number 1a energy transferred by electric current to heater and motor 1 in heater, increases store of thermal energy so becomes hot 1 in fan motor, transferred to air as kinetic energy 1 air warmed by heater heats objects and material it comes into contact 1 with heater warms fan heater case and vibrating parts of heater create 1 sound waves 1bi energy transferred where wanted in way wanted 1 in fan heater, transferred by current to heater transferred heat air 1 creating convection currents and keeping motor turning to make air 1 move 1 b ii energy transferred that is not useful 1 in fan heater, kinetic energy from vibrations of motor transferred as 1 sound waves and by heating fan heater case 1 2ai loses gravitational potential energy and gains kinetic energy 1 some energy lost due to air resistance 1 2 a ii loses more gravitational potential energy and all kinetic energy 1 energy lost mostly transferred as elastic energy into rope 1 some energy may be lost due to air resistance 1 2b maximum kinetic energy when rope taut 1 if 100% efficiency, maximum kinetic energy = 12 000 J 1 Must have unit to gain mark. 3ai 7000 kW × 300 s = 210 MJ 1 Must have unit to gain mark. 3 a ii 23 m/s × 300 s = 6900 m 1 Must have unit to gain mark. 3 a iii 210 000 000 1 = 30 435 6900 ≈ 30 000 N 1
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 1 P1 Conservation and Student Book answers dissipation of energy
3 a iv a = zero so resultant force = zero 1
as driving force and resistive force must be equal and opposite in 1 direction 3b train gains gravitational potential energy as it travels up incline 1 rate it transfers energy to surroundings unchanged as speed same and 1 resistive forces unchanged so output engine power needs to be greater as energy must be 1 transferred to train as gravitational potential energy as well as to 1 surroundings 4a mg = 150 N 1 EP = 150 N × 1.2 m = 180 J 1 4b W = 11 N × 20 m 1 = 220 J 1 4c trolley did not gain kinetic energy as speed constant 1 trolley gained 180 J gravitational potential energy which is 40 J < work 1 done by student resistive forces such as friction at trolley wheels → 40 J to surroundings 1 as waste energy 5a energy initially stored in stretched cord as elastic potential energy → 1 arrow as kinetic energy when cord released as arrow gains height its kinetic energy decreases and gravitational 1 potential energy increases at maximum height arrow has maximum gravitational potential energy 1 and minimum kinetic energy as it travels through air, some energy transferred to air due to air 1 resistance 5bi 0.5 × 0.015 kg × (25 m/s)2 1 = 4.7 J 1 5 b ii 0.015 kg × 10 N/kg × 20 m 1 = 3.0 J 1
(Tribology Series 44) Gwidon W. Stachowiak - Andrew W. Batchelor and Grazyna B. Stachowiak (Eds.) - Experimental Methods in Tribology-Academic Press - Elsevier (2004) PDF