History of Scinece

LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL 1
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Crowded teeth have been defined as lack of space in the mandibular and maxillary.
It starts to be pressed together in a disjointed way and for the reason that it makes the
space between them compact. Having this kind of condition isn’t limited and common only
to adults but also in adolescence. Orthodontics says that while young it is ideal to treat
crowded teeth (Kimbrough, 2017). Also, teeth crowding is not only a cosmetic problem, if
this condition of the teeth is left untreated it may result in many short- or long-term dental
health issues. According to the study conducted on behalf of the American Academy of
Cosmetic Dentistry, on the cross-section of the Americans there were pictures shown to
them of individuals without and with dental treatment. The survey showed that people
appear wiser, victorious and wealthy to others when they show beautiful smiles. The study
even shows that embarrassed successful professionals with crowded or crooked teeth do
not smile often as those people with straight teeth (The University of Texas Health Science
Center, 2016). A first impression will always be made based on your appearance when
meeting someone new peers the person’s mouth is one of the first things you see. False
judgments about you can be made by just looking at your mouth’s bad condition. Not
everyone has the ability to correct problems with their teeth. Appearance can mean
everything to some of us. Along with having a crooked or damage smile a person’s self-
esteem can really be affected and with that it gives them a low self-image of themselves
(Helfner, 2018).
Personality trait has been defined as a reflection of a person’s characteristic; it is

also one’s pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It is said that personality trait
alludes consistency and stability. Someone who has a specific trait such as Extroversion
is always expected to be outgoing over time and in different situations. The Five Factor
Model is known to be the famously used system of traits. The acronym OCEAN determines
the five broad traits included in the five-factor model which are: Openness,
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The analysis for

someone’s personality from each of the major traits in the Big Five is divided into facets
to give a more fine-grained result (Diener& Lucas, Date).

Youths nowadays rely on their physical appearance in order for them to determine
whether to have or do not have high self-esteem for themselves. Self-esteem is somehow
defined as in relation to the words like self-worth or self-respect, it is also an important part
of the success to. Disappointment or depression is the result of having too little self-
esteem. In line with having too much self-esteem can be related to a person having a
narcissistic personality disorder, having too much self-esteem can also put relationships
damage. In psychology, self-esteem is defined as the term in which describes the person’s
overall sense of self-worth or personal value (Cherry, 2018). The major factor which
contributes as to how a person’s confidence is determined is whether to have a good or

bad physical image. Physical look for most teenagers can highly influence their overall
trait or self-esteem.
In relation to this, the condition of having crowded teeth may affect a person’s
personality trait and self-esteem since it also affects the physical appearance of the one
possessing this condition. Through this, the researchers agreed upon studying the
correlational study between personality trait and self-esteem among young adults with
crowded teeth. The research conducted in the area of PINEDA, PASIG CITY which where
the dental clinic of Dr. Catalino A. Turla. The purpose of this study is to determine whether
there is a correlation between self-esteem and personality trait among young adults with
crowded teeth. The aim of this study is for the researchers to have a deeper knowledge
as to how crowded teeth affect the personality trait and self-esteem of those young adults
suffering from that condition. The researchers also want to help the individual with
crowded teeth to deal with how they become confident even with this condition, also to
help them determine if they really are suffering from this condition by running some tests
by the help of a dentist for free.

Theoretical Framework
The Five-Factor Theory of Personality

Five-Factor Theory (McCrae & Costa, 2008) was designed to explain the
development and functioning of the individual in the light of findings from research
conducted. Using the Five-Factor Model or FFM developed by McCrae and Costa, it
describes personality in terms of five broad factors which are: Openness,

Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. These five factors

have been used to quantify, and to gain a better understanding of an individual’s

personality. The five-factor theory is among the most favored and newest models
developed for the description of personality, and this model shows promise to be among
the most practical and applicable models available in the field of personality psychology
(Digman, 1990). The researchers will make use of this theory in line with this research
study in which young adults suffering from crowded teeth condition has an effect on their
personality as an individual.
A Theory of Self-Esteem
Self-esteem refers most generally to an individual’s overall subjective emotional

evaluation of his or her own worth (Gecas 1982; Rosenberg 1990). In Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs, self-esteem was divided into two categories: esteem for oneself (dignity,
achievement, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect from
others. Feelings of self-esteem developed in early childhood and were formed from the
interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with
significant others will affect feelings of self-esteem (Rogers, 1951). Maslow indicated that
the need for respect is the most essential for children and adolescents to attain real self-
esteem. The theory is in line with this research study on how the self-esteem of young
adults suffering from crowded teeth does will be affected by such condition.
Conceptual Framework
Openness
Ho1
Conscientiousness Ho2
Self-Esteem
Ho3
Extraversion
Ho4
Agreeableness
Ho5
Neuroticism
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the correlation between the big five personality traits; openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism in self-esteem. The

different domain of personalities may positively or negatively affect their self-esteem.

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the computed mean of the self-esteem and each domain of personality
traits?
2. Is there a significant correlation between each domain of personality traits and

self-esteem?
Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant correlation between openness and self-esteem.

Ho2: There is no significant correlation between conscientiousness and self-esteem.

Ho3: There is no significant correlation between extraversion and self-esteem.

Ho4: There is no significant correlation between agreeableness and self-esteem.

Ho5: There is no significant correlation between neuroticism and self-esteem.

Objective
The main objective of this study is to determine whether personality trait and self-
esteem have a correlation to those young adults with the condition of crowded teeth.
Significance of the Study

This research will help in future researches that will discuss a similar study like this
so that they will have a guide in their research. Through this study, the researchers aim to
know the existence of a statistical correlation between personality traits and self-esteem
among young adults with crowded teeth. The groups of people who will benefit from the
study are the following:

To the Participants
Since they are the subject of this study, they are the one who will benefit the most. They
will be able to overcome their insecurities and to uplift their self-esteem. This will also help
them gain awareness on how to take good care of their selves especially in terms of dental
aesthetics.
To the Instructors
Instructors will help the participants to overcome their weakness by conducting this
research. They will be able to know the effect of having crowded teeth to personality traits
and self-esteem of the participants. They can also consult them in different orthodontist to
improve their oral health.

To the Community
The public will be more aware of the malocclusion specifically to “crowded teeth” and
its effect on the correlation between personality traits and self-esteem. This data that are
presented in this study can be used also by the public as reference data in conducting
new researches to further add knowledge of this study. They can also use this as a guide
for their further research and to test their validity by comparison of statistical findings. Also,
to help one another to be more confident with their dental aesthetic and have a better
living.
Scope and limitations

This research is limited to the correlation between personality traits and self-
esteem among young adults with crowded teeth. The respondents involved in this
research are chosen through convenient sampling. The participants for this study will
range from 18 years of age to 35 years of age who has sufficient understanding. It is
limited to individuals whose patients of Dr. Catalino A. Turla III from area of Metro Manila.
Definition of Terms
1. Agreeableness. This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust,

altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors (concern for the rights,
feelings, and welfare of other persons). People who are high in agreeableness
tend to be more cooperative while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive
and sometimes even manipulative. (Cherry, 2018)

2. Conscientiousness. Standard features of this dimension include high levels of

thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors. Highly

conscientious people tend to be organized and mindful of details. They plan ahead,
think about how their behavior affects others, and are mindful of deadlines.
(Cherry, 2018)
3. Crowded Teeth. It is very common cases and often caused by a lack of space,
resulting in teeth that are crooked and overlap. It’s the biggest reason for
orthodontic treatment among adults (Brighton, 2018).

