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AIM: To determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential
difference versus current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Battery, key, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, resistance wire (unknown resistance),
connecting wires, meter scale, sandpaper.
PRINCIPLE:
This Experiment is based on OHM'S LAW
Ohm's law states that the electric current passing t hrough a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends.
Mathematically, V=IR
The resistance R of the wire depends on the mater ial of the wire and its dimensions.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1.
PROCEDURE:
3. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sandpaper and make them shiny.
4. Make the connection s as per cir cuit diagram . All connections must be neat and tight.
Take care to connect the ammeter and voltmeter with their correct polarity. (+veto +ve
and-veto -ve)
5. Determine the zero error and least count of the ammeter and voltmet er and recor d
them .
7. Insert the key Kand slide the rheostat contact to see whether the ammeter and
voltmeter are showing deflections properly,
8. Adjust the rheostat t o get a small deflection in ammeter and voltmeter.
10. Take at least six sets of readings by adju sting the rheostat gradually
12. The graph will be a straight line which verifies Ohm's law
13. Determine the slope of the V-1graph. The reciprocal of the slope gives the resistance of
the wire.
i i
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Range
Range of the given Ammeter= 0-500m A
Range of the given voltmeter = 0-5V
2. Least Count
Least Count of the given Ammeter= 10Ma
Least Count of the given voltmeter = 0.1 V
3. Zero Error
Zero Error of the given Ammeter= 0A
Zero Error of the given voltmeter= 0V
4. Zero Cor rection
Zero Correction of the given Ammeter= 0A
Zero Correction of the given voltmeter = OV
Ammeter Voltmeter
Ammeter Voltmeter Ratio (V/ 1) =
S No Corrected Corrected
Observed (A) Observed (V) R (ohm)
(A) (V)
Graph
tI
CALCULATIONS:
Mean Value of V/1from observations, R = 0.280
Length of resistance wire = 40.2cm
Value of slope of VI graph =0.27 0
Resistance per unit length = 0.675 om·1
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
EXPERIMENT 2
Finding: the resistance of a given wire using: meter bridge and hence determine resistivity
of its material:
Aim: To find the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine
resistivity of its material.
Apparatus:
A meter bridge (slide wire bridge ) , a lecranche cell, a galvanometer , a resistor , a jockey , a
one way key , a resistance wire , a screw gauge , a meter scale , a set of square , connecting
wire , a piece of sand paper.
Theory:
'·'-
Where ' R" is the known resistance placed in the left gap & unknown resistance 'X" is the
right gap of Meter Bridge. ' L' is length of meter bridge wire from zero end up to balance.
Where 'L' is the length & Dis the diameter of the given wire.
Procedure:
7. Note the deflection in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows deflection in the
galvanometer reading in opposit e direction the correction are correct. If the deflection is
on one side only then there is fault in the circuit. Check & rectify the fault.
8. Move the jockey gently along the wire from left t o r ight till gives zero deflection. The
point where the jockey is touching the wire is null point 'D'.
9. Choose an appropriate value of 'R' from the box such that there is no defection in the
galvanometer when the jockey is nearly in the middle of the wire.
10. Note position of point 'D' to known the length AD=I
11. Take at least 4 set s of observation in the same way by changing the value of R in the
steps.
12. Record your observation .
ff)
13. For specific resistance
1. Cut the resistance w ire at the point w here it leaves the terminal, started it & find its
length by using a meter scale.
Unkown
Resistance from box, R Length AB =I Length BC = (100-1) Resistance
(Ohm) (cm) (cm) X = (R(l00-1))/L
(ohm)
Mean =0.59
0 41 0.41
Rasult:
Precaution:
Aim: To verify laws of combination (parallel) of resist ance using meter bridge.
The resistance (r) of a resistance w ire or coil is given by r= (100-I)/L • R w here R is the
resistance from resistance box in the left gap and L is the length of meter bridge wire from O
end upto balan ce point.
2. Connect the t w o coils r1 and r 2 in parallel as shown in fig. in t he right gap of Meter Bridge
and find the resistance of this combination. Take at least three set of observation
3. Record your observation.
Value of r1:
Resistance of R.B. (ohm} Balance L (cm) (100-1) (cm) ((100-1)* R]/L Mean r1
0.5 59 41 0.347
1 37 63 0.587 0.6393
2 33 67 0.985
Value of .1:2:
Resistance of R.B. (ohm) Balance L (cm) {100-1) (cm) [(100-l)*R]/L Mean !:la
0.1 27 73 0.27
0.5 56 44 0.39
Calculations:
Within limit of experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of Rp are same.
Hence law of resistance in parallel are verified.
Precaution:
EXPERIMENT 4
To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistance uslnc a meter bride• (R=Rl + R2):
Alm : To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistance using a me ter bridge {R~R1 + R2)
Theory:
Where R is the resistance from resistance box in the left gap and I is the length of the meter
bridge wire from zero end up to balance point.
2. When two resistance r1 & r2 are connected in series, then their combined resistance
R3=R1+R2
Procedure:
1. Connect the two coils n and r2 in series as shown circuit diagram in the right gap of Meter
Bridge and find the resistance of this combination. Take at least three sets of observation.
