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3. Chemical contaminants
4. Pathogenic contaminants
natural vegetation
sediment load
mine drainage
agricultural pollution: animal wastes, fertilisers, pestcides,
irrigation return
urban pollution: domestic sewage/effluent, industrial wastewater
/effluent, sewage overflows, stormwater runoff, sanitary landfill
leachate
1.2. Sources of water pollution
(1) point sources: wastewaters discharge from outfall
sewers or drainage channels
(2) non-point / diffuse sources: pollutants dispersed on the
land by human activities are conveyed to rivers, lakes or
estuaries in runoff from rainfall or snowmelt
2. impacts of water pollution
2.1. Pollution will disrupt the balance of plant and animal life
resulting in (1) reduction of the number of species;
(2) dominance of the surviving organisms
Eutrophication 富营养化
High concentrations of nutrients, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, will lead to the excessive growth of specific
organisms, especially algae水藻.
Floating masses of algae: appearance, reduced
dissolved oxygen, odors
2.3. Impacts of pollution on lake processes
Eutrophication 富营养化 (overfertilisation 过度施肥)
Water quality problem
In a thermal stratified water, pollution will change the
chemistry of redox active elements
热分层水中,污染造会改变元素的化学氧化还原性质
e.g. sulfate ions 硫酸盐离子 may be reduced to odorous sulphide
species气态硫化物;
e.g. iron and manganese锰 may be reduced from oxidized forms to
solube forms, which will cause the color in water.
3. Chemical contaminants/hazards
3.1. Heavy metals
Industrial discharge
Fluoride 氟
Selenium 硒
Not widespread in water, but chronic high level exposure
reported in Keshan region of China and Venezuela委内瑞
拉
Lead
3.5. Pesticides
Agricultural use of pesticides may lead to run-off to
waterways and drinking water supplies.
Antiseptics防腐剂
4. Pathogenic病原体 contaminants/hazards
4.1. Viruses
Smallest forms of infectious感染 agents(20-100nm)
4.2. Bacteria
Bigger than viruses (300-2000nm)
Sexual reproduction
5. Monitoring
5.1. Treatment plants monitoring (most monitoring)
Routine analysis (understanding of process)
Composite samples
Continuous
Marine diversity
drinking water
industrial water