4. Extraversion. It is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness,

assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. People who are

high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. Being
around other people helps them feel energized and excited. People who are low
in extraversion (or introverted) tend to be more reserved and have to expend

energy in social settings. Social events can feel draining and introverts often
require a period of solitude and quiet in order to "recharge.” (Cherry, 2018)

5. Neuroticism. It is a trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional

instability. Individuals who are high in this trait tend to experience mood swings,
anxiety, irritability, and sadness. Those low in this trait tend to be more stable and
emotionally resilient (is how people give psychological strength to manage with
stress and hardship) (Cherry, 2018).

6. Openness. This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight.

People who are high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests. They
are curious about the world and other people and eager to learn new things and
enjoy new experiences. People who are high in this trait tend to be more
adventurous and creative. People low in this trait are often much more traditional
and may struggle with abstract thinking (Cherry, 2018).

7. Personality. Refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking,

feeling and behaving (American Psychological Association,2019).

8. Personality Trait. Reflects people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings,

and behaviors (Diener, E. & Lucas, R. E., 2019).

9. Self-Esteem. It is used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or

personal value (Barani, 2008).

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Personality Traits
Personality is the set of emotional qualities, characteristic patterns of thinking,

feeling and ways of behaving that makes a person different from other people. A trait can
be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in

certain ways. The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the
study of personality. Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or

humanistic theories, the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between

individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is
unique to each individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these
individual personality characteristics. These theories of personality have a long history of

attempts to track down how many personality traits exist. Researches about personality
have generated a variety of different theories that attempt to define and measure
personality.
According to Gordon Allport (1936), one English-language dictionary alone

contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. Later on, the
number of main personality traits was reduced by trait theorist Raymond Cattell from
Allport’s initial list over 4,000 down to 171. It was done primarily by eliminating uncommon
traits and combining common characteristics. Next, Cattell rated a large sample of
individuals for these 171 different traits. Then, using factor analysis, he identified closely
related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits. These 16
traits are the source of all human personality (Raymond Cattell, 1946).
However, according to Hans Eysenck (1952), the model of personality was based
upon just three universal trails consisted of Extraversion and Neuroticism, later adding
Psychoticism creating the PEN Model (Eysenck, 1990). The PEN model is a combination
of descriptive and casual aspects of personality, which makes it more distinct than other
theories such as the Five-Factor Model (Costa and McCrae, 1992: Eysenck, 1991). The
PEN Model offers casual explanations, as well as simply describing personality traits.
Both Cattell’s and Eysenck’s theory have been the subject of considerable
research. This has led some theorists to believe that Cattell focused on too many traits
and was too complicated, while Eysenck focused on too few and was too limited in scope.
Lewis Goldberg may be the most prominent researcher in the field of personality
psychology. His groundbreaking work whittled down Raymond Cattell’s 16 “fundamental

factors” of personality into five primary factors, similar to the five factors found by fellow
psychology researchers in the 1960s. As a result, a new trait theory often referred to as
the "Big Five" theory emerged (Cherry, 2018).

The Big Five personality traits also known as the five-factor model or FFM (Costa,
2008) is the most widely accepted taxonomy of personality among industrial-

organizational psychologists (Coetzer, 2003). It was designed to explain the development

and functioning of the individual in the light of findings from research conducted and is
based on common language descriptors (McCrae & Costa, 2008). These five factors have
been used to quantify, and to gain a better understanding of an individual’s personality.

The five-factor theory is among the most favored and newest models developed for the
description of personality, and this model shows promise to be among the most practical
and applicable model (Digman, 1990). This model uses descriptors of common language
and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human
personality and psyche (Goldberg, 1993). The five dimensions according to Goldberg
have been identified as conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to

experience, and neuroticism, often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE.

These five factors are largely on the basis of the lexical hypothesis: personality
characteristics that are most important in people's lives have, over time, become encoded
in language. The five factors are:

Openness to experience. It has been described as the depth and complexity of

an individual’s mental life and experiences (John & Srivastava, 1999). This trait features
characteristics such as imagination and insight. Is a general appreciation for art, emotion,
adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. An individual

who is open to experience is intellectually curious, open to emotion, sensitive to beauty

and willing to try new things. High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack
of focus, and more likely to engage in risky behavior (Ambridge, 2014). Also, individuals
that have high openness tend to look forward, in occupation and hobby, towards the arts,
being creative and appreciative of the significance of intellectual and artistic pursuits
(Schustack, 2016). Individuals low in this trait are often much more traditional and may
struggle with logical thinking and systematic thought. Those with low openness seek to
gain fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized in a more realistic way that is
based on practical rather than theoretical considerations. It is sometimes even perceived

to be dogmatic and closed-minded.

In accordance with the study of Mr. Christopher Bergland (2016) he says, “New
research suggests that—although curiosity has many potent benefits—it is actually a

double-edged sword with a potential dark side.”.

Conscientiousness. Is a tendency to display self-discipline, act

responsible, control impulses, socially acceptable ways, behaviors that facilitate goal-
directed behavior and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations
(John & Srivastava, 1999). It is related to the way in which people control, regulate, and
direct their instincts. Standard features of this dimension include high levels of
thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors (Cherry, 2018).

Conscientious people excel in their ability to delay indulgence, work within the rules, plan
and organize effectively. High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for

planned rather than spontaneous behavior (Costa and McCrae, 1992). An individual who
is high in conscientiousness is likely to be successful in school and in their career, to excel

in leadership positions, and to arduously pursue their goals with determination and
forethought (Lebowitz, 2016). Highly conscientious people tend to be organized and

mindful of details. They plan ahead, think about how their behavior affects others, and are
mindful of deadlines and often perceived as being stubborn and focused. Low
conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity, but can also appear as
sloppiness and lack of reliability (Barsoux, 2012). An individual who scores low in
conscientiousness is much more likely to procrastinate, to be flighty, impetuous, and

impulsive. The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then
declines among older adults (Science Letter, 2012).

The respondents with high level of consciousness may inspiration others or they
may contribute their positive trait to the people who are capable of procrastinating. Dr.
Stephen R. Covey (1989) once said to his book "Look at the word responsibility—
“response-ability”—the ability to choose your response. Highly proactive people recognize

that responsibility. They do not blame circumstances, conditions, or conditioning for their
behavior. Their behavior is a product of their own conscious choice, based on values,
rather than a product of their conditions, based on feeling”.

