Volcanoes- is an opening in the Earth's crust that allows
molten rock, gases, and debris to escape to the surface
Lava- magma is outside the volcano
Magma- inside the volcano
Magma chamber- pool of magma deep within Earth
Classification of volcanoes:
By activity
 Active volcano- is one that has a tendency to
erupt or is already erupting
 Dormant- a volcano that is not erupting or is not
going to erupt sometime in the near future
o PHIVOLCS refer to dormant volcanoes
as “potentially-active volcanoes”
 Extinct- have not erupted in the last 30000 to
40000 years, and are not expected to erupt
anytime soon
By Composition and Structure
 Shield volcano- is generally low and has a dome
shape, like the shield of medieval knights, hence
the name
o Slowly shaped by lava flows
o Gentlye builds a broad-sloping, cone-
shpaed form covering a large area
 Cinder cone- considered to be the simplest type
o These volcanoes are the result of
eruption from a single vent
o Eruption on a single vent results in a
bowl-shpaed crater which form at the
summit
o Typicall viewed as hardened lava which
piled up around the vent and the n
formed a mountain
 Stratovolcano or composite volcano- they are
formed by alternating layers of lava and
pyroclastic materials from multiple eruptions
that occurred through time
o Typically tall mountains that have
steep sides
By Eruption
 Explosive eruptions- happen due to the buildup
of thick magma with high silica content
 Quiet or fissure eruption- emits a lot of lava
coming from a fissure or a crack on the surface
Philippine Sea Plate- subducting underneath the Formatted: Font: 9 pt
Philippine Mobile Belt along the Philippines Trench to the
East
Euarasian Plate- subducting along the Manila Trench,
Negros Trench- located west of panay
Sulu trench- west of Zamboanga peninsula
Arc- chain of volcanoes
Philippine volcanoes- rank as one of the most costly and
deadly in the world
Mud flow or lahar- are very common due to heavy rains in
the country
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology- the
agency serves as the arm of the government that studies,
records, and gives forecasts about the behavior of active
volcanoes, which helps in mitigating the effect of volcanic
eruptions
List shows the volcanic activities leading to a volcanic
eruption:
 Increased frequency of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds; occurence of Volcanic Tremors
 Increased steaming activity
 Crater glow due to presence of magma at or
near the crater
 Ground swells; ground tilt and ground fissuring
due to magma intrusion
 Localized landslides, rockfalls, and landslides
from the summit area not attruibuted to heavy
rains
 Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
vegetation around the volcano’s upper slopes
 Increased temperature of hot springs, wells, and
crater lake near the volcano
 Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
springs and crater lakes withinb the vicinity of
the volcano
 Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano
 Development of new thermal areas and
reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras
Lahar- is a mudflow composed of rocky debris, water and
pyroclastic materials
 Maximum temperature of 100 Celcius
  The rocky debris they carry varies from as small
as ash to large boulders that measure more than
10m in diameter
o Red- highly prone to lahar
o Blue- moderately prone
o Orange- least prone to lahar
Ash Fall- it is made up of small jagged pieces of rocks,
minerals, and volcanic glass less than 2mm in diameter
Pyroclastic Flow- are high-density mixtures of hot, dry rock
fragments and hot gases that move away from the vent
that erupted them at high speeds.
 May result from the explosive eruption of
molten or solid rock fragments, or both
 Known to exhibit high temperatures
Ballistic Projectile- are basically rocks that an erupting
volcano sneds into the air
 These blocks travel to distances as far as two to
five kilometers away from the vent of the
volcano, forming an arched ballistic trajectory
 The impact of large projectiles can penetrate
wooden and concrete buildings.
 Can also deposit in agricultural lands near the
volcanic vents, making these unsuitable for
farming
Volcanic Gases- are dangerous due to their temperature
and toxicity
 Carbon dioxide
 Sulfur dioxide
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Hydrogen chloride
 Hydrogen flouride
 Helium
Lava Flow- is described as a stream of molten rock that
flows out of a volcano or volcanic vent.
Speed of lava flow is dependent on several factors:
 The type of lava erupted and its viscousity
 How steep is the slope of the ground that it
travels
 If the lava flows as a broad sheet, down a lava
tube or a restricted channel
 The rate at which lava is produced from the vent
Before a Volcanic Eruption
 Prepare yourself and your family with your own
survival kit
 Prepare yourself for the other hazards that
accompany a vlocanic eruption such as mudflows
and flash floods, landslides and rockfalls,
earthquakes, ash fall, acid rain, and even
tsunamis
During a Volcanic Eruption
 Seek shelther indoors as soon as possible
 If caught indoors during a volcanic eruption, you
should: close all windows, doors, and dampers
 Put all machinery inside a garage or barn
After a Volcanic Eruption
 Stay away from volcanic ash fall areas as much as
possible
 Always wear goggles to protect your eyes
 Do not wear contact lenses
Mass Movement- is the downward movement of surface
materials caused by gravity
 Downslope or vertical movement
o Landslide is an example of a
downslope movement
o Ground subsidence is an example of a
vertical movement
Landslide- a wide variety of processes that result in the
downward and outward movement of slope-forming
materials including rock, soil, artificial fillm or combination
of these
Sudden Phenomena- includes earthquakes, landslides,
mud flows, pyroclastic flows, tsunamis, flash floods,
volcanic eruptions, tephra, and lahar
Slow Phenomena- include the formation of volcanoes,
sinkholes, liquefaction , sand dunes, and shoreline and
stream erosions
List of some of the landslides that happened in our
country:
 November 1991- Ormoc, Leyte (6000 people
killed)
