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L
(b2 b1 )x
b(x) b2 Apply this integration formula to Eq. (1):
L
P2 1 (b2 b1 )x L
A(x) tb(x) U B ln B b 2 R R
2Et (b2 b1 )( L1 ) L 0
(b2 b1 )x
t B b2 R P2 L L
L B ln b1 ln b2 R
2Et (b2 b1 ) (b2 b1 )
(a) STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BAR
P2L b2
[N(x) ] 2dx U
ln
U (Eq. 2-41) 2Et(b2 b1 ) b1
2E A(x)
L L
b (b b ) (1)
P2dx P2 dx (b) ELONGATION OF THE BAR (EQ. 2-42)
x
0
2Et b(x) 2Et 0 2 2 1 L 2U PL b2
ln
P Et(b2 b1 ) b1
a bx b ln (a bx)
dx 1 NOTE: This result agrees with the formula derived in
From Appendix C:
Prob. 2.3-11.
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SECTION 2.7 Strain Energy 145
L
Outer bars: 1.321 mm
Middle bar: 1.321 mm s
0.321 mm
EA
s 1.0 mm U [2(1.321 mm) 2 (0.321 mm) 2 ]
2L
L 1.0 m 1
(135 106 Nm)(3.593 mm2 )
For each bar: 2
A 3000 mm2 243 N m 243 J
E 45 GPa
(d) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
EA
135 106 Nm
L U 243 J 243 N . m
P 1
(a) LOAD P1 REQUIRED TO CLOSE THE GAP (400 kN)(1.321 mm) 264 N m
2 2
PL EA
In general, and P P
EA L The strain energy U is not equal to because the
2
For two bars, we obtain: load-displacement relation is not linear.
EAs
P1 2 ¢ ≤ 2(135 106 Nm)(1.0 mm) 400 kN B
L 400
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146 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
x
Force P0 required to close the gap: (b) STRAIN ENERGY U1 WHEN x 2s
P0 k1s (1) U1 Area below force-displacement curve
Eq (2)
A
P0
Displacement x
0 s 2s
Slope = k1
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SECTION 2.7 Strain Energy 147
L1 P b2
L1 L0 L0 1 2 (6)
2 2kB 4x
B
Let x distance CD
Let L1 stretched length of bungee cord
(Continued)
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148 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Load
P Large
displacements
80 N
A
Small
displacements
B
0
C Displacement
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SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 149
Impact Loading
The problems for Section 2.8 are to be solved on the basis of the
assumptions and idealizations described in the text. In particular, assume
that the material behaves linearly elastically and no energy is lost during
Collar
the impact.
Problem 2.8-1 A sliding collar of weight W 150 lb falls from a height
h 2.0 in. onto a flange at the bottom of a slender vertical rod (see figure).
The rod has length L 4.0 ft, cross-sectional area A 0.75 in.2, and L
Rod
modulus of elasticity E 30 106 psi.
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the maximum downward h
displacement of the flange, (b) the maximum tensile stress in the rod, Flange
and (c) the impact factor.
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150 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.8-2 Solve the preceding problem if the collar has mass
M 80 kg, the height h 0.5 m, the length L 3.0 m, the cross-sectional
area A 350 mm2, and the modulus of elasticity E 170 GPa.
h 6.33 mm
Flange
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)
Emax
smax 359 MPa
L
M 80 kg (c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
W Mg (80 kg)(9.81 m/s2) max 6.33 mm
Impact factor
784.8 N st 0.03957 mm
h 0.5 m L 3.0 m 160
E 170 GPa A 350 mm2
Problem 2.8-3 Solve Problem 2.8-1 if the collar has weight W 50 lb,
the height h 2.0 in., the length L 3.0 ft, the cross-sectional area
A 0.25 in.2, and the modulus of elasticity E 30,000 ksi.
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SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 151
(a) Determine the maximum shortening of the spring due to the Cylinder h
impact, and (b) determine the impact factor.
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152 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.8-5 Block dropping onto a spring (a) MAXIMUM SHORTENING OF THE SPRING
W 1.0 lb
W st 2.0 in.
k 0.5 lbin.
h 2h 12
Eq. (2-53):max st B 1 ¢ 1 ≤ R
st
k 9.21 in.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Wv2 EA
KE U (L L0 ) 2
2g 2L0 1
gEA
v2 (L L0 ) 2
WL0 1
g 9.81 m/s2 E 2.0 MPa
gEA
A 1.6 mm2 L0 200 mm v (L1 L0 )
B WL0
L1 900 mm W 450 mN
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
WHEN THE BALL LEAVES THE PADDLE
(9.81 ms2 )(2.0 MPa)(1.6 mm2 )
Wv2 v (700 mm)
KE B (450 mN)(200 mm)
2g
13.1 ms
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SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 153
L = 15 ft
STATIC STRESS
W
W 4500 lb
h sst 39.79 psi
A 113.10 in.2
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154 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
h
Restrainer
Problem 2.8-9 Solve the preceding problem if the slider has weight
W 100 lb, h 45 in., A 0.080 in.2, E 21 106 psi, and the
allowable stress is 70 ksi.
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SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 155
k2max kd2
k U
2 2
d
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Wv2 kd2 kd2
KE U v2
k 8.0 MN/m W 545 kN 2g 2 Wg
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156 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
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SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 157
C VERTICAL HEIGHT
h C L max
WL 2EA 12
hCL B 1 ¢1 ≤ R
EA W
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158 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
A B
W
L
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SECTION 2.8 Impact Lading 159
L
cos u
b2 L2
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