Extraversion. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external

world. It is characterized by a range of activities, urgency from external activity or

situations, and energy creation from external means (Laney, 2002). This factor has two
familiar ends of the spectrum: extroversion and introversion. It concerns where an

individual draws their energy and how they interact with others. In general, extroverts draw
energy from interacting with people and are often perceived as full of energy. Extroverts
tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals. They possess high group visibility, like
to talk, and assert themselves. Extroverted people may appear more dominant in social
settings, as compared to introverted people in this setting (Schustack, 2016). Introverts

have lower social engagement and energy levels compare to extraverts. They tend to
seem quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. The lack of social
involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; instead, they are more
independent of their social world than extraverts. Introverts need less stimulation, and
more time alone but this does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial; rather, they
are reserved in social situations (Coetzer, 2003). Individuals high in extroversion tend to
seek out opportunities for social interaction. It often perceived as attention-seeking and
domineering. They are comfortable with others, gregarious, and prone to action rather
than contemplation (Lebowitz, 2016). Individuals with low in extroversion are people who
are quiet, introspective, reserved, and thoughtful. Low extraversion causes a reserved,
reflective personality, which can be perceived as aloof or self-absorbed (Barsoux, 2012).

The researcher recommends to the people with high level of extraversion to may
help other people to contribute their positivity and energy especially during down days.
According to Christina DesMarias (2018) says “Right now there's an energy field or aura
around you that others can feel. Without saying anything you can emit a sense of peace,
calm and other positive feelings that can inspire, uplift and energize the people with whom
you come in contact.”

Agreeableness. This trait reflects individual differences in general concern for

social harmony. It is prone to be sympathetic and cooperative rather

than suspicious and hostile towards others. It is also a measure of one's trusting and
helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well-tempered or not. Because

agreeableness is a social trait, research has shown that one's agreeableness positively
correlates with the quality of relationships with one's team members. Agreeableness also
positively predicts transformational leadership skills (Bono, 2000). This personality

dimension includes the following qualities such as trust, selflessness, kindness,

endearment, and other prosocial behaviors. Individuals who score high in agreeableness
tend to be favored, respected, beloved and sensitive to the needs of others. An agreeable
individual is generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful, and
willing to compromise their interests with others (Coetzer, 2003). They likely have few to
no enemies, are sympathetic, and affectionate to their friends and loved ones, as well as
sympathetic to the plights of strangers (Lebowitz, 2016). Individuals on the low end of the
agreeableness spectrum are less likely to be trusted by others. Disagreeable individuals

place self-interest above getting along with others and they tend to be cold-hearted, blunt,
ill-mannered, antagonistic, and sarcastic. Although not all individuals who are low in
agreeableness are cruel or abrasive, they are not likely to leave others with a bliss feeling.
Sometimes their skepticism about others' motives causes them to be suspicious,

unfriendly, and uncooperative (Bartneck et al, 2007).

According to Joyce Meyer (2016), “it is impossible to be both selfish and happy”.
If you know you are doing something for yourself and not feeling happy about it, then you
are being selfish, and you have selected a thing of luxury. Sacrificing your luxury is
different than sacrificing your passion, if you can make a line and understand the
difference between these then you can be truly helpful to others if not completely selfless.
Also, trustworthiness, both on one’s own part as well as on the part of others around him,
allows an individual to have an ordered and low-risk life. Trust itself is a main and vital
building block in human relationships, and one can easily see how a lack of trust can lead
to a complete destruction of any and all relationships. An individual who is untrustworthy

is usually considered worthless, and often finds that he has no true friends. Conversely,
an individual who is trustworthy is often considered highly valuable and will usually be
fiercely supported and protected by others around him.

Neuroticism. Neuroticism is a trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and

emotional instability. It also defined as the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions

easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. According to Eysenck's

(1967) theory of personality, neuroticism is interlinked with a low tolerance for stress or
aversive stimuli. Neuroticism is a classic personality trait that has been studied in
temperament research for decades before it was adopted by the FFM (Snidman, 2009).
An individual who’s high in neuroticism is prone to anxiety, sadness, worry, and low self-
esteem. They may be temperamental or easily angered, and they tend to be self-
conscious and unsure of themselves (Lebowitz, 2016). At the other end of the scale,
individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally
reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative
feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot
of positive feelings (Dolan, 2006).

According to Mr. Kennedy (2018), people who are moody shift between those
emotions all the time. This can be because they are under a lot of stress or they are
naturally prone to emotional reactions. It could also be a sign that someone has a hard
time regulating their emotions or has another underlying condition, either mental or
physical. Hormones can also cause someone to act moody.

Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is the reasonable or justifiable sense of one’s worth or importance as

defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. It comprises of what an individual thinks about

oneself. The feelings of self-esteem developed in early childhood and were formed from
the interaction of the child with the parents (Rogers, 1951). Self-esteem refers most
generally to an individual’s overall subjective emotional evaluation of an individual’s own

worth (Gecas 1982; Rosenberg 1990). Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself,
as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame (Hewitt, 2009).
Smith and Mackie (2007) defined it as the positive or negative evaluations of the self.
Researchers conceptualized self-esteem as an influential predictor of certain outcomes,

such as academic achievement (Marsh, 1990), happiness (Baumeister et al, 2003),

satisfaction in marriage and relationships (Orth and Robbins, 2014), and criminal behavior.
Self-esteem is usually assessed using self-report inventories. One of the most widely used
instruments, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) is a 10-item self-esteem scale

score that requires participants to indicate their level of agreement with a series of
statements about themselves (Rosenberg, 1966). Encounters in an individual's life are a

noteworthy source of how self-esteem develops (Baumeister et al, 2003). In the early
years of a child’s life, guardians affect the self-esteem and can be viewed as the main
source of positive and negative encounters a child will have (Sakic, 2014). During school-
aged years, academic achievements are a noteworthy contributor to self-esteem

advancement (Baumeister et al, 2003). Numerous early theories proposed that self-
esteem is an essential human need or inspiration. American psychologist Abraham

Maslow included self-esteem in his hierarchy of human needs. He portrayed two distinct
forms of "esteem": the need for appreciation from others as an acknowledgment,

achievement, and esteem, and the need for a sense of self-respect, self-love,
fearlessness, expertise, or aptitude (Maslow, 1987). Respect and appreciation from others
were accepted to be more delicate and easily lost than inner self-esteem. As indicated by
Maslow, without the satisfaction of the self-esteem need, individuals will be headed to look
for it and unable to grow and obtain self-actualization. Maslow additionally expresses that
the most beneficial expression of self-esteem "is the one which manifests in respect we
deserve for others, more than renowned, fame and flattery". Present day speculations of
self-esteem investigate the reasons humans are inspired to keep up high respect for
themselves (Maslow, 1987). Self-esteem is critical on the grounds that it demonstrates to

us how we see the manner in which we are and the feeling of our own esteems. In this
manner, it influences the manner in which we are and acts in the world and the manner in
which we are identified with every other person (Bonet, 1997). Carl Rogers (1902-1987),
an advocate of humanistic psychology, theorized the origin of numerous individuals'

issues to be that they loathe themselves and view themselves as useless and incapable
of being loved. This is the reason Rogers believed in the significance of giving
unconditional acceptance to a client and when this was done it could improve the client’s
self-esteem (Bonet, 1997). Abraham Maslow states that psychological health is beyond
the realm of imagination except if the basic center of the individual is fundamentally
accepted, cherished and regarded by others and by her or his self. Self-esteem enables
individuals to confront existence with more certainty, consideration, and optimism, and
consequently achieve their objectives and self-actualize (Branden, 1987). Self-esteem

may make individuals convinced they merit happiness (Branden, 1987). Understanding
this is fundamental, and generally advantageous since the advancement of positive self-
esteem increases the ability to approach other individuals with deference, benevolence,
and generosity, thus favoring rich interpersonal relationships and avoiding destructive
ones (Branden, 1987). For Erich Fromm, love of others and love of ourselves are not
alternatives. Despite what might be expected, a frame of mind of adoration toward

themselves will be found in every one of the individuals who is equipped for cherishing
others. Self-esteem permits innovativeness at the work environment and is an

uncommonly basic condition for educating professions (Miranda, 2005). Moreover, self-
esteem has been observed to be related to forgiveness in close relationships, in that

individuals with high self-esteem will be more sympathetic than individuals with self-
esteem.
According to Corelli (2016), “….the formula for self-fulfillment that I came

up with is this: Be satisfied with yourself but strive for more in what you do. With this train
of thought, you will have a stronger relationship with yourself, while at the same time you
will be striving for self-improvement and more success”.

