Intelligent Relay for Power System Protection
Guide
Manjari Asutkar
Asst. Professor, Electrical Department
Abha Gaikwad Patil College of Engineering
Yogesh O. Kolhe
Student, Electrical Department,
Abha Gaikwad Patil College of engineering
Harshal B. Maskar
Student, Electrical Department,
Abha Gaikwad Patil College of engineering
Abstract- In any system the protection
is most important part, because the
reliability of the system depends on which
type of protection is provided in a system a
system. In this system we are using relay
because its play vital role in faulty
condition. They are intended to quickly
identify a fault and isolate it do the balance
of the system continue to run under normal
condition. Relays are an important part of
the power systems and are responsible for
the control of any overload voltage or
current and protection of the devices from
these parameters. The main function of the
relay is to persistently monitor the parameter
to be controlled and if it exceeds the
percentage range set by the controller then it
sends a signal to the circuit breaker to break
the connection and isolate the faulty part.
INTRODUCTION- Today's electric
power system consists of large and small
generating stations, transformers,
transmission lines, distribution lines,
reactors, capacitors, and induction motors.
Most of the time a power system operates in
Mahesh G. Shende
Student, Electrical Department
Abha Gaikwad Patil College of Engineering
Vikas F. Kambalkar
Student, Electrical Department,
Abha Gaikwad Patil College of Engineering
Akhil Fulbhoge
Student, Electrical Department,
Abha Gaikwad Patil College of Engineering
its normal mode of operation. However,
natural events such as lightning, wind, ice,
earthquake, fire, explosions, falling trees,
flying objects, physical contact by animals
or humans, contamination, and personnel
errors can result in short circuits. Faults
sometimes can be very dangerous to the
machines being used during generation,
distribution and utilization of electricity.
Short circuits, also known as faults, will
change the status of a power system from a
normal state to an abnormal state. Protective
relays are in wide use throughout power
systems to detect abnormal modes of
operation. They are relatively small
electromechanical, solid‐state, or computer
(microprocessor‐based) devices that sense
the abnormal modes of operation through
instrument transformers.
A protective relay identifies short circuits or
other problems quickly, and initiates circuit
breaker tripping to isolate the faulty
component. Consequently, a minimum
amount of the circuit is disconnected and a
high level of service continuity is achieved.
Protective relays do not prevent failures, but
they mitigate undesirable effects of faults
and failures and minimize failed equipment
damage. Well‐designed protective relay
equipment have high levels of reliability,
speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and
economics.
A secondary function of protective relays is
to provide information regarding the
location and type of failure. This
information assists in locating and repairing
faulty equipment. It also provides a means
for assessing the effectiveness of a
protection scheme based on the level of
damage that occurred.
RELATED WORK-
All Power-system protection is a branch of
electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems from
faults through the isolation of faulted parts from
the rest of the electrical network. The objective
of a protection scheme is to keep the power
system stable by isolating only the components
that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of
the network as possible still in operation. Thus,
protection schemes must apply with very
pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing
system faults. The devices that are used to
protect the power systems from faults are called
protection devices.
BASIC DESIGN OR OPERATION OF
RELAY
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) defines a relay as “an electric
device that is design to respond to input
conditions in a prescribe manner and after
specified condition are met, to cause contact
operation or similar abrupt change in associated
electric control circuits.”
FIGURE. 1.1 Logic representation of an
electric relay.
Logic representation of an electric relay is
shown in Figure 1.2. The components can be
electromechanical, electronic, or both. The logic
functions are general in nature, so that in any
particular unit they may be combined or, on
occasion, not required. Specific designs and
features vary widely with application
requirements, different manufacturers, and the
time period of the particular design. Originally,
all protective relays were of the
electromechanical type. Electromechanically
type relays are still in widespread use and
continue to be manufactured.
The relay function can be better understood by
explaining the following diagram given below.
The diagram shows an inner section diagram of
a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a control
coil. As shown, the power source is given to the
electromagnet through a control switch and
through contacts to the load. When current starts
flowing through the control coil, the
electromagnet starts energizing and thus
intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper
contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower
fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a
short circuit for the power to the load. On the
other hand, if the relay was already de-energized
when the contacts were closed, then the contact
move oppositely and make an open circuit.
Relays are mainly made for two basic
operations. One is low voltage application and
the other is high voltage. For low voltage
applications, more preference will be given to
reduce the noise of the whole circuit. For high
voltage applications, they are mainly designed to
reduce a phenomenon called arcing.
 a) Electromechanical Relay