Observation table:
Resistance in R.B. (ohm) Balance I (cm) (100-1) (cm) ((100-l)•Rj/l Mean r1(cm)
0.5 24 76 1.583
1 38 62 1.631 1.616
2 55 45 1.636
Resistance in R.B. (ohm) Balance I (cm) (100-1) (cm) ((100-l}*R]/I Mean r2(cm)
0.5 33 67 1.015
1 50 50 1 1.015
2 66 34 1.030
L
Resistance in R.B. (ohm) Balance I (cm) (100-1) (cm) ((100-l)*R]/I Mean !.!(cm)
0.5 16 84 2.625
1 28 72 2.571 2.615
2 43 57 2.651
Calculation:
Within limits ot experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of Rare same.
Hence law of resistance in series is verified.
Precaution:
When we keep key (K1) closed and (K2) open, let the null point found be IJ1
E1=Kl,j1 (1)
When we keep K, open and K, closed, let null poiot obtained by IJ,.
E,=Kl,j, (2)
(1)/ (2)
E, / E, = KIJ, / Kl.j,
EJE, =IJ I,
Where E, and E, are the emf of two given cells.
Procedure:
2. Connect the positive poles of the cells to the terminal and the negative poles to the
terminal a and b of the two way key.
3. Insert the plug in the key Kand also in between the terminals a and c of the two way
key.
4. Slide the jockey gently over the potentiometer wires until you obtain a point of no
deflection.
5. Note the length 11 at the point.
6. Repeat this with E, by disconnecting E, and inserting plug into gap a and c of two way
key.
7. Record hat null point.
8. Repeat this different resistance.
Observation table:
Balancing Lengths
Result:
Precaution:
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the
5 . The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of the either cells.
6. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistant the jockey is
moved along the wire.
EXPERIMENT 6
Determining resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to find its figure
of merit:
Aim: To determine resist ance of a galvan ometer by half deflection method and to find its
figure of merit.
Theory:
G= (RxS)/(R-S) (1)
Where R is the resistance connected in series with the galvanometer and Sis the shunt
resistan ce.
The maximum current that can pass through the galvanometer, lc=nk
Where n is the total number of dimension on the galvanometer scale on either side of zero.
Procedure:
• Take out the high resistance (200 Ohm) from the resistance box Rand insert key Kl only.
• Adjust the value of Rt so that deflection is maximum, even in number and within the
scale.
• Note the deflection. Let it be Q.
• Insert the key k2 also and without changing the value of R2, adjust the value of S, such
that deflection in the galvanometer reduces to exactly half the value of resistance S.
• Note the value of resistance S.
• Repeat step 4 & 7 three t imes taking different Rand adjusting.
2. Figure of merit
• Take one cell of the battery and find its e mf by a voltmeter by connecting +ve of the
voltmeter with +ve of cell and - ve of the voltmeter with -ve of cell. Let it be E.
• Take connection as in circuit diagram.
• Adjust the value of R to obtain a certain deflection Q when circuit is closed.
• Note the value of resistance R and deflection Q .
• Now change the value of R and note the galvanometer deflection again.
• Repeat the step with both cells of the battery with different voltages like 2, 4, 6, 8 volts
from battery e liminator.
• Find the figure of merit K using the formula .
Diagram:
Resistance of Galvanometer:
rl - • •P
a
Observation table ·
5000 10 5 5.005
10000 6 3 3
2000 20 10 10.05
1500 26 3 13.11
5000 9 0.556
10000 5 0.60
2000 20 0.502
1500 25 0.524
I I
Calculations:
1. G = (5.005+3+10.05+13.11)/4 [E = 1.45V)
2. Figure of Merit : Current in the galvanometer per unit time
3. K = IQ= [(E)/(R+G))x[l/Q) - SI unit= AD division= 10-s Al div
Result:
Precautions:
EXPERIMENT 7
Determining the internill resistilnce of ii given primary cell usinc cell usinc pot,ntlometer:
Aim: To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using cell using
potentiometer.
Apparatus : a potentiometer , a battery , (or eliminator ) , two one way key , a rheostat of
low resistance , a galvanometer , a high resistance box , a fractional resistance box , an
ammeter , a voltmeter , a cell, a jockey , a set square , connecting wires , a piece of sand
paper .
Thaory:
: E =Kli (1)
V=Kl2 (2)
L
V
• Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connection,
tighten the plug of the resi stance box.
• Check the emf of the battery and cell and see the emf of the battery is more than
that of the given cell otherwise null or balance point won't be obtained (E' >E).
• Insert the plug key k, and adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the
fourth wire of the potentiometer.
• Insert the 2000 ohm plug in it s position in resistance box and obtain a null point by
slightly adjusting the jockey.
• Take out the 2000 o hm plug from the resistance box. Introduce the plu.g in the key
k1 as well in key k2.Take out a small resistance from the resistance box R connected
in parallel with cell.
• Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain a null point
• Insert the 200 ohm plug back in its position in RB and make further adjustment for
sharp null point.
• Remove the plugs key k1 and K2. Wait for some time and repeat the activity for the
same current.
Circuit Oiacram:
Observation table :
1.77
2 171.3 61.5 1.78
ohm
Calculation:
Result:
Precaution: