Modulation:-

modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called
the carrier signal, with amodulating signal that typically contains information to be
transmitted.
Types of modulation:
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation

CNS( Communication, Navigation, Surveillance)

Communication, Navigation and Surveillance are three main functions
(domains) which constitute the foundation of Air Traffic Management (ATM)
infrastructure.

(a) Communication:- Communication is the exchange of voice

and data information between the pilot and air traffic controllers
or flight information centres .
(b) Navigation:- Navigation Element Of CNS/ATM Systems Is meant To
provide Accurate, Reliable And Seamless Position Det ermination
Capability to aircrafts.

(c) Surveillance:- The surveillance systems can be divided into two

main types:- Dependent surveillance and Independent surveillance.
In dependent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined on
board and then transmitted to ATC. The current voice position
reporting is a dependent surveillance systems in which the position
of the aircraft is determined from on-board navigation equipment
and then conveyed by the pilot to ATC. Independent surveillance is a
system which measures aircraft position from the ground. Current
surveillance is either based on voice position reporting or based on
radar (primary surveillance radar (PSR) or secondary surveillance
radar (SSR)) which measures range and azimuth of aircraft from the
ground station.
VHF:-
Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency
electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with
corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter.

High frequency:-
(HF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves
(radio waves) between 3 to 30 megahertz (MHz). It is also known as the decameter
band or decameter wave as its wavelengths range from one to ten decameters (ten
to one hundred metres).

ILS(Instrument Landing System):

An Instrument Landing System (ILS) enables pilots to conduct an instrument
approach to landing if they are unable to establish visual contact with the runway. It is
defined by the International Telecommunication Union as a service provided by
a station as follows:
A radionavigation system which provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance
just before and during landing and, at certain fixed points, indicates the distance to the
reference point of landing.

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