1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

1.1.1 Internship

Internship is a pre-graduate training and experience that provide diagnostic and treatment
opportunities to prepare the graduate for clinical practice or a decisionwith special trainings.
Internship program was conducted for final year student (10th semester) of Bachelor of
Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandary (B.V.Sc and A.H.) for the completion of the
academic course at Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST). It is
primarily an educational program for the interns in addition to the service to the internship sites.
Internship program provides practical experience in applying knowledge gained during the
formal professional education curriculum and offers an opportunity for recent graduates to obtain
additional training in the Veterinary clinical and paraclinical sciences.

1.1.2 Duration

The duration of the internship programe was of six months, starting from 6thShrawan 2075 (22th
July 2018) to 6thMagh 2075 (20th January 2019).

1.1.3 Aim and Objective:

 The purpose of a Veterinary internship is to provide mentored, experiential, clinical

training for Veterinarian interns seeking to advance their diagnostic and clinical
competence.
 Provide the interns with a broad range of relevant and current clinical experiences while
under appropriate supervision.
 To provide the appropriate level of responsibility for patient care and client service.
 Provide an appropriate training environment with adequate clinical and educational
resources.
 Provide adequate working conditions to support the mental, physical and social well-
being of the internee.

Objective:

 Gaining a wide experience of a range of Veterinary placement.

 Linking theory with practice.
 Strengthening the ability to identify and treat a range of diseases.
 Developing interpersonal skills.
 Developing an appreciation of management and placement organization.
 Gaining an insight into professional aspects of practice.
 Gaining an insight into career development.
1.1.4 Internship sites:

Internship sites involved rotational program in five different sites for a month respectively. The
following sites were identified to the rotational timeframe.

1) Animal Nepal, Dhobighat, Nepal

a) Dog sanctuary, Chobar, Nepal
b) Donkey sanctuary, Badikhel, Nepal
2) Central Veterinary Referral Hospital and Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tripureshwor,
Nepal.
3) Veterinary Teaching Hospital, HICAST, Sitapaila, Nepal.
4) SPCA Nepal, Tokha.
5) Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar.
a) Animal Health Research Division
b) Animal Breeding Division.
c) Swine and Avian Research Program

1.1.4.1 Animal Nepal

Animal Nepal was established as a Non- profit company in 2004 by Dutch Journalist and long
term resident Lucia Devries together with friend Jessy and Maria Rai. After teaming with social
activist and animal lover Pramada Shah, the organization spread its wings and animal Nepal was
registered as an NGO in 2009.

Pramada Shah and her team continue to e supported by a professional, animal- loving, all women
board, seeing the dire condition of dog in Lalitpur and recognizing the cruel method (culling and
poisoning) being utilized for their population management, and humane dog management
programme, which was started from 2008.

The main objective program is to creat a healthy, reduced stray dog population in Kathmandu
valley through Animal Birth Control (ABC), community based education and rehabilitation care.

Shocked by the condition of equines in bricks factories of Animal Nepal launched a program
related to health and welfare of working equine in 2010. A working equine outreach program
was established in Lalitpur with the support of Donkey Sanctuary UK. In 2012, the outreach
programme was extended to Nepalgunj, Nepal’s main equine bazaar, to address the root cause of
abuse and make a lasting change in the life of Nepal’s working equine and their owners. Animal
Nepal planned to further expand its outreach programme to Dhading, Kavre and Gorkha.

1.1.4.2 Central Veterinary Referral Hospital

Central Veterinary Hospital is the foremost institute of Veterinary services in Nepal. In the
beginning, it was established as Veterinary Dispensary in 1996 BS (1940 AD). The Veterinary
Dispensary was upgraded as Veterinary Hospital in 1997 BS. Then in B.S 2016 developed as
Center Veterinary Hospital. This Hospital was established with the impression of necessity of
Veterinary services to the domesticated animals like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, poultry, pig, dog
and horses in the Kathmandu valley and nearby locality.

Livestock is an integral part of the Nepalese farming system. They are raised for meat, milk,
manure and draught power. It is considered that livestock is strong engine for agricultural
growth. In Nepal, more than 65.6% people are dependent on agriculture. Livestock is the major
component in the agriculture which contributes 26% of AGDP. More than 2/3rd of the
households reared the livestock for the improvement of their livestock. The poor management
high incidence of the disease is the major challenges for livestock sectors that directly reduce the
production and productivity. The increase of livestock population through commercialization
demands the quality Veterinary service. Due to lack of public awareness about the treatment of
the animals, large numbers of livestock were found dead without getting any treatment. In other
side, there are no sufficient number of public and private Veterinary hospitals but the
government provides service to the public form single Central Veterinary Hospital that is not
enough to overcome the demand of public. The arm is to make the existing Veterinary hospital
more competent and compliance with the international level.

Central Veterinary Hospital is the foremost institute of Veterinary services in Nepal. In the
beginning, it was established as Veterinary dispensary. The Veterinary dispensary was upgraded
as Veterinary hospital. This hospital was established with the impression of necessity of
Veterinary services to the domesticated animals like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and horses in the
Kathmandu valley and near-by locality. With the intensive urbanization and continuous
development, pet popularity in the Kathmandu valley has increased remarkably with the
decreasing trend of keeping large ruminants inside the city areas. The hospital was situated at the
outer part of the city at the time of establishment, but now, it has become the heart of the city.

1.1.4.3 Central Veterinary Laboratory

Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) focuses program with the objective of securing healthy
national flocks of animals and birds throughout the nation by mitigating the occurrence of
diseases of livestock and poultry. CVL also works on epidemic investigation as well as
surveillance and investigation on various diseases in its approved program. The direct benefit of
the performance of various laboratories has been experienced in the field of Veterinary medical
care based on valid laboratory test results. To achieve this multidimensional activities, CVL
works with the series of laboratory test procedures through its various laboratory sections;
Pathology, Parasitology, Microbiology, Serology, Laboratory management and teaching lab and
Molecular Biology with a considerable progress in the later. At present the molecular based
diagnosis of avian influenza is in the routine use.

CVL has standard operating procedures, test protocols and quality guideline manual. CVL is
gradually practicing the biosafety/biosecurity measures so that good Veterinary laboratory
practice is followed in our all the diagnostic laboratories. CVL has already been adopting test
verification system through international references laboratories which will help in accreditation
of CVL for international certification as well.

To provide the diagnostic facilities throughout the country, CVL works with 5 Regional
Veterinary Laboratory(RVLs) located one in each of development regions of the nation; Eastern
(Biratnagar), Central (Janakpur), Western (Pokhara), Midwestern (Surkhet) and Farwestern
(Dhangadhi) as well as through National Avian Disease Investigation Laboratory (NADIL)
located in Chitwan. To provide the diagnostic services smoothly throughout the nation, 15 basic
laboratories have been established in 15 District Livestock Service Offices (DLSOs) namely,
Illam, Jhapa, Saptari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Parsha, Makwanpur, Kabhrepalanchok, Chitwan,
Rupandehi, Dang, Banke, Jumla, Dadeldhura and Kanchanpur, and 60 primary laboratories one
in each DLSOs of other districts. The basic laboratories are capable of performing parasitological
examination, microbial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test. Specimens that cannot be processed
in the aforementioned laboratories due to insufficient facilities and expertise are referred to CVL.
In this way, CVL works as a reference Veterinary laboratory in Nepal.

1.1.4.4 NARC (Nepal Agricultural Research Council):

1.1.4.4.1 Animal Health Research Division (AHRD) and Swine and Avian Research
programme (SARP)

AHRD contribute to the national development by generating, verifying and applying appropriate
technologies for treatment, prevalence and control of animal disease for increasing livestock
production and productivity and for safeguarding Veterinary public health. Current research
program of AHRD are development of immunodiagnostic and control strategy of Microplasma
gallisepticum infection in chicken (NARC project), epidemiological study of Mareks disease
identify risk factor in commercial poultry in Nepal. (NARC projects), avian neoplastic disease
control in Nepalese commercial poultry, collection preservation and utilization of organism and
lab animal maintenance, study on bovine tropical Theilerosis in Nepal (NARC project), study of
mycotoxins in livestock and poultry feeds and feed ingredients (NARC projects), study of
Sukharia disease of cattle in Eastern Terai (NARC project), integrated approach to improve
sheep and goat producitivity in Karnali region (NARC project), Selenium treatment in does to
increase fertility rate and to reduce kidding intervals (Collaborative research) Eastern Terai.
There are well facilitated Parasitology Laboratory, Bacteriology Laboratoy, Virology Laboratoy
and Molecular Biology Laboratory.

