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1. SUBGRADE FAILURE:
This is one of the main causes of failure of flexible pavements. This type of failure causes
undulations (ups and downs) and corrugations in the pavement surface.
1. Inadequate stability.
Excessive deformation in the base or foundation course of a flexible pavement is known as base
course failure.
This type of failure causes potholes, waves, and corrugations in the pavement surface.
1. Insufficient strength.
3. SURFACE FAILURE:
Excessive deformation in the wearing course of a flexible pavement is called surface failure or
wearing course failure.
This type of failure causes ruts, potholes, cracks etc in the pavement structure.
1. RUTS:
The longitudinal depressions or cuts in flexible pavement is known as ruts. These are usually
formed ion earth or W.B.M roads of one lane width due to repetitive traffic wheel loads on the
same location, particularly under wheeled traffic.
2. POT HOLES:
The isolated depressions, more or less circular in shape formed in flexible pavements are called
pot holes or patches. These are usually formed in all types of flexible pavements due to
disintegration of road metal or lack of binding surface course with the underlying base.
3. FROST HEAVING:
The water which may find access to pavement structure freezes in cold climates. The expansion
accompanying this frost action causes upheaval which in turn may crack the pavement surface.
5. LONGITUDINAL CRACKING:
The formation of cracks in the longitudinal direction of a road pavement is called longitudinal
cracking.
This failure is caused due to frost action, different volume changes in subgrade, settlement of
filling material or due to sliding of side slopes.
6. MAP CRACKING:
The development of irregular cracks, usually formed on bituminous surfacing is called map
cracking.
This type of flexible road failure is due to excessive wear of the road surface or due to localized
weakness in the underlying base course.
Scaling of rigid pavement simply means, peeling off or flaking off of the top layer or skin of the
concrete surface. This may be due to the following reasons
2. SHRINKAGE CRACKS
Formation of hairline shallow cracks on concrete slab is the indication of shrinkage cracks.
Shrinkage cracks develop on concrete surface during the setting & curing operation. These
cracks may form in longitudinal as well as in transverse direction.
3. JOINT SPALLING
Joint spalling is the breakdown of the slab near edge of the joint. Normally it occurs within 0.5 m
of the joints. The common reasons for this defect are:
4. WARPING CRACKS
In hot weather, concrete slab tends to expand. Therefore the joints should be so designed to
accommodate this expansion. When joints are not designed properly, it prevents expansion of
concrete slab and therefore results in development of excessive stress. This stress cause
formation of warping cracks of the concrete slab near the joint edge.
This type of crack can be prevented by providing proper reinforcement at the longitudinal and
transverse joints. Hinge joints are generally used to relieve the stress due to warping.
5. PUMPING
When material present below the road slab ejects out through the joints or cracks, it is called
pumping. When soil slurry comes out it is called mud pumping.
Infiltration of water through the joints, cracks or edge of the pavement forms soil slurry.
Movement of heavy vehicles on pavement forces this soil slurry to come out causing mud
pumping.
When there is void space between slab and the underlying base of sub-grade layer
Poor joint sealer allowing infiltration of water
Repeated wheel loading causing erosion of underlying material
Pumping can also lead to formation of cracks. This is because; ejection of sub-grade material
below the slab causes loss of sub-grade support. When traffic movement occurs at these
locations, it fails to resist the wheel load due to reduction of sub-grade support and develops
cracks.
This type of defect can be identified when there is presence of base or sub-grade material on the
pavement surface close to joints or cracks.
April 30, 2019
This is a letter requesting to apply the outstanding credit or refund from the previous semesters on to
the current semester’s tuition fee (2nd Semester SY 2018-2019).
If there is any problem or adjustments feel free to contact us. Thank you and have a great day.
Sincerely Yours,
Kommel Villareal
Parent/Guardian
Student
LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE
Department of Engineering
Assignment 2
FINALS
Submitted by:
Villareal, Kommel F.
Submitted to:
Date of Submission: