaded today (definitely!)