Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
NURSING RESEARCH
Nursing Research
• Kerlinger - the systematic, empirical, controlled and critical investigation of a hypothetical proposition in
relation to a natural phenomena/ problem
• Conducted to affirm or deny a hypothesis
Phenomenon.
• everyday phenomenon that affects the nurse (eg. bacteria, drugs, physician)
Ethics of a Researcher
• S – Scientific Objective – conductive research for a good purpose or object for your pt
• C – Cooperation and Consent. Do not conduct data/experiment w/o a consent (legally the patient
owns the chart. However the hospital owns the chart)
• I – Integrity – worked hard on the research
• E – Equitable – acknowledging works or contribution of others
• N – Nobility – protect the rights of your subjects
• Right not to be harmed
• (physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental research
• Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harm
• Commission – done outside the standard practice of nursing (eg. urinary
catheter placed on the nose of the pt)
• Omission – from the very start, you did not do something about it.
• Moral Harm
• Assault – mental fear/threat without physical harm
• Battery – physically you harm the pt
• Restraint is never an independent nursing order
• physical restraint – eg. Jacket
• chemical restraint – eg. use of psychotropic drug
• Moral harm
• Slander – oral defamation
• Libel – published or placed in the newspaper
• Right to self-determination
• Right to privacy
• Anonymity – identity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of the Informant (pt) eg.
conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants his name to be written in the newspaper as
Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. W
• Confidentiality – information acquired must be disclosed. Privacy of the information eg.
conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants the nurse should only know
• T – Truthfulness – put only the data you have collected
• I – Importance – importance to the nursing profession
• F – Factual – facts or data
• I – Ideal (follow the 11 steps of research)
• C – Courage
Research:
• Identify the Problem
• Purpose – objective using SMART (Systematic, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time Bounded)
• Define Terms
• Conceptual Definition – dictionary definition
• Operational Definition – defined in accordance on how the researcher used the word
• Revision of Terms
• Purposes :
• to have an update regarding your topic
• to have a basis of theoretical and conceptual framework
• Main sources of literatures
• Conceptual • Research
• Formulated • Researcher
• Authors • Research works only
• Can be sold • Future research purpose only
• Books – general use
Formulation of conceptual and theoretical framework
• Theory – relationship between concepts
• Conceptual framework
• diagrammatic and structural presentation of the problem hypothesis
• Paradigm
• actual structural presentation of your conceptual framework
• Formulating hypothesis
• 5 types of hypothesis
• Null/statistical hypothesis
• shows no relationship or difference between an independent variable and
dependent variable. ID = DV
• Eg. “There is no difference regarding professional opportunities of Filipino Nurses
working in the Philippines from those working in USA.”
• Types
• According to Application
• Basic/ Pure
• For personal knowledge, curiosity
• Applied
• Based on problem solving approach
• According to Methods
• Experimental
• performing active manipulation, observe and record the result.
• Types of Experimental Reseach
• control
• divide grp into 2.
• Group a – control grp – will use the same soap everyday
• Group b – experimental grp – those who will use sample soap
• randomization
• using sample by chance.
• Choose randomly to avoid redundancy of result
• Manipulation
• Performing intervention
• Validation
• comparison of the effects
• Quasi-experimental
• false experiment; No control sample.
• Non-experimental
• No manipulation is done. Only observation, describe and record down the result.
• Types of non-experimental research design base on time element
• Retrospective (Ex Post Facto)
• Getting actual experience
• Studies a group of people after its occurrence, experience or facts.
• Experience of people in the past
• Descriptive
• Observe, describe & record.
• Study of current events.
• Prospective
• Study of research about future occurrence or future events.
• Historical
• Past that is written, documented, published and recorded
• Primary Data
• Observe
• 1st hand information
• person himself
• Secondary Data
• 2nd Hand Information
• About the past using records, journals, books.
• Study of the dead people thru his written materials, facts
• according to data
• quantitative
• data base on numerical interpretation, datas that are measurable, using your senses,
data that are observable.
• qualitative
• subjective data, feelings, perception, beliefs, culture, attitude
Survey Research Design
• Group • Methods
• Small • Mailed survey
• Face to face • Face to face
• Large – not good result • Telephone survey
LEADERSHIP
Nursing Leadership
• style or process whereby a person is called by a nurse leader were influence of group of people called
his followers for the purpose of attaining only one goal/objective.
