Introduction

Leveling is a method to measure the elevation difference between two or more

points. In this practical, focus is shifted to one of leveling techniques namely, fly level
observation or also known as the rise and fall method. The observation will be
initiated from a known reduced level (RL) value of a benchmark (BM) and end at
another known RL value of BM.

In between the BMs, a number of change points (CPs) will be set up to observe
the fore sight (FS) reading and the back sight (BS) reading of each stationed staves
and the values are booked. Upon completion of the observation, the RL values will be
calculated and booked. After the RL values are known, three arithmetic checks will be
calculated to ensure the precision of the works. Consequently, the adjustment value
can be computed where this value will be distributed accordingly to each station.
Finally, the adjusted RL values are booked and the misclosure will be calculated to be
compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the leveling works is
accepted or unsatisfactory.

Leveling results can be also used for design of highways, rail ways, sewers and
more. Beside that, it can also used to calculate the volume of earthwork and develop
maps showing general ground configurations. It can be used as a site layout for a new
foundations, contouring drainage as well as estimating the fall of pipe.

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Objectives

1. To carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from benchmark (BM) to
temporary benchmark (TMB).

2. To compute the transferred RL from BM to TBM.

3. To adjust and check the leveling data.

4. To enhance the student’s knowledge in leveling procedure.

5. To identify the reduced level of each staff station.

6. To determine the error of misclosure in order to determine if the leveling is

acceptable.

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Equipment

1. Auto level 2. Tripod stand

3. Leveling staff 4. Spirit bubble

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Procedures

General Procedure

1. The height of the tripod is adjusted to balanced the level properly.

2. The level is set. The screw below of the tripod is adjusted to tighten the level on the
tripod.

3. The bubble is adjusted until the bubble stay on the center.

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4. One of the group member is asked to hold the staff at the BM, and reading is taken.

Specific Procedure

1. The level is set up at a convenient position, point 1. The staff is held on the BM and
a reading is taken. This will be a back sight (BS), because it is the first staff reading
after the leveling instrument has been set up.

2. The staff is moved to point A and reading is taken. This will be a fore sight (FS).
Point A will be a change point (CP).

3. Next, the leveling instrument is moved to position point 2 and the staff is left at
point A and point B on the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the
level and a reading is taken. This will be a back sight (BS) for point A and fore sight
for point B.

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4. The same step is repeated for the position point 3, 4 and 5. The level instrument is
set up and readings for staff at point C, D and E are taken.

5. The level is moved to position point 6 and staff at point E be as BS. The staff at
TBM will be FS.

6. The staff is moved to TBM and the reading is taken while the level is at point 7,
point F will be the FS and TBM will be BS.

7. The same steps are repeated until point 11.

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8. The level is moved to point 12, a BS is pointed at point J and FS is the BM. The
final staff position is at the point of known RL. This is most important as all leveling
fieldwork must start and finish at points of known reduced level, otherwise it is not
possible to detect misclosures in the leveling.

Results

Rise and Fall Table (RnF)

Fly Up - Block C to DKA

Stn. BS IS FS Rise Fall RL

1 1.198 49.000

2 3.978 0.520 0.678 49.678

1.035 2.943 52.621

0.830 0.205 52.826

3 3.673 0.382 0.448 53.274

4 4.187 0.434 3.239 56.513

5 1.798 0.334 3.853 60.366

0.670 1.128 61.494

Fly Down - DKA to Block C

Stn. BS IS FS Rise Fall RL

1 0.670 61.319

2 1.236 2.702 2.032 59.287

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 3 0.683 4.534 3.298 55.989

4 1.271 4.088 3.405 52.584

1.664 0.393 52.191

5 1.297 1.458 0.206 52.397

6 0.589 4.015 2.718 49.679

1.268 0.679 49.000

Arithmetic Check:

∑(BS) - ∑(FS) = ∑(RISES) - ∑(FALLS) = LAST RL – FIRST RL

Fly Up : 14.834 - 2.34 = 12.494

Fly Down : 5.746 - 18.065 = 12.319

12.494 - 12.319 = 0.175

Discussions

In this fieldwork, the temporary benchmark (TBM) is fixed at a reduced level of

(RL) of 49.000. For each turning point (TP) or changing point (CP), the reading of
back sight (BS) and fore sight (FS) must be collected and recorded down. The auto
level will be shifted to another point to obtain the BS and FS of turning points. This
process is repeated by shifting the auto level to the BS and FS of the following staff

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stations and lastly go back to TBM to obtain its FS in order to calculate the error of
misclosure.

After finish this high distance measurement, we found out some useful things or
techniques that might make us more easily when we are doing the next measurement
of high distance. Some of the problem and ways to prevent or minimize was
discovered for the next high distance measurement. First is the set up of the auto level.
Whenever we move the auto level, we must readjust the auto level to let the auto level
become accurately vertical. When we set up the auto level nearly vertical then start
adjusting the auto level to accurately vertical. It will be more easy and faster compare
to randomly set up before adjusting the auto level.

Moreover, when we need to get the valve of high through the auto level seeing
the leveling staff for the value, we can using the the triangle shape glass that build at
the top of the auto level to target the leveling staff before seeing through the auto level
for the value. It will be more easily and faster target the leveling staff will the triangle
shape glass at the top of auto level then get the value through auto level compare to
straight use the auto level to targeting the leveling staff and get the value. The
problems find out after doing the high distance measurement is the differ value get
through the arithmetical check is almost over the value of the allowable misclosure
and the acceptable value of the teacher.

Furthermore, the problem is usually cause by human, such as mistake that we

done when setting up the auto level and the leveling staff that straight up by our group
member is not enough to perfect vertically. Example the spirit bubble that build in the
auto level and the spirit bubble use to ensure the leveling staff is straight up perfect
vertically, the bubble inside the spirit bubble is not adjust to the inside of the circled
area. This situation will cause the value of arithmetical check differ a lot. To prevent
or minimize it, we must ensure when taking the valve from the leveling staff both of
the spirit bubble must be adjusted to acceptable conditions. Another problem that
causing the arithmetical check value differ a lot is the mistaken valve of the leveling

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staff through using the auto level. Such as seeing through the auto level but mistaken
the value of its and miswriting the value that get using auto level.It can be prevent and
minimize by double check when then valve is taking or recording.

In this fieldwork, the temporary benchmark (TBM) is fixed at a reduced level of

(RL) of 49.000. For each turning point (TP) or changing point (CP), the reading of
back sight (BS) and fore sight (FS) must be collected and recorded down. The auto
level will be shifted to another point to obtain the BS and FS of turning points. This
process is repeated by shifting the auto level to the BS and FS of the following staff
stations and lastly go back to TBM to obtain its FS in order to calculate the error of
misclosure.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, in the end of this measurement for Block C to DKA we learn how
to measure the vertical distance from one place to another place with the leveling
equipment that provided, such as leveling equipment auto level, tripod stand, leveling
staff and spirit bubble. We also learn how to record the reading in to the Rise and Fall
Method(RnF) table and ways of using the arithmetical check for the checking of
accuracy of calculation. The arithmetical check equations is

∑(BS) - ∑(FS) = ∑(RISES) - ∑(FALLS) = LAST RL – FIRST RL. The answer get
through the arithmetical check may not match, but in the arithmetical check allow
misclosure. The allowable misclosure is ±5√n mm, where the n is stand for the
number of instruments position.

At the start of this measurement test we get a benchmark and temporary

benchmark from teacher and start doing the measurement. The value of the starting
benchmark will be given by the teacher. When start measure, we must ensure the auto
level being adjusted well and the leveling staff must be straight up vertically accurate.
When done measuring of the station 1 and go for the station 2, the leveling staff at
front side of station 1 must be stay at the place and turn facing the auto level that
move to station 2 to become the back side of station 2. After all the reading was
recorded in the Rise and Fall method table, we can check the accuracy of the
measurement using the arithmetical check equation. Is the answers get from the
arithmetical check is acceptable is between the allowable misclosure value, then the
measurement is done.

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