Self-esteem in relation to oral health. Self- esteem is defined as in more of a

psychological concept therefore, the most common dental disorder like dental trauma,
tooth loss, and untreated carious lesions influence the quality of life which may affect the
self-esteem.
Closely associated with the teenage years, adolescence is a transitional stage of

physical and psychological human development. The developing countries which are 88%
have the vast majority of the world’s adolescence. Approximately 243 million adolescents
constitute in India, which forms the country’s population. Absence appears to be

characterized more to adolescents in contrast to children or adults than by the presence

of class gradients in health.

People’s general health and well-being are being affected by oral health. One of
the recognitions in an oral health adolescent patient is recognized as the needs to have a
distinctive need due to a potentially high caries rate, an increased aesthetic desire,
increased risk for traumatic injury and unique social and awareness and psychological
needs. Physical appearance, self-concept and social acceptance of individuals are

affected in the social psychology of a person. It is said that self-concept has one major
constituent and that is self-esteem. The sum of one’s self-worth and self-respect can be
understood as and relate to the word self-esteem. The individual health’s along with other
influencing factors play a vital role in building the self-esteem dimension. The self-esteem
can also be influenced by oral health since it is an integral part of one’s general health,
with the help of RSES this has been widely recorded.

During the adolescence, the facial features and appearance play a major role in
self-perceived appearance. Physical attractiveness among adolescent’s social

relationship is a major factor to be considered hence aesthetic alteration can have a direct
impact on self-esteem and ultimately the quality of life. However, we do not have enough
and the very limited studies which suggest that low self-esteem can be enhanced after
orthodontic treatment. As self-esteem is more of a psychological concept, therefore, some

of the most common dental disorders such as dental trauma, untreated carious lesions,
and tooth loss may affect the self-esteem which may further influence the quality of life of
an individual.
The further avenues of life have a foundation stone which is called “adolescent”,
thus, this study aims to assess the impact of dental disorders among the adolescents on
their self-esteem level (Kaur, Singh and Goyal, 2017)

There is now enough evidence that oral health and general well- being are
connected. It is proven that psychologically the condition of our mouth can indeed affect
us. Self-confidence can be boost by showing clean and maintaining good oral hygiene,
well-care-for-teeth when you smile. How we look, speak, chew, taste, eat, socialize, and
enjoy life are the ones which our teeth effect. You are more likely to have greater self-
confidence if you have a healthy mouth (Whellams, 2017).

Appearance can mean everything, and while other people are lucky enough to
afford great dental care, it is known that not everyone has the capacity to correct problems
with their teeth. A person’s self-esteem can be affected by a damaged smile, and because
of that, it may give them a low self-image with their own self. Crooked teeth, stained or
missing can lead to one individual to not smile at all, embarrassed of what others will think
of their oral imperfections. However, this can be treated by a licensed dentist in many
various ways.
Children can also be a victim of low self-esteem due to their still-forming teeth.
Gaps or crooked teeth, or even worse for those children who have teeth braces for
correcting their teeth can be a way for bullies to be cruel and making fun of them.
The children with the imperfections could also be embarrassed in front of their
friends to smile or acknowledge they have braces at all and refusing to show them from
fear of embarrassment. Being reluctant to join in social activities in school can also is the
effect of the appearance of teeth resulting in the children being isolated. A first impression
will be made based on your appearance and a person’s mouth will be the one you will first
notice when meeting someone new. Having bad teeth can make someone make false
judgments about you, without properly getting to know you first. How unfortunate but it’s
true that the first impression will be the one to stick at the back of a person’s mind.
Confidence for some people (if not all) either on the surface or deep down within can be
affected by the appearance of your teeth (Helfner, 2019).

Crowded Teeth
One of the best authors in Spanish language and one of the world's most
noteworthy writers Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra said that "Each tooth in a man's head
is more valuable than a diamond". The statement is very evident on the grounds that teeth
are the most enriching or most beautifying fragment of the face and yearning for teeth,
which give in any occasion the nearness of flawlessness. Any anomaly or flaw, for
example, dental crowding in the teeth can change one's magnificence, which is unwanted.
In such a manner, the orthodontic treatment plays an essential job.

Crowding of teeth is where there is insufficient room for the normal complement of
adult teeth. Dental crowding additionally alluded as swarming, can be portrayed as an

irregularity between tooth size and curve measurement which results in malocclusion. A
small undeveloped jaw, brought by the absence or lack of masticatory stress during amid
adolescence, can cause tooth overcrowding (Lieberman, Krovitz, et al, 2004). Ill-fitting
dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or braces just as misalignment of jaw

fractures after an extreme injury are other causes. Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb
sucking, tongue pushing, pacifier use past age 3, and prolonged utilization of a bottle have
additionally been distinguished as causes (Rosenberg, 2010).

Hunter-gatherers had almost no malocclusion and dental crowding, and the

condition first became common among the world's earliest farmers some 12,000 years
ago in Southwest Asia (PLOS ONE, 2015). By examining the lower jaws and teeth crown
dimensions of 292 archeological skeletons from the Levant, Anatolia, and Europe, from
between 28,000-6,000 years ago, an international group of researchers has discovered a

reasonable partition between European hunter-gatherers in view of the structure and

structure of their jawbones.

The eating routine of the hunter-gatherer depended on "hard" sustenance like wild
uncooked vegetables and meat, while the staple eating routine of the stationary farmer
depends on "delicate" cooked or prepared nourishments like grains and vegetables

(Cramon-Taubadel, 2015). With delicately cooked nourishments there is to a lesser extent

a necessity for biting which thusly decreases the span of the jaws yet without a relating
decrease in the elements of the teeth, there is no satisfactory space in the jaws, and this
regularly results in malocclusion and dental swarming.

The connection between biting, diet, and related dental wear patterns is
outstanding in the scientific literature. Today, malocclusion and dental crowding affect one
of every five individuals in modern-world populations. The condition has been portrayed
as the "malady of civilization." (Eshed, 1994)

In an experiment on two groups of rock hyraxes fed and sustained with hardened
or softened variants of similar foods, the animals fed with softer food had essentially
narrower and shorter facial appearances and slender and shorter mandibles than animals
bolstered hard food (Lieberman, Krovitz, et al, 2004). Experiments have demonstrated
comparative outcomes in different animals, including primates, supporting the hypothesis

that masticatory stress during childhood affects jaw advancement. A few studies have
demonstrated this impact on humans (Cramon-Taubandel, 2011). Children chewed a

hard-resinous gum for two hours every day and indicated expanded facial growth
(Bitsanis, 1987).
Crowding of the teeth is treated with orthodontics, usually with tooth extraction,
clear aligners, or dental braces, trailed by development alteration in kids or jaw medical
procedure (orthognathic surgery) in grown-ups. The medical procedure might be required

on rare occasions. This may incorporate surgical reshaping to extend or abbreviate the
jaw (orthognathic surgery). Wires, plates, or screws might be utilized to secure the jaw
bone, in a way similar to the surgical stabilization of jaw fractures. Not many individuals
have a perfect arrangement of their teeth (Rosenberg, 2010).