Leadership styles
• Authocratic/Authoritarian/dictatorial/”hard” leader
• unilateral style of leadership. Only the leader here performs the decision making without getting
the inputs from his members.
• One sided style of leadership Behavior :
A – apathy – insensitive to others
B – Boisterous speech
C – consistency
D – Dominating
E – Exploitative behavior
F – ferocious behavior, to coerce or compel the group to follow him
• not a good style of leadership but only best style during emergency or intensive crisis
• C – Communication skill
• transfer of information with understanding
• Communication barriers/communication backlog – eg. Dialect differences, noise, deaf, high
level of anxiety, hallucinating
• D – Decision making skills
• Steps
• identify the problem
• identify person affected
• gather options/alternative
• brainstorming
• delphitechnique – gathering solutions outside the group (eg. specialized nurse)
• choose and implement
• Evaluation
• E – Ethics
• Principles
• Principle of Autonomy
• independent judgment or decision making
• in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his own care
• Consent
• respect the decision of the pt
• explain the risk to the patient/SO
• waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for treatment.
• Principle of Veracity
• telling the truth to the patient
• #1 the patient has the right to know from the PHYSICIAN (not the nurse)
• Principle of Double Effects
• if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal danger and he only needs to choose one,
choose the one that will produce one good effect and less evil effect.
• Principle of Beneficence
• doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic communication, providing privacy)
• Principle of Non-Maleficence
• do no harm
• 3 types of Harm
• Physical – negligence by commission
• Mental – assault and battery
• Moral – slander and libel
• Principle of Justice
• Prioritize the needs of the patient.
• To be able to provide nursing care to the patient, provide the nursing process.
• Nursing Process characteristics :
• A – acceptable universally
• B - based patients assessment needs
• C – client focused
• D – dynamics – base on the ever changing needs of the pt
• E – equitable care
• F – familiarity/rapport to the patient
• G – goal directed towards solving the assess needs of the patient (SMART)
• Principle of Respect/Inviolability of life
• Suicide and abortion is violation of this principle
• F – Face/solve Conflicts
• any clash of ideas resulting to crisis
• Methods of resolving conflict
• avoidance – by paying attention
• smoothing – appealing to ones conscience and kindness
• unilateral action – use of forced fear or threat
• negotiation – best method in resolving conflict. The head nurse should offer negotiation
between conflicting parties.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT
• choosing the right person and giving them the appropriate task for the purpose of achieving their
goal/objective in achieving total care
• Peer review
• same rank or level is being evaluated you
• poor method
• Performance appraisal
• the patient evaluates you
• best method in evaluation
Professional
• A calling in which its members profess to have acquired special values, knowledge, training or by
experience so that they may guide others in that special field.
Nursing is a profession
• Calling – service oriented
• Others – patients
Characteristics by profession
• A – accountability/liability for the result
• C – caring profession Central Focus
• C – competent
• E – ethics
• S – service oriented
• S – specialized scientific body of knowledge and skills
4. Clinical Instructor
• Qualifications :
• A – accredited nursing Org
• M – MAN in nursing or other health courses
• O – One yr clinical experience
• R – R.N.
Professional Negligence
Negligence
• failure to do something which are reasonable and prudent nurse should have done something under a
particular situation. (eg. failure to raise side rales when the pt is unconscious)
• 3 elements of negligence
• duty on part of the nurse
• failure to do said duty
• injury, harm, death – most important negligence
Malpractice
• injury, harm or death is not important in malpractice
• The nurse is allowed to perform episiorrhapy
• with proper training but not episiotomy
• The nurse is allowed to perform IE but with 2 conditions :
• fetal aberration/ abnormal delivery
• prior to complete delivery
Crimes affecting nurses
• Types of crime :
• Manner of Commission
• DOLO – crimes committed with deceit. Crime with real criminal intention
• CULPA – crimes committed under negligence. Crimes that are intentional
• stages of execution
• consummated
• when the crime intended is totally committed or perfected
• frustrated
• the offended performs everything to consummate the crime but it did not happen
• attempted
• crime has not happened (overt acts – acts merely showing the intention to commit the
crime)
• degree of participation
• principal
• degree of participation is very important/indispensable because he is the primary author
of the crime.. If no principle, there is no crime.
• accomplice
• participation is merely dispensable.
