PUBLIC NOTICE FOR UPSC ASPIRANTS

Created Free
Creating the biggest online course for UPSC
^
Update yourself with
Free . Regular . Quality Our daily FREE videos on YouTube
10 am : Mains A Day (MAD) : 1 Mains-
Oriented Question, Discussed Daily
04 pm : Pre-Cure : Supplementing your
Prelims preparation in a planned way
10 pm : Pre-Mix : 5 Prelims-Oriented
Questions, Discussed Daily

GS Prelims-cum-Mains Course for 2020

The Ultimate Resource for Civil Services Exam 2020

Comprehensive coverage of Syllabus for Prelims and Mains

+
Prelims Test-Series Mains Answer Writing Prelims Crash Course
31 Prelims Tests for Evaluating
Your Performance
+ 120-130 Days of
Mains Answer Writing
+ Update yourself with the
Current Affairs for
Prelims-2020

= R20,499 + GST
Frequently Asked Question
How is this different from what you have already uploaded on YouTube?
On YouTube, we have covered the entire GS syllabus including static, for FREE.
This course(PcM 2020) contains new videos with Current Affairs being updated regularly.

Plus, in this we include Daily Mains Answer Evaluation for 120+ days so that you are Mains-Ready when
the time comes.
Also, there's a Prelims Test Series and Crash Course to go with it.

Use Coupon Code MAINBHIIAS to avail R500 Discount

info@sleepyclasses.com www.sleepyclasses.com 6280133177

 MAD
COMPILATION FOR
2020
WEEK – 3
th rd
(18 June to 23 June)

1
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 INDEX
Topics Page No.

1. HISTORY 3–4

2. POLITY 5–6

3. ECONOMY 7–8

4. ENVIRONMENT 9 – 11

5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 12 – 13

6. GEOGRAPHY 14 – 15

2
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 HISTORY

Q. Discuss in detail the phases of British colonialism in India. (250 words)

https://youtu.be/Onje0tzUvyg?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK

A. Colonial exploitation was carried on broadly through three phases.

The first phase (1757-1813) of ‗mercantilism‘ was one of direct plunder; the second phase
(18131858) was of free trade; the third phase (1858 onwards) was one of finance imperialism

First phase (1757-1813): Mercantilism

i. The EIC would trade in goods from India without paying custom duties, because they had got
issued a farman from the Mughal Emperor to this effect.

ii. In 1765, after their victory, the British East India Company acquired the rights to collect revenue
from its territories in the eastern and southern parts of the subcontinent.

iii. Agricultural taxation was the main source of income for the company. They introduced several
methods of revenue collection with the sole objective of maximizing their revenue, such as the
system introduced by Robert Clive in 1772, the Permanent Settlement in 1793 by Cornwallis, the
Ryotwari System in 1792, the Mahalwari System in 1822.

iv. They tapped the wealth of local rulers, zamindars and merchants in the rich province of Bengal
and used them to buy the goods that would be shipped to Britain for sale. Large quantities of wealth,
including illegal incomes of company officials, made its way to Britain from Bengal

Second phase (1813-1858): Company lost its monopoly trading rights in India and free trade with
India was opened for any British citizen.

i. It threw open Indian markets for the entry of cheap, mass-produced, machine-made British goods,
which enjoyed little or almost no tariff restrictions.

ii. The passage of expensive, hand-crafted Indian textiles to Britain, which had been very popular
there, was however obstructed by prohibitive tariff rates.

iii. British-Indian territory was developed as a source of food stuff and raw material for Britain,
which fuelled rapid growth in its manufacturing sector

iv. This phase laid the foundations of a classic colonial economy within India, through
commercialization of agriculture and de-industrialization.

In the third phase, 1858- onwards,

i. This period was one of ‗finance-imperialism‘, when British capital was invested in the colony.
This capital was organized through a closed network of British banks, exportimport firms and
managing agencies. ii. British capital was initially invested in railways, jute industry, tea plantations
and mining. The Indian money market was dominated by European banking houses. British banking
3
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 houses and British trading interests were well organized through Chambers of Commerce and
Managing Agencies iii. Before the First World War, British Managing agencies controlled 75% of
industrial capital, and most of the profits from this limited industrialization were also sent back to
Britain.

This is how the East India Company, and later the British, organized, as William Dalrymple calls it,
―the plunder of an Empire‖

4
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 POLITY

Q. The primary aim of the members of Constituent Assembly was fostering the goal of social
revolution, and this was matched only by an interest in securing national unity and stability.
Elucidate.

https://youtu.be/OD6bQZvFAKo?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK

A.

Structure:

Introduction-

Background to the two

Body: How the Indian Constitution ensures the two?

Are they complementary to each other?

Conclusion: Need to maintain sanctity of both.

Granville Austin saw the Indian Constitution as a seamless web that entwined the strands of national
unity and social justice. The document of Constitution became a way of converting political
revolution into a social one.

Choosing the path of Parliamentary democracy, the members of the Constituent Assembly sought to
fulfill maximum wants of especially the depressed sections of the society through minimum conflict.
National unity and integrity were a prime concern given the background and immediate
circumstances surrounding the Indian independence.

These concerns were depicted in the Preamble to the Constitution. The ideas of social and economic
justice as well as ensuring equality of status and opportunity were geared towards fulfilling social
revolution. Moreover, by incorporating affirmative action and abolition of discrimination and
untouchability were meant to work towards this idea.

The ideas of unity and integrity need to be understood in harmony with the goals of socio-economic
justice and equality which are a backbone to the social revolution envisaged by the members of the
Assembly. The idea of unity is to be maintained not only in face of external threats but also fissures
in the society such as caste, religion, class etc. Moreover, unity and integrity are goals that are
achieved not merely territorially but also emotionally by the citizens of the country. The same is
possible only by fostering social revolution.

Fundamental rights with reasonable restrains along with Directive Principles of State Policy
showcase this balancing game well by Territorial and emotional unity requires fulfilling the two
goals. The DPSPs mandate the creation of a unified, welfare, peace-loving state that caters to the
needs of all sections of society. Balancing individual interests with common goals was made

5
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 possible via Fundamental rights. A stable, unified nation offers impetus for development and more
opportunities to its population leading to greater progress of the masses.

A polity without social justice is constantly threatened by burning resentment which spills over in
form of movements for secession, Naxalism etc. Thus, the primary aim of social revolution was seen
as both a cause and effect of national unity and stability by the Constitution makers, both of which
they aimed to achieve.

6
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 ECONOMY

Q. Critically analyse the reasons of existence of Structural Inflation in India.

https://youtu.be/A9GrLA0End4?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK

A. Structure of answer:

- Define Structural Inflation

- Discuss Reasons

- Discuss their impact

- Way Ahead

Define: Structural Inflation is often used in context of developing economies like India, where the
structure of the economy and various economic activities is such that there are supply side
constraints to serve the demand. In these countries there are various underlying bottlenecks that lead
to inflation. Such structural bottlenecks may be Infrastructural like lack of roads leading poor
connectivity causing slow logistics in trade, Governance related like poor administration leading to
inefficiency in governance, Agricultural bottlenecks like fragmentation of land, lack of irrigation,
etc. Thus, here inflation is an outcome of structure of the economy. And is thus, sticky in nature or
does not change easily with the use of conventional tools of monetary policy.

In India, structural inflation exists because of various reasons like–

1. Structure of the Economy is Agriculture Oriented. With a vast majority of population still
dependent on Agriculture, which in turn witnesses Monsoon dependence, Droughts, conventional
non-scientific methods of farming. Leading to consistently low productivity levels, impacting
supply.

2. Infrastructural Constraint impacting supply. Such as Lack of Food Processing, Scientific

Farming, Roads, Cold Storages, Refrigerated Vans, etc.

3. Liquidity Constraint – With high levels of NPA, the credit disbursal has become a challenge. This
has led to stalled projects, leading to continued lower levels of supply.

4. Lack of Skill Set, Apprenticeships, Quality Education, Research and Developmental activities,
Industry-Academia Interactions lead to sustained levels of low productivities.

5. While demographic transition towards more working hands has added to increased disposal
income, the supply has not taken off parallely, leading to gaps in the process of meeting demand
with supply.

6. Tax and Duty structure incentivising activities that promote cash intensive businesses, staying
small to avoid losing tax benefits, informalisation of the enterprise. Inverted Duty Structure helps
maintain the import dependence in various products required to build infrastructure in the economy.

7
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 7. Governance related deficiencies like Red-Tapism, corruption, acts like Prevention of Corruption
Act incentivising inaction by bureaucrats severely impact ease of doing business.

8. Policy Uncertainty added by Judicial Activism adds to undermining the supply creating activities.
For instance, cancelling of coal mines, 2G licences by the court.

9. The structure of the Indian Economy still does not encourage contribution by women. A vast
majority of population stays under-skilled or unskilled and is involved in tasks with low productivity
levels.

10. Structure of the economy still has vast Import Dependence, particularly in the field of
Technology & Oil. It leaves a major room to tackle the problem of inflation effectively without
being disturbed by external shocks and constraints.

Way Ahead: If the government and the central bank aim to boost growth through the support of
loose fiscal and monetary policies instead of structural reforms, which help boosts savings and
investments, inflation will be higher than expectations.

Thus, the attempts shall be to reform the structure of the economy by taking various steps such as: -
Taxation reforms like GST attempt to formalise the economy leading to greater

- Agricultural reforms like DBT attempt to bridge the gaps in financial inclusion

- Technological reforms like Soil Health Card, Remote Sensing, Digital Inclusion attempt to bridge
infrastructural gaps and make the processes accurate and scientific

- E-Governance initiatives like Digital India and its 9 Pillars, MCA-21, e-NAM are attempting to
transform how businesses and citizens interact with the government and simplify their operations

8
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 ENVIRONMENT

Q. Central Government recently unveiled National Indicator Framework. Highlight its salient
features. Also, discuss its various shortcomings, if any.

https://youtu.be/qqDrNzifpZU?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK

A. Structure

- Discuss what is NIF

- Briefly discuss what are SDGs

- Its salient features

- Discuss various shortcomings of NIF

- Conclude highlighting the way ahead

What is NIF

National Indicator Framework (NIF) is a set of national indicators which will form the backbone
of monitoring progress towards the SDGs.

India is a signatory to the resolution adopted on 'Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development' at the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly held on
25th September 2015.

To monitor the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its associated targets, a National
Indicator Framework (NIF) comprising 306 national indicators has been developed by the
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in consultation with Central
Ministries/ Departments, States and other stakeholders, such as, UN Agencies and Civil Society.

The NIF can help provide a report card/dashboard to measure progress towards sustainable
development and help ensure the accountability of all stakeholders for achieving the SDGs.

A sound indicator framework will turn the SDGs and their targets into a management tool to help
develop suitable implementation strategies and allocate resources accordingly.

9
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 - Largest ever Monitoring Framework in the country. National Indicator Framework consists of
306 statistical indicators for SDGs 1 to 16.

- For Goal 17, no National Indicators are proposed as the Goal is for strengthening means of
implementation and global partnership.

- It has been developed after extensive consultations with NITI Aayog, Central Ministries, State
Governments and other stakeholders.

- The framework consists of nationally defined indicators responding to national priorities and
needs. National acceptability was an important criteria used in deciding the indicators.

- Scope of improving the Framework by adding/deleting indicators with improvement in

Statistical System.

- High Level Steering Committee (HLSC) has been constituted to periodically review and
refinement of National Indicator Framework for monitoring SDGs.

- The major sources of data are administrative data, sample surveys (NSSO& NFHS) ,
agriculture surveys and census data.

Shortcomings, that need to be overcome

- For 41 Targets (including 19 targets for Goal 17), indicators are yet to be developed.

- Lack of timely, essential data to ascertain certain critical parameters like Proportion of
population (Rural) living in households with access to safe drinking water & sanitation (Toilets)

- Multiple agencies involved in overseeing will hamper fixing the accountability. For instance,
the NITI Aayog has been entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing the implementation of
10
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 SDGs in India, whereas the MoSPI has been entrusted with the responsibility of developing
National Indicator Framework for measuring the progress of SDGs and associated targets.

- This is the largest monitoring framework in the country and will be dependent on a statistical
system for flow of information. Any shortfall in information will defeat the purpose of taking
timely corrective action.

- The NIF still doesn‘t highlight the reason of not achieving a target.

- No timelines have been fixed to disseminate the indicators to public.

- Real time monitoring of the progress of SDGs is not envisaged in the proposed framework.

Way Ahead

- Towards real time monitoring, respective Ministries may devise their own indicators.

- An action plan needs to be put in place with scenario analysis, depicting what actions to be
taken in case the indicators highlight the achievement levels to be wanting.

- Existing data sets can be put to use to generate proxy indicator sets against such indicators to
track even those indicators for which no information is yet available.

- Data generated based on the indicators can be made to reflect the success of various Govt.
schemes related to the target.

- Categorization in terms of criticality of the indicator in the achievement of goal/target can be

done.

- Timelines can be induced in reporting of the indicators.

11
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Q. Sri-Lanka is the key to Indian Ocean that both India and China are wooing. Discuss India-Sri
Lanka relations and the fishermen issue between the two countries.
https://youtu.be/9HOiVmodOwc?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK

A. The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old. Both countries have
a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction. In recent years, the
relationship has been marked by close contacts at all levels. Trade and investment have grown and
there is cooperation in the fields of development, education, culture and defence. Both countries
share a broad understanding on major issues of international interest. In recent years, significant
progress in implementation of developmental assistance projects for Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs) and disadvantaged sections of the population in Sri Lanka has helped further cement the
bonds of friendship between the two countries.

India has been engaging with Sri Lanka for a number of years with cooperation and with the
emergence of blue economy, Sri Lanka has emerged as the biggest pearl of Indian Ocean. China‘s
Sting of Pearls initiative has further added to the Indian interest. Areas of convergence and
cooperation in the India-Sri-Lanka relations are:

Political ties: India and Sri-Lanka have had deep historical and political relations. Unfortunately,
the coexistence between the Sinhalese and the Tamils broke down when Sri Lankan nationalism
attempted to consolidate itself around a Sinhala Buddhist identity. From 1987 to 1990, India
gingerly engaged in a degree of military intervention (in part aimed at addressing the large flows of
Tamil refugees accruing to India) under the guise of peacekeeping. This however did not augur
well. India subsequently moved towards a more ‗hands off‘ policy to the extent that sentiments in
the Indian state of Tamil Nadu allowed. This, however, provided space to other players such as
Pakistan, China, Israel, and the USA. However, India in its ‗neighbourhood first‘ policy is trying to
re-engage with Sri Lanka especially after the end of civil war. Furthermore, the ideals of
democracy become a keystone for expanding the relationship.

Commercial Relations: Sri Lanka has long been a priority destination for direct investment from
India. Sri Lanka is one of India‘s largest trading partner in SAARC. India in turn is Sri Lanka‘s
greatest trade partner globally. Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after the
entry into force of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement in March 2000. A number of new
investments from Indian company are in the pipeline or under implementation. Notable among
them are proposal of South City, Kolkata for real estate development in Colombo, Tata Housing
Slave Island Development project along the Urban Development Authority of Sri Lanka, and
‗Colombo One‘ project of ITC Ltd.

Developmental Cooperation: Sri Lanka is one of the major recipients of development credit given
by the Government of India. India is also financing to support repair of tsunami-damaged
Colombo-Matara rail link and construction railway lines in Northern Sri Lanka. India also
continues to assist a large number of smaller development projects in areas like education, health,
12
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 transport connectivity, small and medium enterprise development and training in many parts of the
country through its grant funding.

Cultural Relations-The Cultural Cooperation Agreement signed by the Government of India and
the Government of Sri Lanka on 29 November, 1977 at New Delhi forms the basis for periodic
Cultural Exchange Programmes between the two countries. Tourism also forms an important link
between India and Sri Lanka. Government of India formally launched the e-Tourist Visa (eTV)
scheme for Sri Lankan tourists in 2015.

Sri Lanka‘s geographic location makes it a great opportunity. The Palk Bay which links the two
neighbours although has also caused a lot of problems. Given the proximity of the territorial waters
of both countries, especially in the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar, incidents of straying of
fishermen are common.
Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of
Bengal, the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar until 1974 and 1976 when treaties were signed
between the two countries to demarcate the maritime boundary — the IMBL. However, the treaties
failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict
themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays. The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used
by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL. V.
Suryanaryan highlights the need of the two countries to look at Palk Bay as a common heritage and
not a source of contention to facilitate movement of people, goods and ideas to preserve Indian
Ocean as a zone of freedom and cooperation.

13
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 GEOGRAPHY

Q) Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil
and good availability of water?
https://youtu.be/mqBG23TOfSQ?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK

A. INTRODUCTION:
The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when Indian agriculture was converted into an
industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high
yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. It was
mainly found by M.S. Swaminathan. But its extent was limited only to few northers states and
southern states only and all most all of eastern region was left behind despite having fertile soil
and water availability.

Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good
availability of water. WHY?
More than 80% of the total land holdings in Eastern India were / are small and marginal land
holdings. Financial constraints in eastern part of India played a prohibitive role in acquiring new
technology and costly HYV seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Bihar and Odisha were most poor
states in the Indian Union having substantial number of households below the poverty line,
majority of the farmers practiced subsistence farming in low value crops. Credit facilities were
also less adequate in eastern states as compared to those who did well. For example, Punjab had
a greater number of scheduled commercial banks per lakh of population.

One of the major goals of the Green Revolution was for India to achieve selfsufficiency, which is
why the focus was on crops such as wheat which Indi was in dire need of in order to feed its
rapidly increasing population. Therefore, it was appropriate to choose areas that already
produced the crops in question, and increase their yield and productivity.

The cropping pattern in Eastern India was traditionally dominated by rice and other low value
crops. Rice responded late to new technology but meanwhile western region marched ahead with
jumps in production of wheat, maize and bajra.

This region was bypassed due to institutional factors. It has been established that the best
performing areas in Green Revolution were under under Mahalwari region in Punjab. Although
Zamindari system was abolished, yet its influence remained in the eastern parts of India.

Punjab had a literacy rate higher than all India average and farmers were more aware of the
potential benefits of new technologies and agricultural practices. This led to a more successful
green revolution in Punjab as compared to eastern region where farmer were not ready to
assimilate new practices.

The average size of land holding in eastern region was smaller, making it less suitable for
adoption new technology and mechanization under Green Revolution.
14
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
 High population pressure on land, combined with relatively low cropyields, results in lower
average per capita income for farm households in the Eastern regions.

The region is also highly vulnerable to climate change and thus suffers from high inter-year crop
yield variability.

Power supplies and irrigation facilities were not sufficient in eastern Indian states and other
infrastructural requirements which could usher green revolution were not adequate in eastern
states such as roads, communication, transport facilities, irrigation systems etc.

The inadequate policy and inappropriate governmental support kept farmers away from the
collection of required finance for adopting scientific method.

The lack awareness among the farmers of the region made them unaware of scientific methods
like- using HYV seeds and chemicals Aim of the policy was to remove food shortage and once it
was achieved even with limited number of states, others states weren‘t given the desired focus.

CONCLUSION
The Green Revolution Strategy laid excessive emphasis on increasing production at any cost.
Excessive emphasis on increasing production led to by passing the eastern region despite fertile
soil and good availability of water.

15
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com