Personality correlates to Self-esteem

The current study examined the relation between self-esteem and the Big Five
personality dimensions. Data were collected over the Internet from a large heterogeneous
sample of individuals who ranged in age from 9 to 90 years (N = 326,641). Collectively,

the Big Five accounted for 34% of the variance in self-esteem. High self-esteem
individuals were emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious and were somewhat
agreeable and open to experience. Despite an extensive search for potential mediators
and moderators of this general pattern, the relations between self-esteem and the Big Five
largely cut across age, sex, social class, ethnicity, and nationality (United States vs non-
United States). High self-esteem individuals tended to ascribe socially desirable traits to
themselves, and this tendency partially mediated relations between the Big Five and self-
esteem. Discussion focuses on interpreting the social desirability effects, limitations of the
study, and directions for future research.

Synthesis
According to the study, dental crowding is associated with various aspects of the
personality traits and self-esteem of an individual. Because of dental problems, some

patients are experiencing teasing or in worst scenario bullying. There are physical aspects,
particularly problems involving teeth that become the main issue on their psychosocial
well-being. Physical appearance, self-concept and social acceptance of individuals are

affected in the social psychology of a person. It is said that self-concept has one major
constituent and that is self-esteem. Individuals with dental problems usually get negative
remarks because of their looks that lead to low self-evaluation and low self-esteem.
Physical attractiveness among adolescent’s social relationship is a major factor to be

considered hence aesthetic alteration can have a direct impact on self-esteem and
ultimately the quality of life. However, we do not have enough and the very limited studies
which suggest that low self-esteem can be enhanced after orthodontic treatment. As self-
esteem is more of a psychological concept, therefore, some of the most common dental
disorders such as dental trauma, untreated carious lesions, and tooth loss may affect the
self-esteem which may further influence the quality of life of an individual. But some people
claim that having a well and beautiful dental aesthetic will improve their lives. Most of the
respondents indicate that girls are more conscious of their physical and psychosocial
problems. They agreed that if dental problems like dental crowding are treated, they will
be accepted by society or in public and will boost their self-confidence. Majority of people
with dental problems tends to undergo procedures aesthetically to correct the alignment
of their teeth that cause them low self-esteem. Most dentists promote orthodontic
treatment such as braces to motivate patients with said concern for their improvement. In
short, the prevention of having low self-esteem, caused by crowding of teeth, is

orthodontic treatment.
This paper also proposes that physical appearance is a major factor in the
development of personality because people form opinions by what they see in a person
physically and respond to that person accordingly. In turn, people tend to fulfill the
expectations they believe others have for them. Physical appearance and attractiveness
have an important role in our personality. There’s this undeniable factor that as we age,
we become conscious with ourselves. One of the biggest factors which affect an
individual’s personality is dental health. Most teens and young adults nowadays become
conscious of how they speak or how they deliver words in front of many people. Yes, there
are many aspects which may cause this kind of situation but one’s dental condition
contributes most for this to happen and that is having crowded teeth. The researchers
utilized the Big Five Inventory Test, a type of personality test to accurately and consistently
measure the correlation between young adults having crowded teeth with the five
personality dimensions which are considered to be essential traits that make up an

individual’s overall personality. The Big Five personality traits are a) Openness. This trait
features characteristics such as imagination and insight. People who are high in this trait
also tend to have a broad range of interests. They are curious about the world and other
people and eager to learn new things and enjoy new experiences. b) Conscientiousness.
Standard features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse
control, and goal-directed behaviors. Highly conscientious people tend to be organized

and mindful of details. They plan ahead, think about how their behavior affects others, and
are mindful of deadlines. C) Extraversion. It is characterized by excitability, sociability,

talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. People who

are high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. Being
around other people helps them feel energized and excited. d) Agreeableness. This
personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and
other prosocial behaviors. e) Neuroticism. It is a trait characterized by sadness,

moodiness, and emotional instability. Individuals who are high in this trait tend to
experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness.

Chapter III
THE METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researcher utilized a Quantitative Design Specifically Correlation Research

Study to describe and compare the similarities between Personality Traits and Self-
Esteem. Quantitative research is defined as the gathering and analysis of quantifiable data
to produce statistical models and numbers to explain the data result. Hence, the
researchers selected this design since it is more reliable in gathering information and it
will use statistics to simplify the findings and more effective in looking at the correlational
between variables and to establish cause and effect (Surbhi, 2016).

Research locale
The research conducted in the area of PINEDA, PASIG CITY which where the
dental clinic of Dr. Catalino A. Turla III is being located. The researchers focused on the
30 selected voluntarily respondents who met our criteria. This is the selected location of
the study for the reason that it was convenient for the data gathering.
Population and Sampling

The researcher used the convenient sampling to be the method in gathering data
from the availability of the respondent. Convenient sampling is depending on the data
collected from individuals who were already available. It is also a particular type of non-
probability sampling (Farrokhi, 2012). The selected participant for this study is from Dr.
Catalino A. Turla III patients who must be experiencing a condition such as “crowded
teeth”. The criteria of the study are the respondent must have the condition of “crowded
teeth” and the participant must be a young adult age ranging 18 years old to 35 years old.
Instrumentation
In this study the researchers adapted two kinds of instruments to gather data and
information that are significant to the questions rise in this study.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Test

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Testis a 10-item Likert scale designed to measure

the stable feelings of overall self-worth (RSES; Gale, 2008). It contains 10 related
statements that reflector the general feelings of self-worth or self-acceptance. The

statements are answered on a four-point scales ranging from strongly agree to strongly
disagree (Ryan, 2014). The estimated internal consistency reliability and tester-test
reliability of the RSES using Cronbach’s alpha and the Pearson Product Moment
Coefficient Correlation, respectively. The test is cost-free, and it is valid for the reason that
it is globally accepted and adopted by many researchers.

Big Five Inventory Test

The Big Five Inventory Test is defined as the five general traits based on empirical,
data-driven research. Human resources professionals frequently use the Big Five
personality dimensions to assign their employees to their designated appropriate

workplace. For the reason that these dimensions are considered to be the essential traits
that make up an individual’s overall personality. The big five personality traits are: (a)
Openness is defined as individuals who like to explore new things and appreciate new
experiences. Openness contains traits is also being insightful and imaginative and having
a wide diversity of interests. (b) Conscientiousness is defined as an individual that is

trustworthy and courageous. It also includes traits such as being organized, methodic, and
thorough. (c) Extraversion is defined as an individual that is extraverts or introverts.

