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IEEE
C62.92-1989
Sponsor
Surge Protective Devices Committee
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
@ Copyright 1989 by
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Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE (262.92-1989, IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility
Systems, Part 11-Grounding of Synchronous Generator Systems.)
This guide is the second in a series of documents on neutral grounding in electric utility systems. Part I1
covers the considerations and practices relating to the grounding of synchronous generator systems.
Emphasis in this guide is to be directed toward the grounding of synchronous generator systems in
electric utility systems. Generator grounding practices used in industrial systems are covered in other
guides and standards.
At the time this guide was approved, the Working Group for Part I1 had the following membership:
S. G. Whisenant, Chairman
S. Mazumdar D. W. Jackson E. R. Taylor, Jr.
W. S. Ossman I. B. Johnson 0. Nigol
G. S. Haralampu J. L. Koepfinger J. R. Detweiler
The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to
the IEEE Standards Board:
R. D. Ball A. R. Hileman 0. Nigol
C. L. Ballentine W. W. Hines R. Odenberg
G. D. Breuer D. W. Jackson J. C. Osterhout
J. J. Burke R. A. Jones M. Parente
J. G. Dalton S. S. Kershaw S. A. Potocny
D. C. Dawson J. L. Koepfinger R. Richman
R. W. Flugum S. Kuznetsov E. Rothong
H. E. Foelker G. E. Lee K. B. Stump
G. L. Gaibrois F. Lembo, Jr. L. D. Sweeney
E. A. Goodman D. W. Lenk A. Sweetana
R. Haas W. A. Maguire D. P. Symanski
C. D. Hansell J. A. Mambuca E. R. Taylor, Jr.
G. S. Haralampu E. H. Marrow, Jr. A. C. Westrom
D. E. Hedman F. D. Martzloff S. G. Whisenant
J. A. Hetrick D. J. Melvold E. J. Yasuda
J. J. Napiorkowski
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on February 2, 1989, it had the
following membership:
*Member Emeritus
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Contents
SECTION PAGE
Fig l(a) Effect of Neutral Reactance on Transient Voltages (No Restrike) ........................ 10
Fig 1(b) Effect of Neutral Reactance on Transient Voltages (with One Breaker Restrike) .......... 11
Fig 2 Transient Voltage in Percent of Rated Peak Line-to-Ground Generator Voltage for
Any Number of Restrikes in the Fault Arc or Across Circuit Breaker Contacts with
Distribution Transformer and Secondary Resistor Scheme of Grounding ................. 11
Fig 3 Distribution Transformer Neutral Grounding .......................................... 13
TABLE
Table 1 Permissible Short-Time Overload Factors for Distribution Transformers Used for
Neutral Grounding .................................................................. 14
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APPENDIXES PAGE
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IEEE Guide for the Application of
Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utili@ Systems
Part II-Grounding of Synchronous Generator Systems
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IEEE
C62.92- 1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
IEEE publications are available from IEEE Service Center, 5The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the refer-
445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NY 08855-1331. ences listed in 1.2.
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NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92- 1989
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C62.92-1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
grounding class to consider the transient and The effect of grounding on the transient over-
temporary overvoltages that will result and the voltages following the occurrence and clearing of
stresses on apparatus insulation and the protec- unbalanced faults at the generator terminals with
tive margins possible with surge protective devices. and without restriking is illustrated in Figs l(a),
In any discussion of transient overvoltages, it 1(b), and 2 [ 121, ( 171, (241. The information pre-
should be recognized that numerous field tests sented in these figures was obtained from a
have been made in an attempt to set up and mea- Transient Network Analyzer (TNA) where clear-
sure high-transient voltages resulting from phase- ing and restriking of the arc in a single phase-to-
to-ground arcing faults in air. From the results of ground fault could be controlled to produce the
these tests, it may be concluded that the condi- maximum overvoltages. The system studied con-
tions for building up these high voltages in an arc sisted of a generator model, with adjustable
in air seldom exist (121, (171, (241. However, it is neutral grounding reactance, and a circuit breaker
suspected that intermittent faults through solid at generator voltage. The generator was simu-
insulations may produce the necessary conditions lated by a reactance of 1.28 R per phase, at 60 Hz,
for high-transient overvoltages. On the other hand, a winding capacitance of 0.35 pF per phase, and a
a system may have relatively high-transient over- capacitance to ground on the terminals of the
voltages during switching operations if restriking generator of 0.20 pF per phase. The neutral reac-
occurs in the breaker. Accordingly, in considering tance was varied to give a range of ratios of
any kind of grounding from the viewpoint of tran- Xo / X I . Results demonstrate the importance of
sient voltages, it is advisable to determine whether selecting the proper class of neutral grounding in
there will be switching to generator voltage at order t o limit the transient overvoltages caused
present or some time in the future. by switching surges.
