Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
which use English language at home. Aside from these three (3)
For the students of the English only instruction group, the top
Moreover, the table shows that the bilingual group uses two (2)
it.
moderately, and one (1) least preferred it. The other reading
(1-moderately preferred).
There were 20 students from the bilingual group who prefer the
moderately preferred).
instruction group did not took the post-test and seven (7)
students in the English only instruction group who did not took
beginner and one (1) of the is the one who did not took the
starting out.
Each one (1) of the students of the bilingual and English only
Bilingual
The result of the pre-test on Parts of Speech, Vocabulary
instruction group shows that the highest score was 51 and the
lowest was 7 indicating a range of 44. The graph shows that the
two of these scores were outside the normal curve. These scores
were 102 and 103. In the post test, 103 is the highest score
English only instruction group shows that one (1) of the score
is not within the normal curve. This implies that this score is
that the average score of the students in the pre-test was 17.58
10.904. The highest score among the 33 students was 47 and the
non-normal distribution.
Practices:
Reading Practices
The table shows that the English only instruction group applies
the silent reading is the most practiced and the think aloud and
B E X Y XY X2 Y2
Echo Reading 6 5 -6.83 -11 75.13 46.65 121
Guided Reading 19 24 6.17 8 49.96 38.07 64
Shared Reading 16 9 3.17 -7 -22.19 10.05 49
Silent Reading 20 27 7.17 9 64.53 51.41 81
Speed Reading 12 24 -0.83 8 -6.64 0.69 64
Think Aloud 4 7 -8.83 -9 79.47 77.97 81
Total 240.26 224.84 460
r = 0.75
Correlations
bilingual English Only
bilingual Pearson Correlation 1 .758
Sig. (2-tailed) .081
N 6 6
English Pearson Correlation .758 1
Only Sig. (2-tailed) .081
N 6 6
instructions.
Comprehension Enhancement
the table shows that the ratio of the student in the bilingual
applies one (1) or two (2) practices on the average, while the
practices.
B E X Y XY X2 Y2
Comparing and 17 11 4.2 -4.4 -18.48 17.64 19.36
Contrasting
Language learning 12 32 -0.8 16.6 -13.28 0.64 275.56
experience
Predicting outcomes 15 7 2.2 -8.4 -18.48 4.84 70.56
Reading for content 20 26 7.2 10.6 76.32 51.84 112.36
information
Others 0 1 -12.8 -14.4 184.32 163.84 207.36
Total 210.4 238.80 685.20
r = 0.52
Correlations
Bilingual English
Bilingual Pearson Correlation 1 .520
Sig. (2-tailed) .369
N 5 5
English Pearson Correlation .520 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .369
N 5 5
The students from the bilingual instruction groups apply six (6)
The table shows that the English only instruction group applies
B E X Y XY X2 Y2
Direct instruction 17 23 1.17 3.67 4.29 1.37 13.47
Instructional read 20 21 4.17 1.67 6.96 17.39 2.79
aloud
Spelling links 12 23 -3.83 3.67 -14.06 14.67 13.47
Systematic teaching 12 16 -3.83 -3.33 12.75 14.67 11.09
Use of dictionary, 25 15 9.17 -4.33 -39.71 84.09 18.75
etc.
Word in thought 9 18 -6.83 -1.33 9.08 46.65 1.77
-20.69 178.84 61.34
r = -0.198
instruction.
Correlations
bilingual english
bilingual Pearson 1 -.197
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .708
N 6 6
english Pearson -.197 1
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .708
N 6 6
Generally, there is a significant difference between the
Where:
n = number of students
Z = 5.08
reliability.
Where:
Z = 3.91
the Cronbach’s Alpha is less than 0.70 but, the Cronbach’s Alpha
The data shows that the bilingual instruction has the highest
more dispersed. This means that the scores in the pre-test and
Methodology
The design for conducting this study was descriptive correlational design, under the non-
experimental type of research. Descriptive correlational design studies the relationship of two or
more variables which aim to examine the relationships that exist in given situations (Burns and
Grove, 2001). The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe, and document aspects
of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis
generation of theory development (Polit and Beck, 2004). Correlational studies, on the other
hand, examine relationships among variables and the examination can occur at several levels.
The researcher can describe, predict, or test the relationship among variables (Burns and Grove,
2001).
Such design was employed because the researcher wanted to determine whether there is a
significant difference between the variables being studied. It describes the scores of the
maritime students in the pre-test and post-test for the English proficiency level. These would
inexpensive, and can be done quickly. It may also be an important preliminary research for
further studies that do attempt to determine the relationship between variables. Moreover, it is
an efficient means to collect a large amount of data about a problem, which is necessary to
it is often strong in realism and therefore has an intrinsic appeal for solving practical problems
Some limitations of such design are that it determines only the correlation of variables
and not its causation, it cannot assume that the groups being compared are similar before the
2004).
Sampling Frame
The sampling frame for any probability sample is a complete list of all the cases in the
population from which sample will be drawn (Saunders et al. 2003). There are 3 Bachelor of
Science in Maritime Technology sections at the Jose C. Feliciano College, but because two (2)
sections will only be used the researcher made used of the fish bowl strategy.
where the researcher applies his/her experience and judgment to select cases
that will yield the best understanding of whatever they wish to study and a typical
which is being studied (Fraenkel J. & Wallen N. 2004). This sampling technique was
used by the researcher in the choice of sections. In the selection of section the
purposive sampling was utilized wherein the sample sections were selected from all
the sections of the first year maritime students. The sample sections consisted of 3
sections.
In order to reduce the risk of obtaining incorrect answer to research questions emphases
on two particular research designs has to be considered: reliability and validity (Chisnall, 1997).
Reliability is the extent to which research results would be stable or consist if the same
techniques were used repeatedly. Validity is the ability of a chosen instrument to measure what
is supposed to measure. Moreover, the way the measuring is conducted and how the information
Reliability is about the results of the investigation, which has to be reliable. If nothing
COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
SD =
∑X 2
−(
∑X) 2
N N
where (X ÷ N)2 equals the sum of the squares of the raw scores,
∑X2 ÷ N equals the mean of the raw scores, , and N equals the
total number of raw scores.
The Wilcoxon signed ranks test requires that the differences are
approximately symmetric and that the data are measured on an
ordinal, interval, or ratio scale. ( Berenson, Levine &
Krehbiel, 2006)
References:
References:
Cooper, D.R. and Emory, C. W. (1992). Research Methods. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin,
Inc.
Saunders, Mark N.K. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd Ed, Financial
Times/Prentice Hall.
Trochim, William M. (2006), The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 2nd Edition
Salant, P., & Dillman, D. A. (1994), How to Conduct Your Own Survey. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2001). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique, &
utilization (4th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.