Extraverts have the energy to interact with other people, while introverts get their energy
from within themselves. Extraversion contains the traits of being energetic, talkative, and
assertive. (d) Agreeableness is defined as individuals that are friendly, cooperative, and
compassionate. An individual that has low agreeableness tend to be more distant. This
trait includes being kind, affectionate, and sympathetic. (e) Neuroticism is also known as
Emotional Stability. It is defined as the dimension relates to one’s emotional stability and
degree.
Data Gathering Procedure

The coverage areas where given tests
Planning Phase conducted and participants who voluntarily selected
was limited to such area: Pineda, Pasig City area.
The researchers used 10-item questionnaire

for measuring the Self-Esteem of the individual.
Also, the researchers used the Big Five

Inventory Test as a measuring tool to Personality
Traits of the individual which consist 44-items to be
answered.
In addition, permissions will be asked from

the Doctor of Medicine in Dentistry of the selected
area and from the Department of Psychology which
will also serve as consent in conducting and
administering the tests.
Data Gathering
Phase
Using the Excel and SPSS (Statistical

Package for the Social Sciences) and with the help
of professional the researchers compute the Mean
and Pearson-R of the data collected.
Analyzing the results to the correlation

between Personality Traits and Self-Esteem and
answering the problems stated.
Data Analysis
\
Showing the results of the study and will be
Write Up giving further conclusions and recommendations.
Figure 2
Figure 2 above shows the process and flow of gathering data to justify the main
objective of the study. To further explain the data gathering procedure, the researchers
will discrete the process into phases. First will be the planning phase, where the
researchers will be choosing the best and convenient area/s to where the study will be
conducted. The researchers will ask for permission to the Doctor of Medicine in dentistry
form Pineda, Pasig City. Also, researchers will be giving informed consent to participants
who will be voluntarily selected in accordance with criteria if met given by the researchers.
In the data gathering phase is where the researchers will be administering the tests called
as Rosenberg Self-Esteem Test which will be comprised of four rating: 1 for strongly
disagree and 4 for strongly agree and the Big Five Inventory Test which will be
comprised of five rating: 1 for strongly disagree and 5 for strongly agree. The conduction
and administration of the tests will take up to 10-20 minutes given the process of briefing
the participants about the purpose and details about the study, the answering of tests
questionnaires. The researchers will use mean, standard deviation and Pearson-R to
calculate the following number of results in the process of the data analysis phase. And
lastly will be the debriefing and full disclosure process which the researchers will be
discussing the benefits of the conducted study.

Data Analysis
There are some methods and techniques that the researchers will use in analyzing
and calculating the gathered data. The formulas that will be used are the following:
Mean or Arithmetic mean

It is computed central value of a set of numbers. The researchers used the mean
to identify the average scores of the participants on four facets of Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Test and five facets of Big Five Inventory Test. cognitive flexibility.
∑𝒙
𝑴=
𝒏
Significance of a 4-point scale/ forced Likert scale

Scale Mean Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree

2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree

1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree

Significance of a 5-point Likert scale

Scale Mean Range Verbal Interpretation

5 4.51 – 5.00 Agree Strongly

4 3.51 – 4.50 Agree a Little

3 2.51 – 3.50 Neither Agree nor

Disagree
2 1.51 – 2.50 Disagree a Little

1 1.00 – 1.50 Disagree Strongly

Pearson-R
The Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPCM) or simply Person Correlation

used to show the correlation between Personality Traits and Self-Esteem.

The formula for Pearson Correlation is:

𝑛(∑ 𝑥𝑦) − (∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)

𝑟=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
Pearson Correlation is denoted by r, which it measures the strength of the linear

relationship.
Value of R Strength of Correlation

+1 Perfect Positive Correlation

+ 0.71 to +0.99 Strong Positive Correlation

+0.51 to +0.70 Moderately Positive Correlation

+0.31 to +0.50 Weak Positive Correlation

+0.10 to +0.30 Negligible Positive Correlation

0 No Correlation
-0.10 to -0.30 Negligible Negative Correlation

-0.31 to -0.50 Weak Negative Correlation

-0.51 to -0.70 Moderately Negative Correlation

- 0.71 to -0.99 Strong Negative Correlation

-1 Perfect Negative Correlation

Ethical Consideration
In conducting the study, the researchers guaranteed that every issue concerning, or
related ethics addressed properly and appropriately. The researchers respect the
decisions of each respondent; it is important that the researchers establish rapport with
each participant and secured them the commitment of confidentiality and anonymity. The
researchers provided them a consent letter to let them know that participating in the study
was not obligatory and they have the right to accept it or not. The researchers ensured
that each participant has the right knowledge about the content and the purpose of the
study.
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered by the researchers as well as the analysis
and interpretation. The data collected from the study were presented in tabular format
followed by its interpretation and explanation to summarize all the findings that were
evaluated by the researchers.

Mean of Personality traits and Self-esteem

TABLE 1
Weighted Mean of each domain of Personality Traits

Personality Traits Mean Verbal Interpretation

Openness 3.58 Agree a Little

Conscientiousness 3.44 Neither Agree nor

Disagree
Extraversion 3.26 Neither Agree nor

Disagree
Agreeableness 3.82 Agree a Little

Neuroticism 3 Neither Agree nor

Disagree
Table 1 above shows the computed mean of each domain of personality traits with
their respective verbal interpretation. The openness which has a mean of 3.58 and
agreeableness which has 3.82 were interpreted as agree a little. The conscientiousness
which has a mean of 3.44, extraversion with a mean of 3.26 and neuroticism with a mean
3 were all interpreted as neither agree nor disagree.

TABLE 2
Weighted Mean of Self-Esteem

Mean Verbal
Interpretation
Self-esteem 2.9 Agree

Table 2 above shows the computed mean of the self-esteem with its respective
verbal interpretation. The self-esteem has a mean of 2.9 wherein it was interpreted as
Agree.
Correlation between Personality Traits and Self-Esteem

TABLE 3
Correlation between Personality Traits and Self-Esteem

Self-Esteem
Personality r Decision
Domains Inference
Openness 0.424* Reject Ho Significant

Conscientiousness 0.535* Reject Ho Significant

Extraversion 0.429* Reject Ho Significant

Agreeableness 0.646* Reject Ho Significant

Neuroticism -0.637* Reject Ho Significant

Table 3 above shows the results of determining the correlation between personality
traits and self-esteem. As shown, the domain of openness has a significant correlation to
self-esteem. The openness’ Pearson r = 0.424, its’ degree of relationship is a weak

positive correlation. Hence, there is a significant correlation between the domain of

openness and self-esteem, therefore, reject the null hypothesis. The area of
conscientiousness has a significant correlation to self-esteem. The conscientiousness’

Pearson r = 0.535, its’ degree of relationship is a moderately positive correlation. Hence,

there is a significant correlation between the domain of conscientiousness and self-

esteem, therefore, reject the null hypothesis. The domain of extraversion has a significant
correlation to self-esteem. The extraversion’s Pearson r = 0.429, its’ degree of relationship

is a weak positive correlation. Hence, there is a significant correlation between the domain
of extraversion and self-esteem, therefore, reject the null hypothesis. The area
agreeableness has a significant correlation to self-esteem. The agreeableness’ Pearson r

= 0.646, its’ degree of relationship is a moderately positive correlation. Hence, there is a

significant correlation between the domain of agreeableness and self-esteem, therefore,

reject the null hypothesis. The domain of neuroticism has a significant correlation to self-
esteem. The neuroticism’s Pearson r = -0.637, its’ degree of relationship is moderately

negative correlation. Hence, there is a significant correlation between the domain of

neuroticism and self-esteem, therefore, reject the null hypothesis. Consequently, all the
domain of personality traits have significant correlation with self-esteem.

Weighted Mean of Each Statements of Domain of Personality Traits

TABLE 4
Personality Traits in domain of Openness Perceived by the Respondent

OPENNESS
STATEMENTS WEIGHTED VERBAL

I see myself as someone who …. MEAN INTERPRETATION

5. is original, comes up with new ideas 3.93 Agree a little

10. is curious about many different things 4.3 Agree a little

15. is ingenious, a deep thinker 3.97 Agree a little

20. has an active imagination 4.23 Agree a little

25. is inventive 3.33 Neither Agree nor Disagree

30. values artistic, aesthetic experiences 4.07 Agree a little

35. prefers work that is routine 1.87 Disagree a little

40. likes to reflect, play with ideas 3.93 Agree a little

41. has few artistic interests 2.13 Disagree a little

44. is sophisticated in art, music, or 4 Agree a little

literature
Table 4 shows that among the respondents of the study, behaviors for domain of
openness are manifested. The respondents agree that they see themselves as someone
who are curious about many different things as determined on the questionnaire with the
highest weighted mean of 4.3. The respondent should know how to control their curiosity
due to the fact that it may cause possible harm to them especially when they are too
oblivious with their surroundings. In accordance with the study of Mr. Christopher Bergland
(2016) he says, “New research suggests that—although curiosity has many potent
benefits—it is actually a double-edged sword with a potential dark side.”.

TABLE 5
Personality Traits in domain of Conscientiousness Perceived by the

Respondent
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

I see myself as someone who…. MEAN INTERPRETATION

3. does a thorough job 3.47 Neither Agree nor Disagree

8. can be somewhat careless 2.9 Disagree a little

13. is a reliable worker 3.7 Agree a Little

18. tends to be disorganized 3.53 Agree a little

23.tends to be lazy 2.9 Neither Agree nor Disagree

28. perseveres until the task is finished 4.1 Agree a little

33. does things efficiently 3.93 Agree a little

38. makes plans and follows through with 3.63 Agree a little
them
43. is easily distracted 2.83 Neither Agree nor Disagree

Table 5 shows the data gathered for the domain of conscientiousness, all of the
mentioned behaviors are manifested the respondents agree that they see themselves as
someone who perseveres until their task is finished, with the highest weighted mean of
4.1. The respondents with high level of consciousness may inspiration others or they may
contribute their positive trait to the people who are capable of procrastinating. Dr. Stephen
R. Covey (1989) once said to his book "Look at the word responsibility— “response-
ability”—the ability to choose your response. Highly proactive people recognize that
responsibility. They do not blame circumstances, conditions, or conditioning for their

behavior. Their behavior is a product of their own conscious choice, based on values,
rather than a product of their conditions, based on feeling”.

TABLE 6
Personality Traits in domain of Extraversion Perceived by the Respondent

EXTRAVERSION


1. is talkative 3.83 Agree a little

6. is reserved 2.27 Disagree a little

11.is full of energy 4.2 Agree a little

16. generates a lot of enthusiasm 3.67 Agree a little

21. tends to be quiet 2.83 Neither Agree nor Disagree

26.has an assertive personality 3.3 Neither Agree nor Disagree

31. is sometimes shy, inhibited 2.16 Disagree a little

36. is outgoing, sociable 3.83 Agree a little

Tables 6 shows that among the population of the study, behaviors for domain of
extraversion are manifested. The respondents agree that that they see themselves as
someone who are full of energy as determined on the questionnaire with the highest
weighted mean of 4.2. The researcher recommends to the people with high level of
extraversion to may help other people to contribute their positivity and energy especially
during down days. According to Christina DesMarias (2018) says “Right now there's an
energy field or aura around you that others can feel. Without saying anything you can emit
a sense of peace, calm and other positive feelings that can inspire, uplift and energize the
people with whom you come in contact.”

TABLE 7
Personality Traits in domain of Agreeableness Perceived by the

Respondent
AGREEABLENESS


2. tends to find fault with others 3.37 Neither Agree nor Disagree
7. is helpful and unselfish with others 4.37 Agree a little

12. starts quarrels with others 3.47 Neither Agree nor Disagree
17. has a forgiving nature 3.97 Agree a little

22. is generally trusting 4.37 Agree a little

27. can be cold and aloof 3.2 Neither Agree nor Disagree
32. is considerate and kind to almost 4.27 Agree a little

everyone
37. is sometimes rude to others 3.33 Neither Agree nor Disagree

42. likes to cooperate with others 4.03 Agree a little

Table 7 shows the data gathered for the domain of agreeableness, all of the
mentioned behaviors are manifested. The respondents agree that they see themselves as
someone who are both helpful and unselfish with others and generally trusting, both with
the highest weighted mean of 4.37. The respondents should preserve their good traits and
think of how they can influence other people to also be of help and unselfish with other
people. Also, they should be careful and as much as possible choose the people whom
they give their trust with. According to Joyce Meyer (2016), “it is impossible to be both
selfish and happy”. If you know you are doing something for yourself and not feeling happy
about it, then you are being selfish, and you have selected a thing of luxury. Sacrificing
your luxury is different than sacrificing your passion, if you can make a line and understand
the difference between these then you can be truly helpful to others if not completely
selfless. Also, trustworthiness, both on one’s own part as well as on the part of others
around him, allows an individual to have an ordered and low-risk life. Trust itself is a main
and vital building block in human relationships, and one can easily see how a lack of trust
can lead to a complete destruction of any and all relationships. An individual who is
untrustworthy is usually considered worthless, and often finds that he has no true friends.
Conversely, an individual who is trustworthy is often considered highly valuable and will
usually be fiercely supported and protected by others around him.

TABLE 8
Personality Traits in domain of Neuroticism Perceived by the Respondent

NEUROTICISM


4. is depressed, blue 2.53 Neither Agree nor Disagree

9. is relaxed, handles stress well 2.53 Neither Agree nor Disagree

14.can be tense 3.23 Neither Agree nor Disagree

19. worries a lot 3.7 Agree a Little

24.is emotionally stable, not easily upset 2.9 Neither Agree nor Disagree
29. can be moody 3.73 Agree a little

34. remains calm in tense situations 2.27 Disagree a little

39. gets nervous easily 3.17 Neither Agree nor Disagree

The table 8 shows that among the population of the study, behaviors for domain
of neuroticism are manifested. However, the respondents agree that that they see
themselves as someone who can be moody as determined on the questionnaire with the
highest weighted mean of 3.73. The researcher recommends that people with high level
of neuroticism should learn how to control their moods and temper especially when facing
a critical situation with their environment. According to Mr. Kennedy (2018), people who
are moody shift between those emotions all the time. This can be because they are under
a lot of stress or they are naturally prone to emotional reactions. It could also be a sign
that someone has a hard time regulating their emotions or has another underlying
condition, either mental or physical. Hormones can also cause someone to act moody.
4.4. Weighted mean of statements of the Self-Esteem

TABLE 9
Self-Esteem Perceived by the Respondent


MEAN INTERPRETATION
1.On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. 3.47 Strongly Agree

2.At times I think am no good at all. 2.33 Disagree

3.I feel that I have a number of good qualities. 3.23 Agree

4.I am able to do things as well as most other 3.4 Agree

people.
5.I feel I do not have much to be proud of. 2.67 Agree

6.I certainly feel useless at times. 2.83 Agree

7.I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on 2.97 Agree

an equal plane with others.