 September 2003- Mining Village in Southern
Philippines (22 miners dead)
 December 2003- Panaoan Island in Southern
Leyte (at least 160 people dead)
  February 2006- Guinsaugon, Leyte (139 dead
and 973 missing)
Color convention:
 Red areas have high susceptibility to landslides
 Green areas have inactive landslides and have
tension cracks located away from the community
 Yellow areas have low to gentle slopes and lack
tension cracks
 Violet areas have high susceptibly to flooding
 Light pink areas have low susceptibility to
flooding
Downlope movements or landslides are generally
classified according to 3 prevailing factors: type of
material, type of movement , and the rate of movement
 Type of material are classified as debris that are
coarser than 2mm and soil that is finer than
2mm
 Types of movement may be falls from clips,
lateral spreads, flows and topples
 Rate of movement varies on the steepness of the
slope, grain size, moisture, thickness of the
moving mass, type of clay mineral and clay
content
Types of Landslides
 Rockfalls
o Develop in zones of weaknesses or in
steep mountainous regions with cliffs
which are nearly vertical
o Granite, sandstone, and metamorphic
rocks are most likely to cause rockfalls
because they break easily into
fragements
 Flow
o Is a type of landslide involving the
movement of material down a slope in
fluid form
o The combination of rock and mud is
capable of lifting objects along its path,
including cars, trees and even houses
 Debris Avalanches
o Downslope movements of rocks and
soil with extremely rapid velocity
o They flow at a speed of 100 to 300
km/h
 Slides and slumps
o Slide is a downslope movement of a
soil or rock mass occuring dominantly
on defined surfaces of rupture or thin
shear zone
o Translational slides move along a
surface of rupture that is curved and
concave-upward. It is also referred to
as a slump
o Occurs frequently in homogeneous,
cohesive materials such as soil or
artifical fill
o Translational slides are characterized
by movements on weak surfaces that
are more or less parallel to a slope
 Creep
o Is a relatively less dangertous mass
movement involving the slow
downslope movement of soil and weak
rocks on the surface
o This movement is able to tilt fences,
power lines and trees
 Avalanches
o Is an example of a very deadly
downslope movement
o Are mostly associated with
snowcapped mountains
o an avalanche that is almost 12 inches
deep is able to move tons of snow at
high speed as it goes down the slope
o factors that make an avalanche form:
 slope steepness
 weather
 temperature
 slope orientation
 wind speed and direction
 vegetation
typhoon:
 tropical cyclones that develops in the north-
western part of the pacific
 in the philippines, tropical cyclones are called
bagyo. The term bagyo, a filipino word meaning
typhoon arose after a 1911 storm in the citiy of
Baguio had a record rainfall of 46 inches within a
24 hour period
Category of typhoon:
 Category 1
o Tropical depression
 o Sustains winds between 30 and 60
km/hr.
o First notable stage in the formation of
a hurricane
 Category 2
o Tropical storm
o Has winds between 61 and 120 km/hr
o A tropical sotrm is a sytem of intense
thunderstorms that progressively
intensifies
 Category 3
o Strong typhoon
o 121-170 km/hr
o A strong typhoon is a system of low
pressure are
 Category 4
o Intense typhoon/hurricane
o An intense typhoon sustains high
winds of 171 to 220 km/hr
 Category 5
o Violent typhoon
o Winds speed exceeding 220 km/hr
Causes of typhoon transformation:
 Monsoon trough
o This is an extension of the Inter
tropical convergence zone whee
cyclonic spin has developed
o The ITCZ is a trough is a low pressure
created by the convergence of the
northeast and southeast trade winds.
 Tropical upper tropospheric trough
o The typical low pressure center that
forms a typhoon starts at the lower
levels and is warm compared to its
environment
 Front
o Stall over tropical water
o A front has a cyclonic spin associated
with it
 Mesoscale convective system
o These organized clusters of storms can
move off
7 basins where tropical storm develops
 North atlantic ocean
o Central america, bermuda, carribean
 Eastern north pacific ocean
o Hawaii, western mexico,
 Arabian sea
 Southewest pacific ocean
o Eastern australia
 Northwest pacific ocean
o Philippines, china, taiwan, and japan
 Southeast indian ocean
o Northern and southern australia
 Southwest indian
o Madagascar, south eastern africa.
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4 stages of typhoon:
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 Formative
 Immature
 Mature
 Decaying
Effects of Typhoon: Formatted: Normal, No bullets or numbering
 Buildings and infrastructure Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.25" +
 Trees and vegetation Indent at: 0.5"
 Watercraft and water operations
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 life
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Fire:
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 3 factors / fire triangle: Formatted: Font: 9 pt
o Oxygen > aid in combustion Formatted: Font: 9 pt, Bold
o Fuel > to be burned
Formatted: Font: 9 pt
o Heat > raise the fuel to its ignition
 Fire tetrahedron > 4th component Formatted: Font: 9 pt, Bold
Formatted: Font: 9 pt
Causes of fire:
 Carelessness and accidents
 Electircal equipment
 Smoking or lighting of fire material
Fire safety measures:

 R.A. 9514 > fire code of the philippines

o Fire extinguisher
o Smoke alarms
o Sprinkler system
o Water hoses

During a Fire:

 RACE:
o Rescue the people who are in
immediate danger
o Alarm call the emergency number for
fire
o Contain the fire by closing the doors
and windows
o Evacuate immediately and do not use
elevators but use the stairs instead

Fire extinguisher:

 Type A
o Paper, wood, plastics, cloth
o Common in schools
o Color red
 Type B
o Fuels, gasolines
o Liquid fire
o Any type of fire
o Color blue
 Type C
o Electrical fire
o Color green/black
 Type D
o Combustible metals
o Magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus,
sodium
 Type K
o Oil, fatty acids

PASS:

 Pull the pin

 Aim the hose to the fire
 Squeeze the lever
 Sweeping motion