Fig 1
(a) Effect of Neutral Reactance on Transient Voltages (No Restrike)
-
480
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
EFFECT OF NEUTRAL REACTANCE (FOR SINGLE N-VOLTAGE ACROSS NEUTRAL REACTOR
440 GENERATOR) ON TRANSIENT VOLTAGES.
HE BREAKER.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
xo/ x 1
10
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IEEE
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92- 1989
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 m
XO/Xl
Fig 1
(b) Effect of Neutral Reactance on Transient Voltages (with One Breaker Restrike)
400
2> 200
100
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Xcg/Rn
Fig 2
Transient Voltage in Percent of Rated Peak
Line-&Ground Generator Voltage for Any
Number of Restrikes in the Fault Arc or
Across Circuit Breaker Contacts with
Distribution Transformer and Secondary
Resistor Scheme of Grounding [14]
11
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C62.92-1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
The TNA model was such t h a t the circuit avoid temporary overvoltages that can damage
breakers on the terminals of the generator were the insulating systems or cause undesirable gen-
to force current zero sufficiently to give an arc erator ground relay operations. The lower the
extinction voltage equal to system line-to-ground generator system zero-sequence impedance, the
voltage. For these conditions, Fig 1, (a) and (b), lower will be the impressed neutral displacement
shows transient line-to-neutral voltages that were voltage. Therefore, this occurrence is a particular
obtained on the various phases of the generator consideration for resonant grounded generator
and across the neutral reactor with inductance systems.
grounding. Figure l(a) gives the results with no The user of this guide should be aware that
restrike; Fig l(b) gives the results with one re- there is a degree of uncertainty as to the impulse
strike followed by a clearing at the next current strength of the generator insulation as compared
zero. For the arc extinction voltage assumed, Fig to that of oil-insulated apparatus of the same volt-
1(b) indicates that the ratio of X o / X 1should not age because of the different types of insulation
exceed 3 if the transient voltages are to be limited systems and general construction. Because of this
to less than 250 percent of normal line-to-neutral uncertainty, care should be taken in selecting
crest voltage. However, this voltage is still less both the class of grounding and the ratings of
than 75 percent of the manufacturer’s generator surge protective equipment.
high-potential test voltage [7], [ 8 ] .Each case
should be studied using specific characteristics
2.4 Providing a Means of Generator System
and appropriate modeling techniques.
Figure 2 gives peak transient voltages for high-
Ground-Fault Protection. The grounding class
chosen for a generator has a significant impact on
resistance grounding. The voltage is plotted
the sensitivity and speed of ground-fault relaying
against the ratio of the 3-phase capacitive
for the generator and other apparatus connected
reactance to ground and the effective neutral
to the generator voltage system. In general,
resistance of the circuit, Xcg/R, (see ANSI/IEEE
ungrounded, high-resistance, a n d resonant-
C62.92-1987,Figs 1 and 2 [6]). If this ratio is kept
grounded systems allow for the most sensitive
to 1 or greater, the peak voltage can be limited to
ground-fault detection. In systems where genera-
about 260 percent of normal peak line-to-neutral
voltage, which is also less than 75 percent of the tors are bussed together at generator voltage or
where feeders are taken out at the generator volt-
generator test voltage. This curve applies for any
age, relaying requirements may dictate a ground-
number of restrikes for ratios greater than 1
ing class other than one which would provide
because each oscillation is damped out and a
maximum sensitivity for generator stator ground
buildup in transient voltage is prevented.
faults.
Figure 2 can also be used to indicate the magni-
The effects which the choice of grounding class
tude of possible transient voltages on ungrounded
may have on ground relaying are discussed in
machines. The case to be compared is where the
a general way in Section 3. A complete discus-
ratio of the 3-phase capacitive reactance to
sion of generator ground-fault protection, includ-
ground (X,,) and t h r neutral resistance ( R , ) of
ing specific relaying systems, can be found in
the circuit is less thai, the 0.1 lower limit of Fig 2.
ANSI/IEEE C37.101-1985 [4].
Thus, transient voltages of 4 to 5 times normal
line-to-ground voltage crest may be reached if
breaker restriking occurs on the ungrounded 2.5 Coordinating with the Other Apparatus at
system. Generator Voltage Level. When a generator is
Temporary overvoltages on a generator can interconnected with other systems, eg, other
also be caused by a ground fault on the high- generators, plant auxiliaries, feeders, etc, at the
voltage side of the main power step-up trans- generated voltage level, the class of generator
former. Such an occurrence impresses a neutral grounding should not be determined by consider-
displacement voltage on the generator grounding ing the generator’s needs alone. Requirements for
equipment. The generator neutral grounding in selective relaying, overvoltage control, inductive
conjunction with the transformer high to low side coordination, etc, in other parts of the system
capacitive coupling forms a voltage divider circuit may constrain the choice of a generator ground-
for the zero-sequence voltage impressed upon the ing means.
transformer high-voltage winding [23]. Consider- The specifics of these requirements for other
ation must be given to the generator grounding systems may be found in the appropriate parts
impedance and associated protective features to of this guide. The manner in which they may be
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IEEE
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92 - 1989
Fig 3
Distribution Transformer Neutral Grounding
VOLTAGE RELAY
& DISTRIBUTION
- TRANSFORMER
NOTES:
A = High-resistance grounding when 2 is resistive
B = Resonant grounding when Z is inductive.
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NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92- 1989
that the maximum fault current is somewhat less detectable voltage will result even if a rather high
and transient voltages are not controlled well. A fault resistance is present.
disadvantage is that excessive transient overvolt- The fault resistance and the tuned LC circuit
ages may result from switching operations or are in series and form a voltage divider. Fault
intermittent faults. detection sensitivity is very high because of the
3.1.3 Resonant Grounded. The ground-fault effective amplification of the resonant tank cir-
neutralizer is a neutral reactor having character- cuit. The equivalent impedance of the LC circuit
istics such that the capacitive charging current in series with the fault is QX,,. A voltage sensing
during a line-to-ground fault is neutralized by an device set at some ratio, l l n , of the full line-
equal component of inductive current contri- neutral secondary voltage will detect a fault
buted by the ground-fault neutralizer. The net resistance at generator voltage of (n- 1) times the
fault current is thus reduced by the parallel tank circuit impedance, QX,,. Since X,, is usually
resonant circuit to a low value, which is essen- several thousands of ohms, detection sensitivity is
tially in phase with the fault voltage. After extinc- very high. Fault resistance sensitivity decreases
tion of the fault, the voltage recovery on the for faults near the neutral end of the generator
faulted phase is extremely slow with an exponen- winding, which reaches 0 at (100/n)% of the
tial time constant of Q/.rrf sec. (Q is the ratio winding length from neutral.
of inductive reactance to the effective resistance Resonant grounding creates a highly tuned cir-
of the transformer/reactor combination.) Accord- cuit, and amplified zero-sequence voltages will
ingly, any ground fault of a transient nature possibly be impressed on the generator windings
would automatically be extinguished on a from the high-voltage system because of the
resonant-grounded system. capacitive coupling through the windings of the
The application of generator resonant neutral step-up transformer. This voltage can be kept to
grounding in the United States has been applied within reasonable limits by selecting a value of Q
t o some unit-connected generators supplying in a range of from 10 to 50 without excessively
delta-connected, low-voltage windings of step-up reducing the sensitivity of the fault detection sys-
transformers. The purpose of this grounding tem [20], [23].