8.I wish I could have more respect for myself 1.9 Disagree
9.All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a 2.77 Agree

failure.
10.I take positive attitude toward myself. 3.43 Strongly Agree

Table 9 shows that among the respondents of the study, behaviors of self-
esteem are manifested. The respondents agree that they see themselves as someone
who is overall satisfied with oneself as determined on the questionnaire with the highest
weighted mean of 3.47. The result shows that the respondents are already satisfied with
themselves, but they don’t tend seek for self-improvement within themselves. According
to Corelli (2016), “….the formula for self-fulfillment that I came up with is this: Be
satisfied with yourself but strive for more in what you do. With this train of thought, you
will have a stronger relationship with yourself, while at the same time you will be striving
for self-improvement and more success”.

Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter shows the research findings of the study. It contains the summary of
findings which shows what the research is all about and a concise discussion of the results
obtained. This chapter also contains the conclusion wherein the data are interpreted and
lastly the recommendation, which is used for further improvement of the study and the
future researchers.
Summary of Findings
1. The computed mean gathered by the research for the self-esteem and each
domain of personality traits with its respective verbal interpretation, the self-esteem
has a mean of 2.9 wherein it was interpreted as Agree. The openness which has
a mean of 3.58 and agreeableness which has 3.82 were interpreted as Agree a
little. The conscientiousness which has a mean of 3.44, extraversion with a mean
of 3.26 and neuroticism with a mean 3 were all interpreted as Neither agree nor
disagree.
2. The results obtained from the research for the correlation between the five domain
of personality traits and self-esteem among young adults with crowded-teeth, all
the domain of personality traits have the significant relationship to self-esteem

obtained from young adults with crowded teeth and reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion
After the researchers conducted the necessary procedure in the data gathering
and after the statistical computed the results show that there is a significant relationship
between self-esteem and in the five domains of personality traits. Therefore, Openness
has a significant weak positive relationship with self-esteem. The respondents are to be
considered as a young adult who is in the state of having a weak positive correlation
between personality traits in terms of openness and self-esteem due to the probable
reason that they are somehow contented on what they or whom they which resulting to
them not exploring and being open to new ideas anymore. Conscientiousness has a
significant moderately positive correlation to self-esteem. This simply pertains to the young
adults who have traits such as being organized, methodic, and thorough. But counterpart
to that some of them tend to be doubtful and weak in terms of dealing with other people.
Extraversion has a weak positive correlation to self-esteem. In line with these young adults
tend to be an extrovert which means that they have the energy to interact with other
people, while some of them tend to be an introvert meaning they tend to get their energy
from within themselves. Agreeableness has a significant moderately positive correlation

to self-esteem. This simply means that young adults tend to have a great performance in
dealing or cooperating with other people otherwise they have a tendency to be distant in
some circumstances. Neuroticism has a significant moderately negative correlation to self-

esteem. This explains that young adults tend to be emotionally stable due to that they tend
to be more emotionally mature than the adolescences. But at some point, young adults
may also be emotionally unstable due to some circumstances. The researchers, therefore,
concluded that having a condition such as crowded teeth does affect the correlation
between personality traits and self-esteem among young adults.

Recommendation
The researchers have several recommendations for future researchers:

1. The future researcher can use this study as a reference for them to enhance
the data gathered and to have deeper research study with the respondents who haven’t
been a part of it to test the credibility and validity of the study conducted.
2. This study has a limitation. The researchers used a small sample size of the
population of 30. Therefore, we recommend the future researcher to use a large sample
size of the population.

3. The future researcher may use this as a reference or expand this study by
using other more variables that can be possibly correlated in this study.
4. The researcher commends to the respondents with crowded teeth to have at

least once a month dental check-up to avert further teeth damage for the reason that they
could enhance and improve his or her personality traits as long with their self-esteem.
5. With this condition and study the researchers are encouraging people with
same case to consult treatment as early as possible to avoid irreversible damages.

Economically speaking, earlier the treatment…the lesser you spend.

6. The future research can use this reference to deeper their knowledge on how
mitigate the problems in regard to person who suffer same cases for their future
advantage.
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LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Personality trait has been defined as a reflection of a person’s characteristic; it is

Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The analysis for

to give a more fine-grained result (Diener& Lucas, Date).

contributes as to how a person’s confidence is determined is whether to have a good or

by the help of a dentist for free.

The Five-Factor Theory of Personality

describes personality in terms of five broad factors which are: Openness,

Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. These five factors

have been used to quantify, and to gain a better understanding of an individual’s

Self-esteem refers most generally to an individual’s overall subjective emotional

conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism in self-esteem. The

different domain of personalities may positively or negatively affect their self-esteem.

Statement of the Problem

2. Is there a significant correlation between each domain of personality traits and

Ho1: There is no significant correlation between openness and self-esteem.

Ho2: There is no significant correlation between conscientiousness and self-esteem.

Ho3: There is no significant correlation between extraversion and self-esteem.

Ho4: There is no significant correlation between agreeableness and self-esteem.

Ho5: There is no significant correlation between neuroticism and self-esteem.

Significance of the Study

study are the following:

improve their oral health.

Scope and limitations

1. Agreeableness. This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust,

and sometimes even manipulative. (Cherry, 2018)

2. Conscientiousness. Standard features of this dimension include high levels of

thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors. Highly

orthodontic treatment among adults (Brighton, 2018).

4. Extraversion. It is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness,

assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. People who are

in extraversion (or introverted) tend to be more reserved and have to expend

require a period of solitude and quiet in order to "recharge.” (Cherry, 2018)

5. Neuroticism. It is a trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional

stress and hardship) (Cherry, 2018).

6. Openness. This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight.

and may struggle with abstract thinking (Cherry, 2018).

7. Personality. Refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking,

feeling and behaving (American Psychological Association,2019).

8. Personality Trait. Reflects people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings,

and behaviors (Diener, E. & Lucas, R. E., 2019).

9. Self-Esteem. It is used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or

personal value (Barani, 2008).

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Personality is the set of emotional qualities, characteristic patterns of thinking,

be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in

study of personality. Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or

humanistic theories, the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between

individual personality characteristics. These theories of personality have a long history of

According to Gordon Allport (1936), one English-language dictionary alone

psychology. His groundbreaking work whittled down Raymond Cattell’s 16 “fundamental

the "Big Five" theory emerged (Cherry, 2018).

2008) is the most widely accepted taxonomy of personality among industrial-

organizational psychologists (Coetzer, 2003). It was designed to explain the development

been used to quantify, and to gain a better understanding of an individual’s personality.

have been identified as conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to

experience, and neuroticism, often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE.

in language. The five factors are:

Openness to experience. It has been described as the depth and complexity of

adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. An individual

who is open to experience is intellectually curious, open to emotion, sensitive to beauty

based on practical rather than theoretical considerations. It is sometimes even perceived