b) Static Relay (Solid State Relays)

c) Numerical Relays

FIGURE 1.2 Basic relay operation .

PROPOSED MODELING

The main f of the relay is the sensing unit which

basically is an electrical coil. AC or DC current
can be used to power the coil. When applied
current/ voltage increases from the threshold
value, the armature of the relay gets activated by
the coil, which is used to close the open
FIGURE1.3 Block diagram of intelligent
contacts. The switch mechanism is actuated by a
relay protection.
magnetic force that is generated when power is
supplied to the coil. When coil is energized it The above block diagram represents the actual
sends information to the circuit breaker that block diagram of the GSM based protection of
breaks the circuit till the fault clearance or power system. It consists of various blocks such
isolates the faulty part. The relay compares the as microcontroller, measurement devices and
current or voltage from the transformer sensor unit along with interfacing IC. The
connected before the relay and send information parameters for e.g. VOLTAGE, CURRENT,
to the circuit breaker. The coil opens when the TEMPERATURE, by using microcontroller
circuit breaker disconnects the faulty part. which is further connects with a GSM this
collected data will further send to server which
The basic functions performed by the relay are
will situated at any part of world through SMS.
On/Off Control- For example, in motor control,
In further connection in case of fault such as
relay is used to limit and control the speed limit
unbalanced voltage, under voltage, overvoltage
which is a high power load. Limit Control In
etc the fault is being analyzed by microcontroller
this, relay is used to control a set of parameters
programming and the signal is being send to the
and disconnect the device if the value of these
driver relay to disconnect the contactor and
parameters goes above or below the set value.
isolate the substation.
For Example in Motor Speed Control, motor
gets disconnected if the desired speed increases As shown in the figure the power
or decreases beyond the limit. transformer is used to step down the voltage of
230V single phase to 12V. The 12V supply is
Types of Relays Relay can be broadly classified
being rectified to 12V by using the full wave
on the basis of construction and application.
rectifier. This rectified supply is regulated to 5V.
There are three types of relay based on
This 5V of supply is need for the working of
construction which are Electromechanical, Static
MICROCONTROLLER, GSM, and the various
and Numerical.
equipped sensors. The P.T. and the current
transducer are energized by the line conductors.
The LCD used to display all the parameters such
as voltage and current of all phases . The driver
IC is used as a current booster to amplify the
current from the microcontroller, used to drive
the relay. The microcontroller is being
programmed to certain limits. The oil
temperature, oil level and the humidity within
the transformer. Whenever the fault occurs such
as overvoltage, over current, under voltage,
phase failure etc. The direct effect will be
developed on the transformer. So in case of fault
condition the microcontroller will give the
command to driver IC, so that the relay is to be
tripped and the transformer will be isolated, i.e.
the power system will be protected. The GSM is
used to send fault notification on mobile to
operate fastly.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

If voltage less than 230v trip on current took

2.3sec. and in case voltage greater than 230v trip
on current took 1.2 sec. Zero voltage switching
tooks less than 1sec. single phase tooks less than
2.8 sec. sending and receiving SMS time may
varying all to network provider.

REFERENCES

1) Relay system by I.T. Monseth and

P.H.Robinson, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York 1935
2) S.J. Tikhe Asst. professor,electrical
department, DES COET Dhamangaon
Rly. India