• Usually performs before (eg. referral by the nurse of a abortionist to a pregnant women)
or during the crime eg. OB nurse is to perform abortion. The nurse is look out for police.
The nurse is the accomplice.
• accessory
• usually performs after the crime (eg. stole a nebulizer in the hospital. Sold the nebulizer
to an asthmatic pt) This is an accessory because he benefited from the crime
Types of Rape
• Ordinary rape
• a forcible penetration of an organ for copulation to another organ for copulation. (eg. women are
only the victim)
• sexual assault
• anything that is forcible inserted to a body orifice with sexual malice.
• Also form of rape (eg. hand or an object is being inserted in the anal. Committed in both female
or male)
• Intervention :
• S – safety (emotional or physical safety)
• R – report (↓ 18 – report to brgy.)
• R – referral (if father is the rapist, refer to DSWD)
Abortion
• is the expulsion or termination of a product of conception before the stage of viability. (3-6month/12-
24weeks)
Infanticide
• kill the person in less than 3days or 72hrs of life.
Parricide
• killing another person to whom you have a relationship (mother, father, husband)
Homicide
• unintentionally killing another person without any relationship (eg. negligence in giving meds)
Murder
• intentionally killing another person without any relationship
Simulation of birth
• committed by any person who shall substitute one child to another child or alter his identities for the
purpose of losing his civil status. (eg. the midwife failed to report the birth of the baby, giving wrong
information of the gender of the baby)
PD 651 (Birth registration act)
• law any person who assist in giving birth to report within 30 days to the Local Civil Registration Office
Law Affecting Nurses
• Act 2808 (yr. 1919) – first true nursing law
• It removed from the doctor the control of nurses with 3 man team (1 chairman and 2 members
all nurses)
• 1920 – 1st official board exam
• 1st nursing school (6months)
• Iloilo Mission Hospital (1906)
• PGH School of Nursing (1907)
• St. Luke’s school of nursing (1907)
• Mary Johnson’s school of Nursing (1907)
• St. Paul Iloilo 1907)
• San Juan de Dios (1907)
• 1st college of nursing (4years) – UP
• RA 7164 (1991)
• RA 9173 (Oct 21, 2002)
Board of Nursing REQUIREMENTS
• Old • New
• M – MAN • M – MAN
• A – Accredited Nursing Org (PNA) • A – Accredited Nursing Org (PNA)
• F – five MAN team (1 chairman, 4 • S – 7 MAN team (1 chairman, 6members)
members) • I – immediately resigned upon appt.
• S – 65 y/o – 1 year interim period • N – Not convicted of any crime
• N – Not convicted of any crime • P – Pecuniary interest (Absence)
• P – Pecuniary interest (Absence) • T – 10 years nursing practice but 5 yrs
• T – 10 years nursing practice must be in the Phils.
• C- Citizen of R.P. • C- Citizen & resident of R.P.
• B – BSN RN
• A – Accredited Org
• N – 9 units
• T – 2 yrs
Chief/Director
RN + MAN +5 yrs supervisor Add only master’s in PHN or CHN MAN + GSC (Gen.Staffing Course)
experience (N.B. if primary hosp)
• Examinees
• CGM (Good Moral Character) • 3 docs sub to PRC
• Proofs of Valid Holder of Filipino • RLE certificate
Citizenship • TOR with Scanned picture
Proofs of valid holder of a BSN Degree only from • List of cases
schools whose curriculum is approved by the CHED • Examination fee is P900
• Last day Is :
•
RA 1080 – Civil Service exam Cum Laude, Board passer – eligible in taking CSE
•
RA 6425 – Dangerous drugs Act
• punishable with 2 chemical substances
• Prohibited drugs
• chemical substance totally, abosultely can’t be consumed by human being (eg.
Shabu, Mariana, Cocaine, Opium)
• Regulated drugs
• you can use this drug provided the pt has the prescription and the AMD has
appropriate license coming from the BFAD or Dangerous Drugs
RA 7600 – Baby Friendly Hospital.
•
Early bonding for mother is Early Rooming in and early baby breast technique for early bonding
Early bonding for father is thru cuddling
E.O. 51 – Milk Code (Breast Milk)
• Avoid manufactured or formula milk
How to be an R.N. under 9173
• D – Dishonorable conduct
• U – Unsound mind
• M – moral turpitude
• I – Indecent immortal conduct