1.

0 INPUT PARAMETERS:
1.1 General Project Data:
System operating frequency, f = 50.0 Hz
3-phase initial symmetrical short-circuit current (rms), I" k3 = 40.0 kA
Duration of the first current flow, T k1 = 0.3 sec
Nature of conductor installation (Strained or Slack) = Strained ; Let insulator length (m) = 5.500
Centre-line distance between supports, l = 99.500 m No. Insul. = 2
Cord length of main conductor in the span, l c = 88.500 m
Mean centre-line distance between conductors, a = 6.800 m
Number of subconductors of a main conductor, n = 2
Resultant spring constant of both span supports, S = 500,000 N/m
Lowest value of bending stress (σ) when Young's
= 5.00E+07 N/m 2
Modulus (E) becomes Constant, σ fin
Conventional value of acceleration due to gravity, g n = 9.80700 m/sec2
Magnetic constant permeability of vacuum, µ o = 4π x 10
-7
( 1.2566E-06 )

1.2 Conductor Properties:

Conductor Type/Name = ACSR 710 mm2 JIS
Total Cross-Sectional Area (A s) = 7.5900 cm
2
Material:
Diameter of the conductor, (d s) = 35.90 mm ACSR
Effective distance between sub-conductors, (a s) = 400.00 mm Al [ mm2 ]= 710.00
Unit Weight of the Conductor with Grease (m' s) = 2.51269 Kg/m St [ mm2 ]= 49.10
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (Final) (E f) = 67,000.00 N/mm 2 Rat. (Al/St) = 14.46
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (Initial) (E i) = 67,000.00 N/mm 2
Ultimate Tensile Strength (U.T.S.) = 18,641.432 Kg
Distance spacers within a span, (ls) = 4.214 m

1.3 Static Conductor Tensile Force at Respective Temperature:

0 Force, Fst (N)
Temp. ( C)
Minimum local temperatures 24.0 22,043
Maximum operating temperature 74.0 17,639

2.0 Electro-Magnetic Force Calculations [F] :

2.1 Electro-magnetic force per unit length, F'
= 31.392 N/m

2.2 Ratio of electromagnetic force to gravitational force on a conductor

= 0.637 N/m

2.3 Direction of the resulting force, δ1

= 32.496 0

2.4 Equivalent static conductor sags at midspan, bc

At minimum local temperature = 2.767 m

At maximum operating temperature = 3.458 m

2.5 Periods T of the conductor oscillations without current flow in the conductor, T

0.4*T [sec]
At minimum local temperature = 2.985 sec 1.1940
At maximum operating temperature = 3.337 sec 1.3348

2.6 Resulting periods of the conductor oscillations during short-circuit current flow, T res

At minimum local temperature = 3.021 sec

At maximum operating temperature = 3.378 sec

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 2.7 Actual Young's Modulus, Es
Temperature (0C)
24.0 74.0

= 1.452E+07 1.162E+07
2 2
[N/m ] [N/m ]

At minimum local temperature = 4.08E+10 N/m

2

At maximum operating temperature = 3.68E+10 N/m

2

2.8 Stiffness Norms, N

At minimum local temperature = 3.626E-08 N

-1

At maximum operating temperature = 3.798E-08 N

-1

2.9 Stress Factors, ξ, of the main conductor

At minimum local temperature = 2.580

At maximum operating temperature = 4.807

###### Span Swing-out Angles, δ k:

Temperature (0C)
24.0 74.0
(Tk1/Tres) 0.099 0.089

At minimum local temperature = 6.121 0

At maximum operating temperature = 4.930 0

###### Maximum Swing-out Angles, δ m:

Factor chi,

χ δm
At minimum local temperature 0.932 26.549
At maximum operating temperature 0.945 23.808

3.0 Calculation of Tensile Forces [F] :

3.1 Tensile Force, Ft, during Short-Circuit caused by Swing-out (SC Tensile Force):
3.1.1 Load Parameter, φ
Temperature (0C)
24.0 74.0
T k1 0.300 0.300
(T res /4) 0.755 0.844

At minimum local temperature = 0.18666

At maximum operating temperature = 0.15313

3.1.2 Factor, ψ
Dependent on φ & ξ

Temperature (0C) 24.0 74.0

φ 0.187 0.153
ξ 2.580 4.807
Factor, ψ 0.820 0.895
= 0.000195 -0.000013

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 3.1.3 Short-Circuit Tensile Force, Ft

At minimum local temperature = 27.957 kN

At maximum operating temperature = 22.062 kN

Thus, Tensile Force Before Short Circuit, Ft = 27.957 kN

3.2 Tensile Force, Ff, After Short-Circuit caused by Drop (Drop Force):
r > 0.6 ; Tensile force after short-circuit is significant,
At minimum local temperature, δm = 27 < 70 ; Tensile Force Insignificant
At maximum operating temperature, δm = 24 < 70 ; Tensile Force Insignificant

At minimum local temperature = 0.000 kN

At maximum operating temperature = 0.000 kN

Thus, Tensile Force after Short-Circuit, Ff = 0.000 kN

3.3 Horizontal Span Displacement b h and Air Clearance, amin:

Elastic expansion: 𝜀𝑒𝑙𝑎 = 𝑁 ⋅ 𝐹𝑡 − 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 2.1444E-04 [ At minimum local temperature ]
𝜀𝑒𝑙𝑎 = 𝑁 ⋅ 𝐹𝑡 − 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 1.6798E-04 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Horizontal Span Displaceement b h and Air Clearance, amin:

Temperature (0C)
24.0 74.0
T k1 0.300 0.300
(T res /4) 0.755 0.844

Material constant, cth = 2.700E-19 4 2

m / (A s)
Thermal expansion:
At minimum local temperature = 5.6242E-05
At maximum operating temperature = 5.6242E-05
Dilatation factor: Allows for sag increase due to elastic and thermal elongation of conductor:

= 1.06361 [ At minimum local temperature ]

= 1.05297 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Form factor: Allows for possible increase in dynamic sag due to change in shape of conductor curve:

= 1.05000

Maximum horizontal displacement within a span due to a short circuit, b h:

Slack conductor:

=
=

Strained conductor:

= 1.381 m [ At minimum local temperature ]

= 1.543 m [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Minimum distance between phase conductors under short circuit conditions, a min:
𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (a - 2 𝑏ℎ ) = 4.038 m [ At minimum local temperature ]
= 3.714 m [ At maximum operating temperature ]

3.4 Tensile Force caused by the Pinch Effect of Sub-conductors, F pi:

Check if subconductors clash effectively or NOT?
They are considered to class effectively if conditions represented by below equations are fullfilled:
(as / ds) = 11.142
50 as = 20.000 m 70 as = 28.000 m

(as / ds) > 2.0 and ls = 4.214 m < 50 as = 20.000 m : Non-effective clash
(as / ds) > 2.5 and ls = 4.214 m < 70 as = 28.000 m : Non-effective clash

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 Short circuit current force, Fv:

Factor ν2 from Annex A.6 - Figure 8 is given as a function of ν1 whose value is given by;

Factor, = 3.38170

Factor,

k= 1.863359
−3
𝜏= = 0.063594 sec
𝑘 − 1.02
2𝜋𝑓 ⋅ ln
0 ⋅ 98
𝛾 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 2𝜋𝑓𝜏 = 1.520785 radians
𝜈1
𝑓 ⋅ 𝑇𝑝𝐼ሶ = = 2.426815 [ Tpi = 0.0485363 sec ]
𝜈2
Therefore factor, ν 2 = 1.941574 f.Tpi - (ν1 / √ν2) = -0.000118

Factor ν3 from Annex A.7 - Figure 9 is given by;

= 0.225672

The above yields a value of F v = 7,251.805 N

Strain factors characterising the bundle contraction (ε st & εpi):

= 0.16064 [ At minimum local temperature ]

= 0.13464 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

= 0.30586 [ At minimum local temperature ]

= 0.32035 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Parameter 'j' for determining bundle configuraton during short circuit:

j = √ [ εpi / (1+ εst) ] = 0.51335 <1 [ At minimum local temperature ]
= 0.53136 <1 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Note: Sub-conductors reduce their distance but do NOT clash both at min. local and max. operating temperatures

3.4.1 Tensile Force in the case of clashing Sub-conductors, F pi: (When j ≥ 1)

Factor ν4 = (as - ds ) / ds = 10.14206
Stress factor of the flexible main conductor (ξ): - Obtained as a real solution of equation below;
ξ= 0.62419 -0.000082 [ At minimum local temperature ]
ξ= 0.64212 -0.000084 [ At maximum operating temperature ]
check that 0.6411 > ξ = 0.6242 and j = 0.5133 < ξ = 0.6242 [Local temp.]
j2/3 = 0.6560 > ξ = 0.6421 and j = 0.5314 < ξ = 0.6421 [Oper. Temp]

Factor,

Therefore factor, ν e =
=

=
=

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 3.4.1 Tensile Force in the case of non-clashing sub-conductors, F pi: (When j < 1)
Factor, η = 0.32377 -0.000929 [ At minimum local temperature ]
η= 0.35532 -0.000790 [ At maximum operating temperature ]
ya = 0.5 * [ as - η (as - ds) ] = 141.06 mm [ At minimum local temperature ]
ya = 135.31 mm [ At maximum operating temperature ]
Effective centre-line distance between the sub-conductors in the bundle, a sw:

= 317.79 mm [At minimum local temperature ]

= 309.31 mm [At maximum operating temperature]

Factor, ν4 = η { [as - ds] / [as - η (as - ds)] } = 0.41786 [ At minimum local temperature ]
Factor, ν4 = = 0.47805 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

= 90.269 mm [At minimum local temperature ]

= 90.269 mm [At maximum operating temperature]

Factor characterising bundle contraction, f η = (as ν3) / asw = 0.28405 [ At minimum local temperature ]
fη = 0.29184 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Therefore factor, ν e = 1.94013 [ At minimum local temperature ]

= 1.77258 [ At maximum operating temperature ]

= 49,950.40 N [ At minimum local temperature ]

= 46,958.75 N [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Pinch force, Fpi = 49.950 kN [ At minimum local temperature ]

46.959 kN [ At maximum operating temperature ]

Thus, Tensile force due to the pinch effect, F pi = 49.950 kN

Results Summary
Tensil Forces (kN) Required distances [m]
Description of Condition Due to Swing Drop Force, Due to Pinch Min. air Horizontal
Out Ft Ff Effect, Fpi clear., amin displ., bh
At minimum local temeperature 27.957 0.000 49.950 4.038 1.381
At maximum operating temperature 22.062 0.000 46.959 3.714 1.543
Maximum values 27.957 0.000 49.950 4.038 1.543

4.0 Design load for Insulators, their Supports and Connectors (clause 2.4.1) - Slack:
Rating Force for Flexible Conductor Connectors = Maximum value of (1.5 Ft), (1.0 Ff) and (1.0 Fpi)
= 49.950 kN

Design load Structures, Insulators and Connectors with tensile forces transmitted by insulator chains
4.1
(clause 2.4.2) - Strained:
Rating Force for Flexible Conductor Connectors = Maximum value of (1.0 Ft), (1.0 Ff) and (1.0 Fpi)
= 49.950 kN
NB: Applied as a Static Load

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