scheme is to provide an extremely sensitive means Zero-sequence and third harmonic voltages,
of detecting phase-to-ground faults on the gener- which are inherently present in the generator
ator voltage system and to limit the fault current output, can cause amplified zero-sequence and
to a very low value so that iron burning associated third harmonic currents to flow in the generator
with generator insulation faults to ground is mini- system. They are injected by the generator voltage
mized [21], [26]. between the neutral connection to the neutralizer
A distribution transformer and a reactor con- inductance and the generator system capacitance
nected as in Fig 3, Note B, comprise the basic to ground. This series-resonant circuit permits
components of a ground-fault neutralizer. The amplified zero-sequence currents and accentu-
reactor is selected so that the resultant reactance ates the harmonic voltages across the neutralizer
as seen from the high side of the distribution inductance. The magnitude of the neutral voltage
grounding transformer just matches the 3-phase depends upon the magnitude of the zero-sequence
capacitive reactance of the generator windings, voltage and the losses in the circuit and ap-
generator leads, step-up transformer, station serv- proximately equals E,/& [ 191. Fault detection
ice transformers, and all other equipment con- sensitivity can be degraded. These effects can be
nected directly between the generator terminals successfully dealt with by detuning and by the
and the low side of the step-up transformer. appropriate selection of Q.
Single phase-to-ground faults are detected by Ground-fault neutralizers, designed as iron-core
the voltage or current in the secondary of the dis- devices, saturate at voltages above rated voltage.
tribution transformer. For a phase-to-ground fault This action protects the resonant-grounded sys-
on the generator terminals, full generator phase- tem from the capacitively coupled high voltages
to-neutral voltage is impressed across the fault mentioned above by detuning the resonant circuit
impedance in series with the primary winding of when excessive voltages are applied. This refine-
the grounding transformer. Because the net ment has not been found necessary on resonant-
impedance of the tuned parallel LC circuit (tank grounded generators. Air core reactors have been
circuit) consisting of the generator system capaci- used exclusively in the United States. However,
tive reactance and the inductive reactance of the where calculations for an air core show that an
neutralizer is essentially a very high resistance, a unsatisfactorily low value of Q will be required to
15
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C62.92- 1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
protect a specific system, a saturating iron-core (2) High-zero sequence voltages on the genera-
reactor may be used. Alternatively, it may be pos- tor system are possible if too high a Q is
sible to obtain saturation detuning by the use of a selected for the neutralizer.
distribution transformer with a very sharp sat- (3) Surge protective equipment must be se-
uration characteristic at rated phase-to-neutral lected on the basis of higher temporary
voltage. A thorough study of the saturation char- overvoltages during ground faults.
acteristics of the transformer/reactor combina- 3.1.4 Other Grounding Classes. As applied to
tion must be made to determine if adequate the unit configuration, the low-resistance, low-
detuning can be obtained to protect against inductance, and effectively grounded classes offer
excessive overvoltages. lower transient overvoltages. A penalty for this
Equipment tolerances may cause a slight de- improvement is the possibility of increased dam-
tuning of the system after installation. The trans- age for internal faults caused by the higher fault
former and reactor are usually specified with currents.
taps in order to vary the effective inductance. It is
not necessary to tune the equipment with the 3.2 Common Bus Generators without Feeders.
generator at rated speed; therefore, testing can be This configuration is one in which the electrical
done using 120 V or any convenient single-phase arrangement is such that the power from two or
voltage. For a complete discussion of a tuning more generators, not associated with the same
procedure, see Gross and Gulachenski [20]. prime mover systems, is supplied to a common
Resonant grounding has a number of desirable bus with circuit breakers between the generator
features that apply to unit-connected generators: terminals and the common bus. In this situation,
(1) Limits the ground-fault current to practi- it is usually considered necessary to provide selec-
cally 0 thus minimizing the mechanical tive relaying of a faulty generator without tripping
stresses and the possibility of iron burning the sound units. Protection of the generator is still
for faults within the generator windings. the primary objective; but fault current limitation
(2) Permits the option of continued operation must be sacrificed in order to provide selective
of the generator after the occurrence of a relaying. In this arrangement, the generators are
phase-to-ground fault until such time that usually grounded by means of low-inductance or
an orderly shutdown can be arranged. low-resistance grounding.