1.1.4.4.2 Animal Breeding Divison (ABD)

Animal Breeding Divison (ABD) located in Khumaltar, lalitpur. Established in 1991 as one of
five disciplinary under National Animal Science Research Institute. Responsible and mandated
for the systemic evaluation and improvement of native genetic resources and induced breeds of
different livestock species intending to improve the livestock production. Basic and adaptive
research related to genetic improvement and breed development, reproductive physiology and
biotechnology and farm animal genetic resources conservation and utilization are the main
source of ABD. The objective are to develop a national breed performance database to facilitate
the evaluation of genotype performance and identification superior genotype, to conserve
maintain and improve germplast diversity to farm animal and birds, to develop improved
reproduction technology appropriate to small farmers and small household, to coordinate the
national research effort into the cause of infertility and delay breeding in livestock, to formulate
national policies of genetic improvement for sustainable production system of domesticated
livestock and birds, to provide export advice in animal breeding technologies, facilities includes,
preservation of semen of different livestock semen collection and evaluation and processing of
cattle, buffalo and goat, facilities for karyotyping DNA extraction. The major outputs are
development of National Data Bank of indigenous livestock breeds, breeding strategy develop
for indigenous buffaloes, heat synchronization protocol establish for cattle and buffalo,
molecular characterization of cattle (Lulu, Achhami, Terai), buffalo( Lime, Parkote, Gaddi), and
goat (Khari). Regular activites includes genetic improvement program for farm animals,
maintenance of livestock germplasm, semen collection and processing (cattle, buffalo and goat),
publication of farmer friendly information, database management of collaborative projects
“cattle and buffalo genetic improvement”). Service includes a technical supports realated to
livestock breeding. AI service (cattle and buffalo), research supports for graduated and under
graduated students.

1.1.4.5 SPCAN (Society for the prevention of cruelty to animal Nepal)

Society for the prevention of cruelty to animal Nepal (SPCAN) was established in 1991. It is a
non-profit charitable organization dedicated to eliminate suffering, cruelty and to promote the
well-being of animals in Nepal. The main activities are to provide quick medical treatment to the
stray animals (dog and cattle). SPCAN also launches 12hours mobile services on the spot
treatment services and employing full time Veterinarian, technician and caretakers in the
Veterinary clinics and shelter.

SPCAN is fighting for animal right and for its legislation which it has already been forwarded to
animal government and as in the western countries, believes in Animal Birth Control program
(ABC) to control the stray dog population.

SPCAN objectives

To promote kindness towards animals and to prevent or suppress cruelty to them. The society’s
work extends to caring for animals in all circumstances in Nepal. To lobby for the enforce
specific laws and public order in Nepal relating to animal welfare. To establish and maintain
liaison with various local non-governmental and international non-governmental organizations
and individuals and obtain technical, financial and material support, etc. from them. To establish
and run animal hospitals and mobile clinics for stray animal in Nepal. To support and gather
together those who may take a proactive role in Animal Rights and welfare activities in Nepal.

SPCAN goals and aims:

To establish SPCAN operations as a strong national presence through regional branches

dedicated to provide a public service, delivering effective relief of animal suffering and
enforcing the law in regard to animal welfare. To create a nation where the citizens respect all
human life.To establish a pervasive bond of respect and comparision between human and
animals.To work tirelessly to reduce the harmful impact of human activities on animal through
education and public awareness program.

1.1.4.6 HICAST Veterinary Teaching Hospital:

HICAST’s Bachelor of Veterinary science and Animal Husbandry program develops Veterinary
professionals who can meet the needs of animal health, livestock management, and animal
welfare and public health protection sectors. Delivered through a partnership between
government owned Veterinary hospitals, and private farms and related stakeholders, students
have an opportunity to investigate a wide variety of topics and prepare a scientific paper or
thesis.

Students in the Veterinary program participate in a field base internship in the last semester of
their program and prepare a thesis. This internship is intended to broaden the perspective of the
students as well as impact practical knowledge in relation to his/her field of specialization,
internships are coordinated in various agro-based industries, research farm, laboratory and
Veterinary hospitals as well as private farms, INGOs operating in different agro-ecological
condition.

HICAST’s Veterinary College is facilitate with a teaching hospital with the following
laboratories:

Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Biochemistry, Veterinary

Parasitology, Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary
Pathology, Veterinary Public Health, Animal Nutrition, Animal Breeding and Genetics,
Livestock Production and Management and Livestock Product Technology.