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PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
BLOOD SPECIMEN
wynlor | 1
Used in immunohematology for ABO grouping, Rh typing, and antibody
screening
White-top tube EDTA
EDTA and gel
Often used for molecular diagnostic testing of plasma
Sodium Fluoride with Potassium Oxalate (Gray Tube)
NaF is a weak anticoagulant and is mainly a preservative for glucose and lactate.
The addition of Potassium Oxalate compensates for the anticogulant activity.
Lactate and Glucose analysis
Effect is not immediate, glycolysis continues for the first one hour after
collection.
Normally, glucose declines in serum samples at a rate of 100 mg/L (0.56
mmol/L) per hour at 25 degrees Celsius.
Citrate
For coagualtion studies – Light Blue Tube (9 parts blood : 1 part citrate)
Used in hematology when platelet sattelism is suspected
0.105 M (3.2%) or 0.129 (3.8%) Sodium Citrate
Proper ratio must be strictly observed because anticogualant activity will be
reversed by the calcium reagent in coagualtion assays and cause falsely elevated
clotting times.
Similar effect produced by polycythemia = falsely elevated results due
to small plasma content.
Inhibits aminotransferases and ALP
ACP will be stimulated when the substrate used is phenylphosphate’
For westergren ESR – Black Tube ; 4 parts blood : 1 part buffered sodium citrate
Venipuncture
Equipments
Antiseptic Cleaning Solution
70% Alcohol
Benzalkonium chloride solution
2% Iodine / Iodophor
10% Povidone-Iodine
Bandages and Gauze Pads
Collection Tubes
Gloves
Markers
Needle Disposal Containers
Needle Holders
Needles
Most commonly used sizes for adults are 19-22 gauge.
Usually gauge 20 for adults with normal-sized veins
In pediatric patients gauge 23-25 needles are used.
Gauge 23 preferred for pediatric patients.
The larger the gauge number, the smaller the bore.
1.5 inches long (3.7 cm)
Syringes with transfer device
Tourniquets
Winged infusion sets
1 inch needle (2.5 cm) length
Locating Veins
Apply the tourniquet 3 to 4 inches above the intended puncture site. (Venous Occlusion)
Some apply the torniquet 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) above the puncture site.
When a blood cuff is used it is usually inflated to approximately 60 mmHg (8.0
kPa).
If dorsal vein is being accessed, no tourniquet is used.
Do not apply tourniquet over an open sore.
The torniquet should not be left on longer than 1 minute (slight changes in blood
composition). Marked changes have been observed if tourniquet is applied for 3 mins.