However, in this situation, there does exist 3.2.1 Low-Resistance Grounding. Low-
the possibility of progressive fault damage resistance grounding is achieved by the intention-
and the hazard of two phases being raised al insertion of resistance between the generator
to full phase-to-phasevoltage above ground. neutral and ground. The resistance may be
The experience of users in regard to reso- inserted either directly in the connection to
nant grounding of generators has neither ground or indirectly as in the secondary of a
shown progressive fault damage nor the transformer whose primary is connected between
need to trip immediately [21]. generator neutral and ground.
( 3 ) Prevents the occurrence of transient over- The main advantage of low-resistance ground-
voltages as a consequence of intermittent ing is the ability of the neutral resistance to limit
grounds. ground-fault current to a moderate value without
(4) Allows high sensitivity during operating exceeding 2.5 times line-to-ground voltage (see
conditions for the detection of localized ANWIEEE C62.92-1987, Table 1 [6]). Transient
deterioration of generator system insula- overvoltages are less for low-resistance grounded
tion. operation than for high-resistance distribution
transformer grounding. However, fully rated
Along with these desirable features are several arresters (100 percent line-to-line voltage) are
that may be considered undesirable: required.
(1) If automatic tripping is used, coordination The current through a neutral resistor can be
with generator voltage transformer (VT) limited to any value; but usually it ranges from
fuses may not be possible. VT secondary about several hundred amperes to about 1.5 times
wiring faults may cause ground indica- the normal rated generator current. The lower
tions where wye/wye connected generator limit may be based on the operation of generator
VTs are used. Coordination can be achieved ground differential relays. The upper limit of 1.5
by various methods; see IEEE Committee times normal rated current is related to the loss
Report [ 221. in the resistor during single phase-to-ground
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NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92- 1989
faults. Avalue of 1.5 times normal current through resistance or inductance, a path is provided for
a neutral resistor gives a power loss of 50 percent third harmonic currents from the generator neu-
of the kVA rating of the generator. The main dis- tral to ground. If, however, another ground cur-
advantage of low-resistance grounding is the cost rent source (eg, wye/delta transformer or another
of the grounding resistor. grounded generator) is also connected to the
3.2.2 Low-Inductance Grounding. Low- generator voltage level (generator bus), then third
inductance grounding is accomplished in the same harmonic currents will circulate between the
manner as low-resistance grounding with the generator and the other source under normal
substitution of an inductor for the resistor. The operating conditions.
value of the inductor in ohms is less than that The magnitude of the circulating current de-
required for resonant grounding. pends on the amount of generated third har-
A generator system grounded through a n monic voltage and the impedance (at 180 Hz) of
inductor may have the following desirable features: the path over which it circulates. If the generator
(1) Limits transient overvoltages on the un- neutral is grounded directly or through such a
faulted phases to a value of 2.3 per unit if low inductance as to make it effectively grounded,
Xo/Xl is no more than 10 (see ANWIEEE then third harmonic current of abnormal magni-
C62.92-1987, Table 1 [6]). tude could flow. The effect of this current on con-
(2) Allows the application of lower rated surge nected equipment should be investigated (see
arresters, which offers greater protective ANSI/IEEE Std 519-1981 [9]).
margins if t h e system is effectively With the impedance values typical of low-
grounded. resistance or low-inductance grounding, the cir-
(3) Allows differential and ground relay opera- culating harmonic current will not significantly
tion for fast clearing of ground faults [23]. load the generator windings. However, it must still
(4) Limits the line-to-ground fault current to be considered since it is a continuous loading on
values less than those caused by 3-phase the neutral grounding device and may affect the
faults. required continuous current rating of that device.
