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The average DC voltage value for 0% duty cycle is zero; with Fig -2: Pulse for sudden braking of vehicle
25% duty cycle the average value is 1.25V (25% of 5V). With
50% duty cycle the average value is 2.5V, and if the duty
cycle is 75%, the average voltage is 3.75V and so on. The
maximum duty cycle can be 100%, which is equivalent to a
DC waveform. Thus by varying the pulse width, we can vary
the average voltage across a DC motor and hence its speed.
The application of so formed PWM pulses helps to control
the speed of the vehicle. On the sudden detection of an
obstacle, a complete halt of the vehicle is required. This
becomes impossible for large electric vehicles due to its
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2052
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
3. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2053
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
proposed an efficient braking system for electric vehicles 3. Rhushab Khakhar and Duhitha Kulkrani “Intelligent car
that avoids all the drawbacks of existing mechanical brakes. speed Control system , "International journal of
It discusses three algorithms namely, obstacle avoidance Advanced Technology and innovative Research, July-
algorithm that detects the obstacle in front of the vehicle and 2016,Pages: 1381-1384
brakes automatically, speed control algorithm that can
accelerate or decelerate the vehicle according to the distance 4. Nair Rajiv Somrajan and Sreekanth P.K., “PLUGGING
of vehicle from obstacle, braking algorithm where by sudden
stopping of the vehicle is enabled. The project also BRAKING FOR ELECTRIC VEHI CLES POWERED BY DC
MOTOR", International journal of modern trends in
incorporates the use of PWM pulses for Anti locking braking
engineering and design, Vol 11, No 2, March 1996
system .Through research presented, we propose an
intelligent electrical system for accident prevention and
making the world a much better and a safe place to live. 5. Hiroshi Fujimoto; Yuya Yamauchi “Advanced motion
control of electric vehicle based on lateral force observer
with active steering", IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. EC-2, No. 1, March 2016.
REFERENCES
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