When applications of this type are contem-
A major disadvantage of low-inductance ground-
plated, an estimate should be obtained, from the
ing is that the relatively high ground-fault cur-
rents increase the possibility of iron-core damage manufacturer, of the maximum generator third
harmonic voltage. Using this information and the
for internal faults.
known or estimated impedances in the third
3.2.3 Effective Grounding. Effectively ground- harmonic circulation path, the current can be
ing the neutral of a generator has advantages and calculated and the equipment sized accordingly.
disadvantages similar to those enumerated above When grounded generators are connected to sys-
for low-inductance grounding with two signifi- tems having multiple ground sources, then an
cant differences. These are that (1) more current investigation of the effects of other harmonic
will flow through the generator windings and (2) sources may be required.
lower temporary overvoltages will result upon 3.2.5 Application of Other Grounding Clas-
occurrence of a phase-to-ground fault (see ANSI/ ses. The level of fault current associated with the
IEEE C62.92-1987 [6]). Both of these factors are above classes requires t h a t faulted units be
attributable to the lower system zero-sequence tripped immediately. When it is felt that the level
impedance and, therefore, to a lower Xo/X1ratio. of fault current is excessive but immediate trip-
Solid grounding, which is a method of effec- ping of faulted units is undesirable, one of the
tively grounding a neutral, is not recommended. classes usually associated with unit configuration
Such grounding has the risk of possible mechani- may be preferred.
cal damage, which might be caused by excessive With the resonant-grounded or ungrounded
fault currents for phase-to-ground faults near the systems, it is quite difficult to provide selective
machine terminals (see 2.2). Terminal phase-to- relaying or fault indication. With high-resistance
ground fault currents will exceed those for a grounding, a selective protective system may be
3-phase fault at the same location whenever the provided.
machine zero-sequence reactance is less than the 3.2.6 Variation in Fault Current. When sev-
subtransient reactance of the machine, which is eral generators are bussed together and each has
generally the case. its own neutral grounding, the amount of system
3.2.4 Third Harmonic Current Flow. If the ground-fault current will increase with the num-
generator neutral is grounded through a low ber of parallel units in service.
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C62.92-1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
This condition is undesirable since the maxi- ground faults can be controlled to not exceed the
mum current desired is that which is sufficient to current for a 3-phase fault. An additional advan-
operate the relays. Excessive current increases tage of this scheme is that, for an internal genera-
the damage from an internal fault. This variation tor ground fault, the fault current will cease to
can be reduced, though not eliminated, by one of flow as soon as the generator circuit breaker is
the means described in 3.3.2. tripped, eliminating the need for a neutral circuit
breaker or forced field reduction.
3.3 Generators with Feeders Directly Connected 3.3.2.2 Neutral Bussing or Switching. If
at Generated Voltage. In configurations where operating conditions are such that at least one
feeders (distribution, subtransmission, auxiliary, generator will always be connected to the bus, it is
etc) are supplied from the generator bus at feasible to avoid the use of a grounding trans-
generator voltage, the choice of grounding class former by neutral switching arrangements. One
for the generator cannot be treated as an isolated scheme is to provide in the operating instructions
problem. The grounding requirements for the that only one generator is to be grounded regard-
feeder system will determine the grounding class less of the number in service. Another possible
of the generators. For example, if the feeders scheme is to connect all the generator neutrals to
require effective grounding, the generator would a common bus and then connect a single resistor
also be effectivelygrounded; if the feeder system is or reactor from the neutral bus to ground. Means
to be ungrounded, the generators will also be should be provided to disconnect each generator
ungrounded. from the neutral bus for maintenance. Nonauto-
3.3.1 Preferred Classes. If the feeder system matic breakers or disconnect switches can be
has no specific grounding requirement, low- used to connect the generators to the neutral bus.
resistance or low-inductance grounding is gener- These breakers are not operated during faults but
ally preferred (see 3.2). These classes represent a are used to isolate the generator neutral. Any
good compromise between the low-fault current bussing or switching arrangement of this type
values desired to prevent generator damage dur- must be studied to ensure that proper values of
ing internal faults and the high-fault values Ro and X o are maintained under all possible
desired for simplified feeder ground relaying. operating conditions.
High-resistance grounding is a possible alterna-
tive if selective relaying can be applied. 3.4 Three-phase,4-Wire Connected Generators.
3.3.2 Variation in Ground-Fault Current. Use Most generators with this winding connection are
of the generator neutrals for grounding the sys- of smaller size, less than 2000 kVA, and used in
tem suffers from the problem that the fault systems lower than 600 V. Usually they are auxil-
current varies with the number of generators in iary or emergency supply generators serving sys-
service. This variation in current is undesirable tems that are required by ANSI/NFPA 70-1987,
because it may interfere with the ground relaying National Electrical Code [lo] to be grounded.
and produce excessive internal fault currents in Consequently, most such generators have their
the generators. If the system is such that the neutrals effectively grounded either at the gener-
feeders will remain in service even if all the gener- ator or by the system neutral which they supply.
ators are out of service, the feeder system will
become ungrounded under this condition.
3.3.2.1 Grounding Transformer. The pre-
ferred solution to this problem is to use a zigzag or 4. Bibliography
wye/delta grounding transformer connected to
the generator bus, leaving the generator neutrals AIEE COMMITTEE REPORT. Present-Day Ground-
ungrounded. The neutral resistor, if used, can be ing Practices on Power Systems, AIEE Transac-
installed in the grounding transformer neutral. tions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1947.
The grounding transformer zero-sequence imped-
AIEE COMMITTEE REPORT. Relay Protection of
ance must be such that the desired X o / X , ratio is
A-C Generators, AIEE Transactions on Power
not exceeded for any operating condition. The use
Apparatus and Systems, vol 70, 1951, pp
of a grounding transformer in this way is equiva-
275- 282.
lent to low-inductance or low-resistance grounding
with respect to the possible fault current levels AIEE COMMITITE REPORT. Simplified Calcula-
and temporary and transient overvoltages. The tion of Fault Currents, AIEE Transactions on
maximum current in the generator windings for Power Apparatus and Systems, 1948, p 1433.
18
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IEEE
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92 - 1989
AIEE COMMITEE REPORT. Thermal Limits of JOHNSON, A. A. Grounding Principles and Practi-
Transformers for Short-Circuit Conditions, AlEE ces, AlEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Systems, 1945.
vol PAS-79, part 111, Feb 1961, p 1083 and 1086,
discussion by J. C. RUSS, p 1086. JOHNSON, A. A. “How to Apply Neutral Ground-
ing Devices,” Westinghouse Engineer, May 1943.
IEEE C37.102-1987, Guide for AC Generator
Protection. JOHNSON, 1. B. “Transient Analyzer Applications,”
General Electric Rewiew, Sep 1951.
ANSI/IEEE Std 32-1972,Requirements, Terminol-
ogy, and Test Procedures for Neutral Grounding MARTNER, W. E. and JOHNSON, A. A. “Generator
Devices. Grounding Using Distribution Transformer with
Secondary Resistor,” Electrical World, Dec 11,
BOYCE and HUNTER. “System Electrical Neutral
Grounding,” Electric Light and Power,Nov 1943. 1943.
19
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IEEE
C62.92 - 1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
Appendixes
(These appendixes a r e not part of IEEE C62.92-1989, IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility
Systems, Part 11-Grounding of Synchronous Generator Systems, but are included for information only.)
Appendix A
Example of High-Resistance Grounding
Fig AI
System One Line Diagram
2500 A ISOLATED
PHASE BUS (IPB)
Y UNIT
2500 A IPB
41 ft 41 ft
40 kA IPB
125 ft
f \ 24 kV
1450 MVA
GENERATOR
U A A U
m
AUXILIARIES
TRANSFORMER
DISTRIBUTION
GROUNDING RELAY
TRANSFORMER
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NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92- 1989
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C62.92-1989 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF
22
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NEUTRAL GROUNDING IN ELECTRICAL UTILITY SYSTEMS C62.92 -1989
Appendix B
Resonant Grounding of a Unit-Connected Generator System
B1. Example Using the Generator System 10 percent E L - N each half cycle and the fault will
from Appendix A restrike each half cycle and recharge the tank.
The requirements of the transformer can be
Design for an achievable Q of 20, ie, determined as follows. Calculate maximum tank
circuit current, ie, when Rf = 0.
- _
xL - 20.
R
Use a distribution transformer with secondary
reactor. Select transformer with 14400 V pri- Note that this is the same value of current
mary, which will saturate and may provide slight which flows in a high-resistance grounded system
system detuning if an excessive overvoltage through the capacitance to ground, or through
occurs. (Transformer ratio = 60:l) the distribution transformer primary. The current,
For tuning, set X , = Xcg = 2413 R I L , through a resonant grounding distribution
transformer will flow through the transformer
-_ 120.7 Cl and L 2413
= -= impedance, 2,.
R = xL -
6.40 H
20 w
ZL = R + j X L = 2413 (.05 + j l ) for a Q of U.05 = 20
Calculate the fault current, and select a trans-
13 856 V
former rating. IL = = 0.286 - j5.73 A
Impedance Ztank of tuned tank circuit between 2413 (.05 + j l )
generator neutral and ground equals QXcg. Resonant-grounded fault current when Rf = 0:
Ztank = 20 x 2413 = 48260 IL = 5.74 A and I,,, = 5.74 X 60 = 344 A
If=--l3 856
48 260
- 0.287 A v,,, = -
l3 856 - 231 V (turns ratio
60
= N = 60)
23
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IEEE
C62.92- 1989
be subjected to such duty only for a few times The relative fault damage exposure between
during its normal life. resonant grounding and high-resistance ground-
Transformer rating on a 2-h basis will be ing can be evaluated. Compare the maximum
82.7/1.4 (2-h overload factor) or 59.1 kVA. A power that can be delivered to a fault by each
75 kVA rating is larger than required, and a system.
50 kVA rating would be dutied only 18 percent
EE-N
over its 2-h rating. The final selection of the trans- Resonant: Pf = -
former is based on an assessment of risks and 4 Qxcg
benefits. E&-N = EE-N
High Resistance: Pfmax=
2.414 Rg 2.414 Xcg
Checking R and X Values of a 50 kVA Trans- Resonant Pfmax - 2.414 Xcg
former. 50 kVAwith 14 400/14 100/13 800/13 500/ The Ratio:
High Resistance Pfmax 4QXcg
13200 V primary voltage rating and 240 V sec-
ondary. -- 1
R = 1.2%,X = 1.7%@ 13.8 kV rating 1.657 Q
For Q in the range of 15 to 50, the maximum
I = kVA/kV = 50/13.8 = 3.62 A
fault power that resonant grounding can deliver
R = R,, X V/I = 0.012 X 13800/3.62 = 45.7 R (into a high-resistance fault, where Rf = QXcg)is
1/25th to 1/80th the maximum fault power that
R available for coil = 120.7 - 45.7 = 75 R (This is can be delivered by the high-resistance grounding
sufficient.) (where Rf = Xcg). A more practical comparison is
X = X,, X V/I = 0.017 X 13800/3.62 = 64.8 R obtained when the fault resistance Rf is low and
equal for both systems and Rf is at least an order
X available for coil = 2413 - 65 = 2348 R of magnitude less than Xcg.
In this case, the resonant-grounding fault cur-
Consequently, any transformer 50 kVA or larger is rent, If,will be determined by X,, and will be rela-
suitable. tively unaffected by RF The ratio of power into
Minimum coil X/R = 2348/75 = 31.3. a low-resistance fault for a resonant-grounded
system compared to a high-resistance grounded
The maximum power into a fault will occur when system approaches
Rf= QXcg,where QXcgis purely resistive. 1
Rf = 20 X 2413 = 48260 R If
EL-N @Q2)
=
R f + Qxcg as Rf approaches 0. For low-fault resistance equal
to Xcg/lO, the resonant-grounded system will
deliver between 1/370th to 1/4000th the fault
power of a high-resistance grounded system for
Q’s in the range of 15 to 50.
B2. Reference
Pf = 995 W is the maximum continuous power [Bl] ANSI/IEEE Std 32-1972 (R 1984), Require-
into a fault for a 24 kV resonant-grounded gener- ments, Terminology, and Test Procedures for
ator when Xcg = 2413 R and Q = 20. Neutral Grounding Devices.
24
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